农业机械自动导航车轮转角测量误差补偿模型

针对农业机械自动导航中,把主销转角当作车轮转角来测量会造成测量误差的问题,通过对农业机械前轮转向结构的分析,建立了一种车轮-主销转角关系模型,该模型能够补偿把主销当作车轮转角来测量的误差,提高在农业机械自动导航时车轮转角的测量精度。仿真、试验并在雷沃M800型拖拉机上实际应用表明,该模型具有较好的合理性和准确性,车轮转角测量的平均误差减小了0.48°,最大误差减小了0.71°,提高了农业机械自动导航系统的性能。     

基于MEMS陀螺仪的农机转向轮角测量方法

针对传统连杆式轮角传感器安装困难,提出双MEMS陀螺仪轮角测量方法测量农机转向轮角。设计Kalman滤波器消除陀螺仪零偏、随机漂移和角度积分累积误差,实时反馈校正轮角测量值,实现农机转向轮角的精准测量。验证试验结果表明Kalman滤波器的校正效果良好,双MEMS陀螺仪测量转向轮角方法可行。对比试验结果表明,该方法转向轮角测量精度与传统轮角传感器测量精度相当,2.5 m和1.5 m上线距离均方根误差分别为0.26°和0.21°;动态响应性能略逊于传统角度传感器性能,分别采用本文方法和轮角传感器进行导航,拖拉机偏离目标航线2.5 m时上线时间分别为17.9 s和15 s,偏离目标航线1.5 m时上线时间分别为16.2 s和14.2 s。两组试验结果表明,本文提出的双MEMS陀螺仪转向轮角测量方法具有较好的测量精度,适用于农机转向轮角测量,满足导航作业的需求,能够替代传统的连杆式绝对轮角传感器。     

高速插秧机自动转向系统研制

高速插秧机的液压助力转向装置为整体式安装,不能通过并联油路的方式实现其自动转向。为此,研制了以无刷电机作为动力源的电动自动转向系统,主要包括转角传感器、转向控制器、无刷电机及其驱动器和辅助传动机构。转角传感器用以测量高速插秧机的前轮转向角,转向控制器读取前轮的转向角度,基于数字PID控制方法计算无刷电机的旋转速度和旋转方向并将控制信号发送至电机驱动器。田间测试结果表明:自动转向系统在[-10°,10°]范围内的转向控制误差小于1°、均方根误差小于1°,具备良好的控制稳定性和可靠性,能够满足高速插秧机田间自动导航的基本要求。     

基于多传感器融合的水田耕作机械定位系统

为了实现南方水田耕作机械的自动驾驶,降低劳动强度,提高工作效率,采用多传感器融合技术,利用编码盘进行绝对距离测量,融合加速度传感器进行误差补偿;利用电子罗盘进行绝对角度的测量,通过角速度传感器补偿电子罗盘定位误差。为此,以单片机为中央处理芯片,设计了一套用于南方水田耕作机械的定位系统。野外试验表明,该定位系统能实时地对作业中的水田耕作机械进行定位。在60m长度内,直线精度达到50cm以内,方位偏转角精度达到1°以内,能满足其定位要求。     

农机INS/GNSS组合导航系统航向信息融合方法

为解决农机自动导航系统在田间作业过程中因防风树林等对卫星信号产生遮挡与干扰,导致其难以准确获取航向信息等问题,采用惯性导航系统（INS）和全球导航卫星系统（GNSS）航向信息融合方法进行了试验与研究,结合自适应卡尔曼滤波算法构建了综合滤波模型,提出了一种以GNSS信号品质与航向角变化幅度信息为指导的INS/GNSS航向信息融合策略,通过仿真试验以及实际应用测试对航向信息融合效果进行了验证。试验结果表明：以双天线GNSS航向角测量值作为参考基准,在直线行驶过程中,融合航向数据的平均绝对误差为-0.02°,标准差为0.50°;在转向行驶过程中,融合航向数据的平均绝对误差为0.62°,标准差为2.42°;融合后的航向输出结果明显提升了单独使用INS或GNSS时航向数据的精度,且在滤除GNSS航向角测量噪声的同时提高了GNSS航向角解算值的更新速率。该航向角融合算法能够增强农业机械自动导航系统航向角测定的准确性,可为导航系统实际田间作业情况下的抗环境扰动能力提供服务。     

