斜纹夜蛾幼虫游泳行为初步观察

在实验条件下,初步观察了斜纹夜蛾幼虫游泳行为,结果表明:(1)幼虫泳姿有侧面游泳、弹射游泳、平行游泳和仰面游泳4种姿势;(2)游泳总时间因温度不同而异;(3)仰面游泳持续时间最短,时间分配率和发生率最低。观察结果可为深入研究该幼虫游泳行为及生理机制提供参考。     

Insecticidal activity of destruxin, a mycotoxin from Metarhizium anisopliae (Hypocreales), against Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larval stages

BACKGROUND: The cyclodepsipeptide destruxin produced by the entomopathogen Metarhizium anisopliae (Metch.) was administered by different methods, topical application, ingestion and a combination of the two, in an attempt to minimize the mycotoxin dose for efficient management of the insect pest Spodoptera litura (Fab.).RESULTS: The insecticidal activity of destruxin on the larval stages of S. litura showed an ascending trend in LD(50) values with increasing age. The value for 12-day-old larvae in the combined application assay was as low as 0.045 microg g(-1) body weight of crude destruxin from M-19 strain when compared with the corresponding values of 0.17 microg g(-1) body weight in the ingestion assay and 0.237 microg g(-1) body weight in the topical application assay. On the other hand, values were higher in the treatments with crude destruxin from the low-virulence M-10 strain of M. anisopliae showing the least quantities of A and E components of destruxin.CONCLUSION: Laboratory bioevaluation showed the combination assay of ingestion and topical application of crude destruxin to be efficient in enhancing its insecticidal properties. The adopted combination assay apparently simulates application of the insecticide at field level. Quantitative differences between destruxins from low- and high-virulence strains of M. anisopliae are in accordance with its presumed role in virulence.     

斜纹夜蛾化学感受蛋白SlitCSP2的表达模式定位及配体结合特性分析

研究斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura化学感受蛋白Slit CSP2的表达模式、组织定位及与配体结合特性,为揭示SlitCSP2在化学通讯中的功能提供理论依据。利用RT-qPCR检测了SlitCSP2在蛹及雌、雄成虫各组织的基因表达水平;Westernblot方法检测了SlitCSP2在幼虫期和雄成虫头部、触角和足部的蛋白表达水平;利用免疫组织化学技术对Slit CSP2在幼虫各龄期的分布情况进行定位分析;利用荧光竞争结合试验检测Slit CSP2与13种非挥发性化合物的结合特性。RT-qPCR结果表明,SlitCSP2在3龄幼虫表达量最高,3～6龄表达量逐渐降低;成虫阶段雄成虫足部及胸部和雌成虫头部及翅的表达量最高,且雄成虫头部、足部和胸部的表达量显著高于雌成虫。Western blot结果显示,SlitCSP2在3龄幼虫头部（去触角）的蛋白表达水平较高。免疫组化结果表明,Slit CSP2在幼虫阶段主要分布于头部、口器和胸足;在雄成虫中,Slit CSP2主要分布于足部前跗节和足部外骨骼内侧。荧光竞争结合试验表明,Slit CSP2与单宁（Ki=1.77）、花青素（Ki=2...     

球孢白僵菌对斜纹夜蛾高毒菌株筛选与制剂的研发

斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura是一种危害极大的农业害虫,为了探索1条可持续、无污染的新型防治方法,我们通过标准喷塔法从12株球孢白僵菌Beauveria bassiana中筛选出1株对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫高毒力的菌株--球孢白僵菌Bb2860菌株.在喷雾浓度为(2592±275)孢子·mm-2的高浓度下,菌株Bb2860对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫在第7d的校正死亡率达82.43%±6.03%.不同制剂的室内生测试验表明,孢子水悬液和2种油剂(分别为不含稳定剂和含有稳定剂)在中浓度319～529孢子·mm-2的喷雾浓度下,7d后对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫的累计死亡率分别为54.8%、70.0%和76.7%;菌药协同作用为86.8%.另外,于2009年9月在安徽马鞍山进行自然条件下对花椰菜叶上斜纹夜蛾幼虫的田间小区药效试验.处理9d后,纯菌剂的相对防效为77.64%;低剂量和常规用量5%氟啶脲(抑太保)的相对防效分别为49.02%和89.70%;菌药混用的相对防效为91.13%.本研究显示出利用球孢白僵菌制剂及其与低剂量抑太保混用防治斜纹夜蛾的良好应用前景.     

