不同山羊品种杂交后代生长育肥效果观察

在以农户放牧为主的饲养条件下,用波尔羊、奴比羊、南江黄羊和川东白山羊(简称本地羊,下同)等山羊品种进行了多个杂交组合试验.结果表明波×本F1、波×南F18月龄体重分别为33.05 kg、34.67 kg,分别极显著高于其它组合(P＜0.01),南×本F1与奴×本F18月龄体重差异不显著(P＞0.05),波×南F1出生～8月龄(240天)全程平均日增重达134.17 g,波×本F1同期日增重为127.42 g;波×本F1阉羊、波×南F1阉羊7月龄屠宰率分别为47.25%、49.80%.分别比奴×南F1、奴×本F1同龄羊提高0.77、1.68个百分点和3.32、4.23个百分点.表明以波尔羊为父本与南江黄羊和本地羊杂交,其后代具有较优的生长育肥效果,此两个组合是肉羊生产中的优秀杂交组合.     

不同山羊杂交组合增重效果比较

以贵州地方山羊(黔北麻羊)为对照,通过对羔羊出生重、1月龄重、3月龄重、6月龄重、9月龄重、1~3月龄日增重、6~9月龄日增重、销售收入等指标的比较,研究了两种模式三元杂交羊的生长发育特点和育肥效果。结果波尔山羊♂×(努比亚山羊♂×地方山羊♀)♀杂交羊和波尔山羊♂×(南江黄羊♂×地方山羊♀)♀杂交羊各项指标均极显著高于对照组(P<0·01);波×(南×地方)杂交羊和波×(努×地方)杂交羊相比,6~9月龄日增重前者极显著高于后者(P<0·01),其余指标差异不显著。     

云岭黑山羊与波云F1代山羊的育肥及肉质性能的研究

通过对9月龄波×师F₁代、波×文F₁代、波×楚F₁代、师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊、楚雄黑山羊进行育肥和屠宰试验,结果表明,在放牧＋补饲条件下,波×师F₁代、波×文F₁代和波×楚F₁代羊的平均日增重(分别为137.2、133.1和132.3 g)明显高于师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊和楚雄黑山羊的平均日增重（分别为103.6、102.3和101.6 g）,且差异极显著;在全放牧条件下,波×师F₁代、波×文F₁代和波×楚F₁代羊的平均日增重(分别为74.2、72.1和73.5 g)也高于师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊和楚雄黑山羊的平均日增重（分别为48.7、47.8和46.1 g）,差异极显著（P<0.01）;对放牧＋补饲育肥条件下的波×师F₁代、波×文F₁代、波×楚F₁代、师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊、楚雄黑山羊每组随机抽取6只做屠宰测定,师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊、楚雄黑山羊的屠宰率、净肉率、眼肌面积等都低于波×师F₁代、波×文F₁代、波×楚F₁代羊,差异显著（P<0.05）。羊肉品味评定综合口感差异不显著（P＞0.05）,表明各波杂F₁代羊肉的品质与云岭黑山羊羊肉的品质近似。     

杂交肉羊育肥性能及肉质分析

在以农户放牧为主的饲养条件下 ,对波×本F1、波×南F1、波×南本F1从出生至 8月龄进行了测定。结果表明 :其三个组合 8月龄体重分别为 3 3 83kg、3 2 2 1kg和 3 1 2 8kg。出生～ 8月龄 ( 2 40天 )日增重依次为 13 4 17g、12 7 42g和110 92g。波×南×本 8月龄阉羊 (挑选育肥群中的小个体 )的屠宰率为 46 5 4% ,净肉率为 63 64 %。试验表明 ,以波尔羊为父本与南江黄羊和本地羊杂交 ,其后代具有较优的生长育肥效果 ,两个二元杂交组合具有制种成本低的优势 ,而波南本三元杂交组合则具有很高的产肉潜力     

马头山羊二元杂交与三元杂交效果比较试验

以努比山羊为第1父本,波尔山羊作第2父本,马头山羊作母本,作二元杂交和三元杂交组合试验,测定其杂交后代初生重、3、6、9、12月龄体重、体尺和8月龄屠宰试验,测定其马头山羊杂交亲和力,筛选最佳经济杂交商品生产模式,并逐步加以推广。试验结果:努×马、波×马二元杂交和波努马三元杂交羊均表现出良好生产效率,尤以波努马三元杂交羊增重效果更明显。     

