灰飞虱对几种杀虫剂的抗性

采用稻苗浸渍法测定了灰飞虱对7种常用杀虫剂的抗性。2011年监测了我国江苏、浙江、安徽三省9个灰飞虱种群对噻虫嗪、烯啶虫胺、毒死蜱、吡蚜酮、噻嗪酮、高效氯氰菊酯及氟虫腈的抗性。结果表明:灰飞虱对噻虫嗪都处于敏感阶段(0.6~2.2倍);对烯啶虫胺处于敏感阶段(0.8~3.0倍);对毒死蜱产生了中-高水平抗性(17.5~83.6倍);对吡蚜酮为敏感到低水平抗性(1.9~5.5倍);对噻嗪酮的抗性为高-极高水平(136.4~271.1倍);对高效氯氰菊酯的抗性为低-中等水平(5.2~34.9倍);对氟虫腈为低水平抗性(0.9~8.0倍)。基于灰飞虱对7种药剂的抗性情况,对田间治理灰飞虱合理使用药剂进行了讨论。     

Insecticide resistance,control failure likelihood and the First Law of Geography

Insecticide resistance is a broadly recognized ecological backlash resulting from insecticide use and is widely reported among arthropod pest species with well‐recognized underlying mechanisms and consequences. Nonetheless, insecticide resistance is the subject of evolving conceptual views that introduces a different concept useful if recognized in its own right – the risk or likelihood of control failure. Here we suggest an experimental approach to assess the likelihood of control failure of an insecticide allowing for consistent decision‐making regarding management of insecticide resistance. We also challenge the current emphasis on limited spatial sampling of arthropod populations for resistance diagnosis in favor of comprehensive spatial sampling. This necessarily requires larger population sampling – aiming to use spatial analysis in area‐wide surveys – to recognize focal points of insecticide resistance and/or control failure that will better direct management efforts. The continuous geographical scale of such surveys will depend on the arthropod pest species, the pattern of insecticide use and many other potential factors. Regardless, distance dependence among sampling sites should still hold, following the maxim that the closer two things are, the more they resemble each other, which is the basis of Tobler's First Law of Geography. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry     

昆虫对双酰胺类杀虫剂抗性机制研究进展

双酰胺类杀虫剂是以昆虫鱼尼丁受体为作用靶标的新型杀虫剂,由于其作用机制独特,对多种鳞翅目害虫具有良好的防治效果而得到广泛应用。但已经有多种害虫的田间种群对该类药剂产生了抗性,甚至导致田间防治失败。本文在综述昆虫对双酰胺类杀虫剂抗性现状的基础上,重点总结了抗性机制方面的最新研究进展,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,以期为进一步深入研究双酰胺类杀虫剂的抗性机制提供借鉴。     

新烟碱类杀虫剂抗药性研究进展

新烟碱类杀虫剂是一类新开发的杀虫剂。研究表明，害虫野外种群对其敏感性差弄较大，现已有多种害虫对吡虫啉和啶虫脒产生了抗性。初步研究显示，马铃薯叶甲对吡虫啉抗性以不完全隐性的常染色体遗传；抗性似不稳定，交互抗性谱随虫种而变化，抗性形成可能与多功能氧化酶和酯酶有关。合理轮用和高剂量杀死策略是治理其抗性的有效措施。     

近两年贵州省白背飞虱的抗药性现状

采用稻茎浸渍法测定了2013年和2014年采自贵州省贵阳、平坝、遵义、黔西、平塘及玉屏6地白背飞虱种群对8种杀虫剂的敏感性。测定结果表明,白背飞虱对噻虫嗪的敏感性最高,LC50值为0.060~0.93 mg/L(平均0.33mg/L);其次为吡虫啉、毒死蜱、环氧虫啶和噻嗪酮,其LC50值分别为0.080~2.84mg/L(平均1.03mg/L)、1.09~3.89 mg/L(平均2.27 mg/L)、0.59~10.07 mg/L(平均2.71 mg/L)和0.28~18.15 mg/L(平均4.96mg/L);白背飞虱对敌敌畏、吡蚜酮和异丙威的敏感性相对较低,LC50值为0.89~57.96mg/L,LC50平均值分别为10.03、12.16和22.44mg/L。两年抗药性检测结果表明,贵州省6地白背飞虱种群对吡蚜酮、噻嗪酮和吡虫啉表现出低至中等水平的抗性,而对其余5种药剂仍较敏感。     

杀虫剂抗性监测技术研究进展

本文介绍了生物化学技术和分子生物学技术在害虫抗性监测中的应用进展。免疫盘分析法和斑点法能准确地监测具Ｅ４酯酶扩增和不敏感性乙酰胆碱酯酶的抗性频率,多种建立在ＰＣＲ技术基础之上的抗性基因监测法也显示了巨大的应用潜力。     

Resistance in the mosquito, Culex quinquefasciatus, and possible mechanisms for resistance