Genetics and mechanism of resistance to deltamethrin in a field population of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera litura (F.) causes enormous losses in many economically important crops. The genetics of insecticide resistance has been extensively studied in several insect pests, but there is a lack of information on S. litura. Therefore, the genetics and mechanisms of the resistance of S. litura to deltamethrin were investigated. RESULTS: Bioassays at generation G1 gave resistance ratios of 9, 5, 41, 52 and 49 for deltamethrin, cypermethrin, profenofos, chlorpyrifos and triazofos respectively, when compared with the susceptible Lab-PK strain. Bioassays at G4 with a deltamethrin-selected population (Delta-SEL) showed that selection gave resistance ratios of 63 and 7 for deltamethrin when compared with the Lab-PK and UNSEL strains respectively. Cross-resistance to other insecticides tested was observed in the selected population. A notable feature of the Delta-SEL strain was that resistance to deltamethrin, cypermethrin, profenofos and chlorpyrifos did not decline over the course of five generations. Synergism tests with microsomal oxidase (MO) and esterase-specific inhibitors indicated that the deltamethrin resistance was associated with MO and, possibly, esterase activity. Reciprocal crosses between the Delta-SEL and Lab-PK strains indicated that resistance was autosomal and incompletely dominant. A direct test of monogenic inheritance suggested that resistance to deltamethrin was controlled by more than one locus. CONCLUSION: Stability and dominance of resistance and cross-resistance suggest that insecticides with different modes of action should be recommended to reduce pyrethroid selection pressure.     

Efficacy of insecticide mixtures against pyrethroid‐ and organophosphate‐resistant populations of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera litura (F.) is an important pest worldwide, with over 112 host plants, and is exposed to insecticides throughout the year, resulting in the rapid development of resistance. Insecticide mixtures can delay the development of resistance more effectively than sequences or rotations. Cypermethrin, deltamethrin, profenofos, chlorpyrifos and fipronil were assessed separately and in mixtures against laboratory susceptible S. litura and two field‐collected populations. RESULTS: The field‐collected population from Khanewal (KWL) was significantly more resistant to cypermethrin, deltamethrin, chlorpyrifos and profenofos than one collected from Muzaffar Garh (MGH). Mixtures of cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos or profenofos and of deltamethrin + chlorpyrifos or profenofos at 1:1, 1:10 and 1:20 ratios significantly increased (P < 0.01) toxicity to cypermethrin and deltamethrin in field populations. The combination indices of cypermethrin + chlorpyrifos at 1:1 and 1:10 ratios and cypermethrin + fipronil at 1:1, 1:10 and 1:20 ratios for the KWL strain and of cypermethrin + profenofos or fipronil at 1:1, 1:10 and 1:20 ratios for MGH were significantly below 1, suggesting synergistic interactions. The inhibitors DEF and PBO largely overcame resistance to deltamethrin, cypermethrin and profenofos, suggesting that resistance to the insecticides was associated with esterase and monooxygenase detoxification respectively. CONCLUSION: Chlorpyrifos, profenofos and fipronil could be used in mixtures to restore cypermethrin and deltamethrin susceptibility. These findings may have considerable practical implications for S. litura resistance management. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

Cross‐resistance,mode of inheritance and stability of resistance to emamectin in Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

BACKGROUND: Spodoptera litura (F.) is a cosmopolitan pest that has developed resistance to several insecticides. The aim of the present study was to establish whether an emamectin‐selected (Ema‐SEL) population could render cross‐resistance to other insecticides, and to investigate the genetics of resistance. RESULTS: Bioassays at G₁ gave resistance ratios (RRs) of 80‐, 2980‐, 3050‐ and 2800‐fold for emamectin, abamectin, indoxacarb and acetamiprid, respectively, compared with a laboratory susceptible population Lab‐PK. After three rounds of selection, resistance to emamectin in Ema‐SEL increased significantly, with RRs of 730‐fold and 13‐fold compared with the Lab‐PK and unselected (UNSEL) population respectively. Further studies revealed that three generations were required for a tenfold increase in resistance to emamectin. Resistance to abamectin, indoxacarb, acetamiprid and emamectin in UNSEL declined significantly compared with the field population at G₁. Furthermore, selection with emamectin reduced resistance to abamectin, indoxacarb and acetamiprid on a par with UNSEL. Crosses between Ema‐SEL and Lab‐PK indicated autosomal and incomplete dominance of resistance. A direct test of a monogenic model and Land's method suggested that resistance to emamectin was controlled by more than one locus. CONCLUSION: Instability of resistance and lack of cross‐resistance to other insecticides suggest that insecticides with different modes of action should be recommended to reduce emamectin selection pressure. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effects of four host plants on susceptibility of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae to five insecticides and activities of detoxification esterases