云岭黑山羊与波云F1代山羊的育肥及肉质性能的研究

通过对9月龄波×师F1代、波×文F1代、波×楚F1代、师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊、楚雄黑山羊进行育肥和屠宰试验,结果表明,在放牧+补饲条件下,波×师F1代、波×文F1代和波×楚F1代羊的平均日增重(分别为137.2、133.1和132.3g)明显高于师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊和楚雄黑山羊的平均日增重(分别为103.6、102.3和101.6 g),且差异极显著;在全放牧条件下,波×师F1代、波×文F1代和波×楚F1代羊的平均日增重(分别为74.2、72.1和73.5 g)也高于师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊和楚雄黑山羊的平均日增重(分别为48.7、47.8和46.1 g),差异极显著(P＜0.01);对放牧+补饲育肥条件下的波×师F1代、波×文F1代、波×楚F1代、师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊、楚雄黑山羊每组随机抽取6只做屠宰测定,师宗黑山羊、文山黑山羊、楚雄黑山羊的屠宰率、净肉率、眼肌面积等都低于波×师F1代、波×文F1代、波×楚F1代羊,差异显著(P＜0.05).羊肉品味评定综合口感差异不显著(P＞0.05),表明各波杂F1代羊肉的品质与云岭黑山羊羊肉的品质近似.     

波杂、道杂一代生产性能测定

试验结果表明波杂(波德代×当地细毛羊)F1和道杂(无角道塞特×当地细毛羊)F1的初生重、1～4月龄的体重、体高、体长、胸围等显著高于当地羊(P<0.01).经对4月龄羔羊屠宰测定表明,杂种羊的宰前活重、胴体重和净肉重均显著高于当地羊(P<0.01),每只杂种羊比土种羊增收92.82元.     

鄂西山区地方山羊杂交利用和育肥效果观察

在鄂西山区进行了地方山羊的杂交利用和育肥效果观测,结果表明,利用波尔山羊、南江黄羊改良地方白山羊,杂交效果明显,育肥经济效益显著,其中以波×南×本三元杂交组合最优,其次为波×本二元杂交组合。波×南×本三元杂交羊8月龄体重可达28kg,分别比南×本、波×本和地方山羊增加了4.95kg、6.66kg和11.87kg,南×本、波×本二元杂交羊分别比地方山羊增重6.92kg、5.22kg。经过短期育肥,三元杂交羊的日增重达到148g,屠宰率为51.64％,净肉率42.34％。     

全混合日粮颗粒料补饲羔羊的增重效果分析

本试验利用全混合日粮 (TMR)颗粒对半放牧饲养的陕南白山羊和波白 (波尔山羊×陕南白山羊 )F1羔羊进行补饲 ,观察生长前期山羊的增重效果 ,探索舍饲条件下用TMR饲喂肉山羊的可行性。试验选用平均年龄为 4 5日龄的波白F1羔羊 10只 (试验Ⅰ组 ) ,陕南白山羊 16只 ,分为试验Ⅱ组 (9只 )和对照组 (7只 ) ,试验Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组补饲TMR颗粒料 ,对照组采用不补饲的传统方式。结果表明 ,补饲组山羊能正常采食TMR颗粒料。在相同饲养管理条件下 ,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组和对照组的平均日增重分别为 (14 4 .9± 2 4 .8)g ,(12 4 .2± 2 4 .8)g和 (117.5± 2 9.1)g。波白F1羔羊的平均日增重高于 (P <0 .0 1)陕南白山羊 ;TMR颗粒料补饲的陕南白山羊平均日增重略高于放牧组 ,但差异不显著 (P >0 .0 5 )。     

舒喘灵对肉仔鸡增重及饲料转化率的影响

试验选用180只42日龄商品代艾维因肉仔鸡,随机分为3组,每组60只,第一组为对照组,第二组于日粮中添加 1.0×10~(-6)舒喘灵(Salbutamol),第三组于日粮中添加 2.0×10~(-6)舒喘灵,添加期为43—56日龄。试验结果如下:对照组平均增重为0.7877kg,两实验组平均增重分别为0.8188kg和 0.8925kg(P<0.05);对饲料转化率的影响对照组饲料增重比为 2.4324,两试验组饲料增重比分别为2.2948、2.3518,第二组与第三组分别比对照组下降5.66％和 3.31％。试验结果表明舒喘灵对43—56日龄肉仔鸡有促进生长,提高饲料转化率的作用。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -