PACAP对动物采食量和摄食行为的影响

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽(PACAP)于神经内分泌的肽类激素,其能抑制动物的采食,改变动物摄食行为.本文综述了PACAP的一级结构、体内分布、PACAP受体及其对动物采食和摄食行为的影响及作用机制.     

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽(PACAP)的研究概况

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活多肽(PACAP)属于促胰液素胰高血糖素/VIP家族的新成员,最初发现其对大鼠垂体细胞腺苷酸环化酶(AC)具有高激活作用。随着研究的深入,发现其具有多种生物功能,文中就其影响动物对营养物质的消化,动物的繁殖性能,动物的能量平衡和动物的免疫系统等做简要概述。     

精氨酸与动物摄食生理调节因子的关系

精氨酸是幼龄哺乳动物和鸟类等的必需氨基酸,成年哺乳动物的条件性必需氨基酸,饲粮中精氨酸含量过高或不足均显著抑制动物摄食。研究表明,精氨酸可在一氧化氮合酶作用下生成一氧化氮(NO),NO通过作为动物主要增食和厌食生理调节因子的下游信号分子参与动物的摄食调控。精氨酸可在精氨酸脱羧酶作用下生成胍丁胺,胍丁胺通过与肾上腺素能受体作用刺激动物摄食。本文主要对精氨酸代谢、精氨酸对动物摄食的影响、精氨酸代谢产物与主要摄食生理调节因子的关系进行了综述。     

水产养殖动物摄食水平和投饲频率应用研究

文章综述了影响水产养殖动物摄食水平和投饲频率的因素,摄食水平和投饲频率对水产养殖动物生长和体成分的影响,以期为其深入研究和生产实践提供理论依据。     

神经介素U调控动物摄食的研究进展

神经介素U(NMU)是一种能抑制动物摄食的神经肽,其广泛分布于中枢神经系统和外周组织中,具有调节摄食、能量平衡、免疫和繁殖等多种生物学功能。本文综述了NMU的发现、结构、组织分布及其调控摄食的作用和机制,以期为动物摄食和生长的调控提供理论依据。     

水产动物的摄食化学感受器及水产诱食剂的开发应用

水产动物摄取食物需要通过多种感觉器和感觉器官来确认食物的方位和特征 ,化学感受器在这个过程中起到了重要作用。了解水产动物的摄食化学感受器有助于水产诱食剂的开发和应用。1　水产动物摄食化学感受器及摄食过程1 1　水产动物摄食化学感受器　水产动物摄食化学感受器主要包括嗅觉感受器和味觉感受器。1 1 1　嗅觉感受器　鱼类的嗅觉感受器通常是一些嗅觉上皮内陷形成的嗅囊 ,嗅囊内的嗅觉上皮通过形成褶皱 (即初级嗅板 ) ,增大表面积 ,增加其与外界水环境的接触面积 ,从而强化鱼类的嗅觉功能。初级嗅板数量的多少与鱼类嗅觉灵敏度有…     

垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽基因的合成及pIRES1-PACAP表达载体的构建

根据文献报道的垂体腺苷酸环化酶激活肽 ( pituitary adenylate cyclase activating polypeptide,PACAP)基因序列和信号肽基因序列 ,设计 10条单链寡核苷酸片段 ,通过 5次 PCR扩增获得 PACAP基因片段 ,同时两端设有 Sm a 和 Xba 酶切位点 ,酶切后将其克隆至 p IRES1- neo质粒中 ,经 PCR、酶切和测序鉴定 ,证明已获得 PACAP基因并构建了 p IRES1- PACAP表达载体     

畜禽摄食的调节机制及调控技术

畜禽摄食的调节机制及调控技术莱阳农学院动物科学系刘宗柱，张廷荣摄食是动物赖以生存的最基本活动之一，也是营养过程（采食、消化、代谢）的首要环节。由于动物的维持需要在一定阶段内是相对恒定的，因而采食量增加，动物作为转化系统，其输入（摄食）增加了，其输出（...     