BACKGROUND: The tobacco cutworm, Spodoptera litura (F.), is one of the most destructive polyphagous pests worldwide. The susceptibility of S. litura larvae reared on tobacco, Chinese cabbage, cowpea and sweet potato to phoxim, chlorfenapyr, methomyl, fenvalerate and emamectin benzoate under laboratory conditions was determined. RESULTS: Spodoptera litura larvae reared on tobacco were most tolerant to all insecticides, whereas those that fed on sweet potato were most susceptible. When larvae were reared on each host plant for three generations, the susceptibilities to phoxim of larvae that fed on Chinese cabbage and cowpea were similar, whereas the susceptibility of larvae that fed on sweet potato decreased by the third generation, and on tobacco the susceptibility decreased in each consecutive generation. When nicotine was added to their diet for three consecutive generations, the tolerance of larvae to phoxim increased twofold, and to emamectin benzoate 3.1‐fold, but the tolerance of larvae to fenvalerate and chlorfenapyr did not change. The acetylcholinesterase activities of the larvae that fed on sweet potato and cowpea were greater than the activities of those that fed on Chinese cabbage and tobacco. In contrast, the carboxylesterase activities of the larvae that fed on tobacco and Chinese cabbage were greater than the activities of those that fed on sweet potato and cowpea. The glutathione S‐transferase activities of larvae were highest when they fed on tobacco, followed by Chinese cabbage and cowpea, and the lowest activities were observed when larvae fed on sweet potato. CONCLUSION: Feeding on tobacco or with nicotine added to the diet, the larvae became more tolerant to insecticides, especially to phoxim and emamectin benzoate. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

OB增效剂对斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的增效作用

本文以OB作为斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒(Spodoptera lituranucleopolyhedrovirus,SpltNPV)的增效剂,对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura幼虫进行生物测定,结果表明,在0.25%~1.00%的浓度范围内,随着OB增效剂浓度的提高,其对斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的增效作用也随着提高,最高增效倍数达85.1倍;在2~4龄幼虫范围内,随着虫龄的增大,OB增效剂对斜纹夜蛾核多角体病毒的增效作用也增加;而随着温度的升高,增效剂的增效作用无显著提高。     

核多角体病毒对斜纹夜蛾成虫及其后代的影响

本文研究了核多角体病毒(SpltMNPV)对斜纹夜蛾Spodoptera litura成虫及子代幼虫的生存、繁殖、生长发育等的影响.结果表明,斜纹夜蛾成虫通过补充营养摄入病毒后,平均寿命及单雌产卵量明显下降,雄性单独摄入、雌性单独摄入、雌雄同时摄入SpltMNPV的平均单雌产卵量分别为1213、1340、1087粒,而未摄入SpltMNPV的单雌产卵量为1530粒.成虫摄入病毒,对子代种群有很好的控制作用.仅雄性或雌性单独摄入病毒,对子代幼虫种群控制作用干扰指数(IIPC)分别为0.2658和0.3046;而雌雄成虫同时摄食后,其后代的IIPC值为0.1807.     

Impact of a Turkish isolate and a plaque-purified variant of SpliNPV-B on larval stage development of Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Boisd

Baculoviruses can alter the development and physiological status of their insect hosts. In the present study, two Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedroviruses (SpliNPV-TR1 and SpliNPV-M2) were examined in terms of their effect on the stage development of S. littoralis at two doses/concentrations by inoculation of neonates or third instars. Both isolates had an acute pathological effect on neonates. However, larval development was prolonged (6-36 h) by either infection when neonates were infected. When third-instar larvae were inoculated, no mortality occurred until insects moulted to later stages. When the isolates were compared, more mortality occurred in the fifth instar with SpliNPV-M2 than with SpliNPV-TR1, whereas less mortality occurred in the sixth instar with SpliNPV-M2 than with SpliNPV-TR1. However, none of the isolates demonstrated a dose effect. Larvae died at 108-198 h post-inoculation at all infections, and none of them pupated. Larval development was retarded (0-126 h) for each stage when third-instar larvae were inoculated. Consequently, SpliNPV-M2 would be a more effective control agent than SpliNPV-TR1 for control of S. littoralis since it kills larvae at earlier developmental stages.     