农机INS/GNSS组合导航系统航向信息融合方法

为解决农机自动导航系统在田间作业过程中因防风树林等对卫星信号产生遮挡与干扰,导致其难以准确获取航向信息等问题,采用惯性导航系统(INS)和全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)航向信息融合方法进行了试验与研究,结合自适应卡尔曼滤波算法构建了综合滤波模型,提出了一种以GNSS信号品质与航向角变化幅度信息为指导的INS/GNSS航向信息融合策略,通过仿真试验以及实际应用测试对航向信息融合效果进行了验证。试验结果表明:以双天线GNSS航向角测量值作为参考基准,在直线行驶过程中,融合航向数据的平均绝对误差为-0.02°,标准差为0.50°;在转向行驶过程中,融合航向数据的平均绝对误差为0.62°,标准差为2.42°;融合后的航向输出结果明显提升了单独使用INS或GNSS时航向数据的精度,且在滤除GNSS航向角测量噪声的同时提高了GNSS航向角解算值的更新速率。该航向角融合算法能够增强农业机械自动导航系统航向角测定的准确性,可为导航系统实际田间作业情况下的抗环境扰动能力提供服务。     

基于直流电机与全液压转向器直联的自动转向系统研究

针对农机装备电控液压自动转向系统生产成本高及电动方向盘自动转向系统中控制力矩小、存在自由行程的问题,设计了基于直流电机与全液压转向器直联的自动转向机构及其电控系统,该系统主要包括自动转向执行机构、自动转向控制器和液压转向机构等。自动转向执行机构与原车液压转向机构连接实现自动转向功能,考虑了底盘阿克曼角的自动转向控制器实现车轮转向的精确控制,通过在转向驱动电机输出轴安装电磁离合器和转向柱扭矩传感器实现人工驾驶模式和自动驾驶模式的自动切换。试验结果表明,车轮转角响应平均稳态误差小于0.1°,最大稳态误差为0.158°,±20°阶跃信号最快响应时间达1.2 s,超调量小于1%,可以满足对各种轮式农机的自动导航辅助驾驶转向系统性能的要求。     

基于GNSS/MIMU/DR的农业机械组合导航定位方法

为解决实际农田环境中农业机械自动导航系统的位姿信息易受跟踪卫星数动态变化、天线遮挡、数据传输错误等因素影响,造成定位精度和稳定性变差的问题,采用全球导航卫星系统(GNSS)、微机械惯性测量单元(MIMU)及航位推算(DR)相融合的组合导航定位系统,建立了农业机械两轮运动学定位模型,针对系统状态噪声不稳定的因素,提出了一种根据当前估计值与预测值的偏差自适应地调节系统状态协方差阵的扩展卡尔曼滤波算法,并分别基于静止状态和直线导轨运动状态进行了试验验证。试验结果表明,在静止状态和直线导轨运动状态下,采用自适应滤波算法的航向角平均值绝对偏差分别为0.001 4°、0.024 5°,标准差分别为0.047 4°、0.251 1°;位置距离平均偏差分别为0.003 7 m、0.007 6 m,标准差分别为0.001 0 m、0.004 4 m,与固定值滤波算法相比,自适应滤波算法的各项评价指标得到了明显改善,进一步验证了算法改进的必要性和优越性。     

基于STM32F7的农业机械自动导航作业控制器

为解决当下农业机械作业效率低下、浪费人力物力等问题,设计了基于STM32F7的农业机械自动导航作业控制器。控制器以STM32F7作为主控芯片,由无线数传模块、轮角传感器、滤波电路等电路组成,可根据控制指令实现对农业机械的路径跟踪控制及作业部件动作的控制,完成自动导航与自动作业的结合。试验结果表明:农业机械自动导航控制器可安装于具有方向盘转向的农业机械,能够实现农业机械自动导航作业控制。     

在线直接测量双横臂悬架主销后倾角的方法

为了提高生产节拍,使用倾角传感器来测量主销后倾角。基于Adams/Car软件,建立双横臂悬架的车轮调节模型,得到倾角传感器跟主销后倾角的几何关系。基于新能源的项目,收集75组分别使用二组方法测量主销后倾角。其中,传感器测量标准为5°±0.2°,对应的主销后倾角满足设计要求5°±0.5°。使用传感器测量,每台车至少节省80 s时间,提高了生产节拍。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。