食欲肽及其受体

下丘脑在动物摄食及机体能量平衡中起重要作用。已经发现由下丘脑分泌的多种激素、神经肽等在调节机体摄食中具有重要作用。最近从下丘脑外侧区分离出 2种新的神经肽—食欲肽A和食欲肽B ,它们经蛋白水解作用来自于同一前体—前食欲肽原 ,具有促进动物摄食的作用。这为下丘脑外侧区在调节摄食提供了新的分子基础     

脑-肠轴及其在动物摄食调控中的作用

摄食是动物的一种反射性活动,动物摄食行为的调节与脑-肠轴密切相关。动物摄食后,营养物质接触胃肠道从而刺激脑肠肽的释放,通过迷走传入神经元将信号传递给中枢神经系统,神经中枢将信号整合后经传出神经到达效应器官以促进或抑制摄食。脑-肠肽是参与食物摄取的重要的胃肠激素,在脑-肠轴调控摄食行为中起关键的作用,本文就脑-肠轴参与摄食调节作用方面的研究进展作一综述。     

Campylobacter spp in human,chickens, pigs and their antimicrobial resistance

Campylobacter spp. have been identified as etiologic agents in outbreaks and sporadic cases of gastroenteritis in developed countries. In developing countries, most reported Campylobacter infections are in children. Previously reported prevalences of Campylobacter spp. in children in Southeast Asia range from 2.9% to 15%. The frequency and pattern of occurrence of Campylobacter spp. differ between developed and developing countries, especially in the number of cases reported in adults and the presence of any seasonal patterns in occurrence. Although the severity of Campylobacter infection in adults was different between developed and developing countries, the clinical symptoms of infection in adults resulting from infection in developing countries was similar to those in developed countries. Many different animal species maintain Campylobacter spp. with no clinical signs. There do not appear to be significantly different colonization rates of Campylobacter in food animals between developed and developing countries. The role of C. jejuni as a primary pathogen in farm animals is uncertain. C. jejuni can be found in feces of diarrheic and healthy calves and piglets. Campylobacter with resistance to antimicrobial agents have been reported in both developed and developing countries, and the situation seems to deteriorate more rapidly in developing countries, where there is widespread and uncontrolled use of antibiotics resistance was observed at high levels in food animals in both developed and developing countries. Studies suggested an association between antimicrobial use in food animals and the development of resistance in human isolates in developed countries.     

牦牛放牧率对小嵩草高寒草甸不同植物类群地上生物量生产率的影响

2年的牦牛放牧试验表明:除不同植物本身的生理特性外,降水和地温是影响小嵩草高寒草甸两季草场不同植物类群地上生物量绝对生长率的关键因素。小嵩草高寒草甸两季草场地上总生物量的绝对生长率1999年在7月份最大;1998年,冷季草场各放牧处理的绝对生长率在8月份达到最大,暖季草场的对照组和轻牧组在7月份最大,中牧组和重牧组在8月份最大。不同植物类群地上生物量生长率的变化不尽相同。1998年,冷季草场禾草和莎草地上生物量的绝对生长率8月份达到最大,暖季草场禾草和莎草地上生物量的绝对生长率7月份达到最大,且9月份出现了营养的再次积累;1999年,冷季草场禾草地上生物量的绝对生长率在6月份和8月份出现了两个峰值,暖季草场禾草地生物量的绝对生长率在7月份达到最大。对杂草类而言,1998年冷季草场的绝对生长率6月份最大,暖季草场重牧组的绝对生长率8月份达到最大,其他各处理7月份达到最大;1999年重牧组杂草的绝对生长率在6月份达到最大,其他各处理杂草在8月份达到最大。     

短花针茅荒漠草地放牧系统微量元素季节变化及盈缺分析

为更有效地防治内蒙古自治区四子王旗地区家畜微量元素代谢病,合理使用微量元素添加剂,采用实地采样和实验室分析相结合的方法,对该地区短花针茅（Stipa breviflora）荒漠草地土壤-牧草-家畜生态系统中微量元素的水平进行检测。结果显示,土壤中铜和硒处于缺乏状态。牧草中铁和锰元素处于过量状态,硒为缺乏状态。与健康绵羊的各项指标相比较,血浆中铁和锰分别于夏秋季节和全年高于正常水平,硒和铜元素分别于秋季和冬季低于正常水平;肝脏中铁和锰全年高于正常水平,铜冬季低于临界值,硒元素秋冬季节低于正常水平;被毛中铁全年高于正常水平,而铜和硒全年低于正常水平。结合放牧绵羊对各种矿物质的进食量和消化率进行综合分析表明,该地区为高铁、高锰、低硒的生态环境,同时铜和锌处于季节性缺乏状态。     