Synthetic bis- and mono-chalcones with insecticide effects on Spodoptera frugiperda (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)

Abstract

This is the first report on the antifeedant, toxic and nutritional effects produced by the synthetic chalcones on the lepidopteran Spodoptera frugiperda followed by structure-activity relationship. Bis (5a-c) and mono (8a-d) chalcones have been synthesized via Claisen-Schmidt condensation and have been purified and characterized. The mono chalcones 8b and 8d displayed toxic effects on early larval instars when incorporated to the larval diet at 100?µg per g of diet (40 and 60%, respectively) and low adults emergency with malformations leading to death. The remaining chalcones 8a, 8c, 5a, 5b and 5c do not displayed toxic effects at the same dose. The evaluation of nutritional indices indicated that 8a and 8c were the only tested chalcones to produce decrease in the growth rate and to reduce the efficiency with which larvae converted ingested food into biomass.     

草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾卵块表面鳞毛层对夜蛾黑卵蜂寄生效能的影响

草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda是近期入侵我国的重大迁飞性害虫。夜蛾黑卵蜂Telenomus remus是鳞翅目夜蛾科害虫卵期的重要寄生性天敌。本试验以有和无鳞毛层的草地贪夜蛾和斜纹夜蛾S.litura卵为寄主,揭示寄主卵块表面鳞毛层对夜蛾黑卵蜂寄生适应性的影响。结果表明:两种寄主的卵块,无论有无鳞毛层,夜蛾黑卵蜂对卵块寄生率均达到100%,卵粒寄生率均超过95%;且对夜蛾黑卵蜂子代羽化率和个体大小均无显著影响。但无论有无鳞毛层,斜纹夜蛾卵中夜蛾黑卵蜂的羽化率均显著高于草地贪夜蛾。研究结果说明寄主卵块表面的鳞毛对夜蛾黑卵蜂的寄生作用无显著影响。     

高效氯氰菊酯与辛硫磷混用防治斜纹夜蛾应用技术研究

对4．5％高效氯氰菊酯乳油与40％辛硫磷乳油混用防治斜纹夜蛾进行了田间试验。结果表明,每667m2用4．5％高效氯氰菊酯乳油20-30mL 40％辛硫磷乳油50mL对斜纹夜蛾 4龄以下幼虫,药后1-7d的防效可达90％以上,优于10％溴虫腈悬浮剂50mL的效果。两者混用具有经济、高效、安全的优点,适合于“无公害”蔬菜上使用,具有推广应用前景。     

3种寄主植物饲养的草地贪夜蛾种群生命表

入侵我国的草地贪夜蛾Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E.Smith)(Lepidoptera:Noctuidae)经研究目前均认为主要是玉米型,而该虫能否在甘蔗、水稻上完成其生活史并对我国甘蔗、水稻的种植构成威胁值得探讨。本研究对采自玉米上的草地贪夜蛾自然种群用3种不同寄主植物饲养,并分别构建草地贪夜蛾两性生命表,比较不同寄主植物对其种群参数的影响。结果表明:取食甘蔗、水稻的草地贪夜蛾低龄幼虫存活率明显低于取食玉米的幼虫;取食水稻的成虫前期最长(27.75 d±0.50 d),且雄蛹体重最轻(153.3 mg±9.1 mg);草地贪夜蛾取食甘蔗、水稻、玉米后其产卵量无显著差异,平均世代周期依次为31.46 d、33.92 d和29.53 d,种群内禀增长率(r)分别为0.19、0.14和0.16,周限增长率(λ)分别为1.21、1.16和1.17,净增殖率(R_0)分别为367.01、135.44和101.25。总体而言,采自玉米的草地贪夜蛾在水稻上的适合度低于甘蔗和玉米上,但在甘蔗、水稻上该虫能够完成其生活史实现种群繁衍,本研究为草地贪夜蛾的预测预报和防治提供了理论依据。     

不同品种烟草对斜纹夜蛾生活史和产卵选择行为的影响

为探明不同品种烟草对斜纹夜蛾生活史和产卵选择行为的影响,随机选取了选育品种‘中烟100’和‘湘烟5号’,地方品种‘双管晒烟’和‘梁桥晒烟’,野生种‘八旦野生烟’和‘长花烟草’,测试斜纹夜蛾幼虫取食不同品种烟草后的生活史参数及成虫的产卵选择行为。结果表明,不同品种烟草对斜纹夜蛾的死亡率、发育历期、蛹重、蛹期、羽化率、成虫体重都有显著影响。按斜纹夜蛾的蛹重、羽化率和成虫干重从大到小对其所取食的烟草品种类型排序,依次为选育品种>地方品种>野生种;死亡率、蛹期和发育历期,从大到小依次为野生种>地方品种>选育品种。斜纹夜蛾对不同烟草品种的产卵选择偏好性存在差异,其中最偏好在选育品种上产卵,其次为地方品种,最不喜野生种。研究表明野生种烟草相对选育和地方品种而言对斜纹夜蛾抗性更高。