羔羊小肠pH及主要消化酶发育规律的研究

对小尾寒羊羔羊小肠不同部位(十二指肠、空肠和回肠)pH及淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶、脂肪酶和乳糖酶的活性进行了测定，结果表明：羔羊小肠不同部位内容物pH不同，回肠pH显著高于空肠，空肠和回肠pH显著高于十二指肠，羔羊1月龄后，小肠各段pH变化不大；小肠不同部位淀粉酶和胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性不同，空肠段淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性高于十二指肠和回肠段，随着羔羊日龄的增长，小肠淀粉酶、胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶及脂肪酶活性增加，3月龄后各消化酶活性变化差异不显著(P＜O．05)；羔羊小肠不同部位乳糖酶活性不同，空肠乳糖酶活性显著高于十二指肠和回肠，随着羔羊日龄的增长，小肠乳糖酶活性逐渐降低。     

Effects of intravenously administered tetra-thiomolybdate on the distribution of copper in the liver and kidney of copper loaded sheep: a histochemical study

The effects of intravenously administered thiomolybdate on the liver and kidney of copper loaded sheep were studied using 16 ewes in three groups. Copper, iron and molybdenum concentrations were determined by spectrophotometry and the distribution of copper in the liver and kidney was studied histochemically. Following thiomolybdate administration, the concentration of copper in the liver was reduced, that of molybdenum increased and the concentration of copper and molybdenum in the kidney increased. The reduction of copper concentration in the liver was associated with reductions in the number and size of granules in hepatocytes which stained positively for copper and in the number of Kupffer cells containing positively staining granules. The decrease in the amount of copper in hepatocytes appeared to be greater than that in Kupffer cells. This effect was greatest in the centrilobular zones and least in the periportal zones. The increased concentration of copper and molybdenum in kidney was associated with an increase in the number and size of granules staining positively for copper in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules which suggested an uptake of copper-molybdenum complexes by the lysosomes of these cells.     

Prevalence and epidemiology of the major gastrointestinal parasites of horses in Perth, Western Australia

A survey was conducted on the prevalence of the major gastrointestinal parasites in 140 horses necropsied in Perth, Western Australia, during 1979 to 1982. Adult Strongylus vulgaris were found in 22.5 per cent of horses and verminous arteritis in 62.9 per cent. The peak worm prevalence was in November to January (summer). S edentatus had a similar prevalence and seasonality but S equinus was not found in this survey. Draschia megastoma and Habronema muscae were found in 66.2 per cent and 35.3 per cent of horses respectively. Infection is probably acquired in summer when 8 per cent of the Musca domestica in the vicinity of the stables carried third stage spiruroid larvae. Gasterophilus intestinalis and G nasalis occurred in 36.4 per cent and 22.1 per cent of the horses respectively and 52.1 per cent of horses were infected with one or both species. The peak prevalence of G intestinalis larvae occurred in December with a trough in February-April; the peak prevalence of G nasalis was in May with a trough in November-December. Parascaris equorum was found in 9.9 per cent of the horses and in 21.3 per cent of those less than three years old. Anoplocephala perfoliata was found in 4.9 per cent of the horses and most of these were in older horses.     

Masticatory and skeletal muscle myositis in canine leishmaniasis (Leishmania infantum)

Twenty-four dogs with a parasitologically and serologically established diagnosis of leishmaniasis were studied to investigate the atrophy of the masticatory muscles which commonly occurs in this disease, and to compare the lesions in the masticatory muscles with those in the cranial tibial muscles. The 24 animals were divided into three groups of eight, group A dogs with no muscular atrophy, group B dogs with different degrees of atrophy in the masticatory and skeletal muscles, and group C dogs with similar degrees of atrophy in the masticatory and skeletal muscles. Increased activities of creatine phosphokinase and lactate dehydrogenase were recorded in only some of the dogs in groups B and C, but there were no significant differences between the mean activities in the three groups. Electromyographic changes indicating myopathy and involving both the temporalis and cranial tibial muscles, were observed in two of the dogs in group A, seven of those in group B, and in all the dogs in group C. Muscle histopathology revealed a variable degree of muscle fibre necrosis and atrophy, mononuclear infiltrates and neutrophilic vasculitis in all the dogs except two in group A. Leishmanial amastigotes were found within macrophages and myofibres in 16 of the dogs, some in each group. IgG immune complexes were detected in muscle samples, and circulating antibodies against myofibres were detected in serum samples from all the 24 dogs.     

Carcinogenicity of biphenyl in mice by two years feeding

Carcinogenicity and chronic toxicity of biphenyl was examined in the male and female BDF1 mice fed a diet containing biphenyl at 667, 2,000 or 6,000 ppm for 2 years. There was no difference in survival rate between any biphenyl-containing diet-fed group of either sex and the respective control. Body weights of the males and females fed 6,000 ppm diet were significantly lower than the respective control. Incidences of hepatocellular carcinomas and hepatocellular adenomas in the females fed diets containing biphenyl were significantly increased in a dose-related manner, and exceeded a range of the historical control data in the Japan Bioassay Research Center. Incidences of basophilic cell foci in the liver were increased in the females fed 2,000 and 6,000 ppm diets. There was no increase in tumor or tumor-related lesion in the males fed diets containing biphenyl. Chronic toxicity of biphenyl was characterized by increased incidences of urothelial desquamation in the renal pelvis in males and females and mineralization in the inner stripe of renal outer medulla in females, as well as changes in serum levels of BUN, ALP and some electrolytes in males and females. In conclusion, the 2-year oral administration of biphenyl-containing diets induced pre-neoplastic and neoplastic lesions in the liver of females and non-neoplastic lesions in the kidney of males and females. Causative factors for the biphenyl-induced hepatocarcinogenicity were discussed in light of our published finding of peroxisome proliferation.     

我国四川、山东、河北省蛋鸡配合饲料中镉、铬、铅污染程度评估

本试验旨在测定我国四川、山东、河北省(包括京津冀地区)蛋鸡养殖场产蛋高峰期配合饲料中镉(Cd)、铬(Cr)、铅(Pb)含量,评估蛋鸡养殖大省3种重金属污染程度。采集四川、山东、河北省67个养殖场268份蛋鸡配合饲料,采用高分辨率连续光源火焰原子吸收光谱法(HRCS FAAS)测定其Cd、Cr、Pb含量。结果表明:1)四川省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cd、Cr、Pb含量最大检出值所在城市分别为成都、乐山、乐山,最大检出值分别为0.48、15.94、14.12 mg/kg;Cr、Pb含量最高超标率所在城市分别为乐山、崇州,超标率分别为30%、50%。2)山东省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cd、Cr、Pb含量最大检出值所在城市分别为青岛和日照、菏泽、日照,最大检出值分别为0.45、5.88、4.11 mg/kg。3)河北省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cd、Cr、Pb含量最大检出值所在城市分别为张家口、张家口、保定,最大检出值分别为0.45、15.38、8.38 mg/kg;Cr、Pb含量最高超标率所在城市分别为张家口和保定,超标率均为20%。4)3省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cd、Cr、Pb平均含量分别为,四川:0.24、5.01、3.67 mg/kg;山东:0.26、4.19、2.61 mg/kg;河北:0.25、5.66、3.25 mg/kg。参照我国《饲料卫生标准》,3省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cd含量及山东省Cd、Cr、Pb含量均未超标;四川、河北省Cr、Pb含量超标率分别为9.38%、17.19%和6.73%、14.42%。5)河北省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cr、Pb平均含量显著高于山东省(P0.05);大规模养殖场配合饲料中Cd、Cr、Pb平均含量显著低于小规模养殖场(P0.05)。综上所述,山东省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cd、Cr、Pb含量均未超标。四川、河北省蛋鸡配合饲料中Cd含量未超标,但有超标风险,Cr、Pb含量均有不同程度超标,Pb含量超标最为严重,应引起重视。     

Dystrophic muscular fibers in the muscles of certain breeds of birds

The occurrence of pathologically changed muscular fibers in some wild species of birds and in economically important domesticated species of birds is described. The hydrops of muscular fibers, necrosis and atrophy with connective tissue infiltration in muscular bundles were detected in breast and thigh muscles in wild birds, e. g. in raven, pigeon and pheasant. The same pathological processes were also found in domesticated species, e. g. in guinea fowl, less often in geese and duck. Their incidence in turkeys and laying types of fowl was more frequent, they were observed most often in muscles of broiler hens. Fission of muscular fibers, very thin, but also hypertrophic fibers and resorption of necrotic fibers were detected in hens besides the above changes. The described histological picture is confronted with the picture of hereditary myodystrophy in chickens.