Two mosquito strains of Culex quinquefasciatus (Say), MAmCq(G0) and HAmCq(G0), were collected from Mobile and Huntsville, Alabama, respectively. MAmCq(G0) and HAmCq(G0) were further selected in the laboratory with permethrin for one and three generations, respectively. The levels of resistance to permethrin in MAmCq(G1) (after one-generation selection) and HAmCq(G3) (after three-generation selection) increased rapidly. Resistance to permethrin in MAmCq(G1) and HAmCq(G3) was partially suppressed by piperonyl butoxide (PBO), S,S,S-tributylphosphorotrithioate (DEF) and diethyl maleate (DEM), inhibitors of cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, hydrolases and glutathione S-transferases (GST), respectively, suggesting these three enzyme families are important in conferring permethrin resistance in both strains. A substitution of leucine to phenylalanine (L to F) resulting from a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), termed the kdr mutation, in the para-homologous sodium channel gene has been reported as a very common mutation associated with pyrethroid resistance of insects. A 341-bp sodium channel gene fragment, where the kdr mutation resides, was generated by PCR from genomic DNAs of Cx. quinquefasciatus strains. We found that the kdr mutation was present in both permethrin-selected and unselected HAmCq and MAmCq mosquito populations, suggesting that the kdr mutation plays the role in permethrin resistance. There was no significant change in the frequency and heterozygosity of the A to T SNP for the kdr allele between permethrin-selected and unselected MAmCq and HAmCq mosquitoes, indicating that other mechanisms are involved in the evolution of resistance in mosquitoes selected by permethrin in the laboratory.     

蔬菜蚜虫抗药性现状及抗性治理策略

蚜虫是为害蔬菜作物的一类重要害虫,如不防治会给蔬菜生产造成重大经济损失。长期以来主要依靠使用农药防治蔬菜蚜虫,但由于化学农药的不合理使用,蔬菜蚜虫对有机磷、拟除虫菊酯、氨基甲酸酯、新烟碱等多种类型的杀虫药剂均产生了不同程度的抗性。本文对常见的蔬菜蚜虫的抗药性现状、抗药性机理以及治理策略进行了论述,以期为该类害虫的可持续控制提供参考。     

Sex-related response to organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides in adult Oriental fruit moth, Grapholita molesta

During the development of a resistance-monitoring bioassay that uses males as the life-stage tested, the relationship of adult female and male susceptibility of Grapholita molesta to different classes of insecticides was investigated. Preliminary results indicated that more males survived diagnostic doses of azinphos-methyl than females. Additional research revealed that, although the body mass of adult male G molesta was only 69% of that of female moths (5.67 and 8.20 mg, respectively), their LC50 values were 2.6, 4.1 and 10.3 times higher than those of females for azinphosmethyl, malathion and parathion-methyl, respectively. However, female G molesta moths were more tolerant to methomyl than were male moths. There was no indication that this sex-related response occurred in G molesta larvae. The results presented here raise concerns regarding the use of pheromone traps for determining whether insecticide treatments are required and as part of resistance monitoring programs.     

Frequency and intensity of pyrethroid resistance through the CDC bottle bioassay and their association with the frequency of kdr mutations in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Mexico

BACKGROUND

The control of Aedes aegypti (L.), the main urban vector that causes arboviral diseases such as dengue, Chikungunya and Zika, has proved to be a challenge because of a rapid increase in insecticide resistance. Therefore, adequate monitoring of insecticide resistance is an essential element in the control of Ae. aegypti and the diseases it transmits. We estimated the frequency and intensity (Resistance Frequency Rapid Diagnostic Test [F‐RDT] and Resistance Intensity Rapid Diagnostic Test [I‐RDT]) of pyrethroid resistance in populations of Ae. aegypti from Mexico using the bottle bioassay and results were related to the frequencies of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations V1016I and F1534C.

RESULTS

All populations under study were resistant to the pyrethroids: bifenthrin (99%), d‐(cis–trans)‐phenothrin (6.3% cis, 91.7% trans) and permethrin (99.5%) according to F‐RDT, and showed moderate to high‐intensity resistance at 10× the diagnostic dose (DD) in I‐RDT. Frequencies of the kdr mutation V1016I in Ae. aegypti populations were correlated with moderate permethrin resistance at 10× DD, whereas F1534C mutation frequencies were correlated with high bifenthrin resistance at 5× DD. Both I1016 and C1535 were highly correlated with high‐intensity phenothrin resistance at 1× to 10× DD.

CONCLUSIONS

This study showed that high frequencies of kdr mutations V1016I and F1534C are reflected in the results of F‐RDT and I‐RDT tests. Bioassays in conjunction with the characterization of genetic resistance mechanisms are indispensable in the strategic and rational management of resistance in mosquitoes. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry

     

防治棉铃虫的药剂田间筛选试验研究初报

１９９１年通过对１５种农药、４３个处理防治棉铃虫第二代自然发生群体的田间药效试验表明：在当代始落卵孵化初期１次施药，效果较好的有爱力螨克和抑太保；卡死克和硫丹用较大剂量也有较好的效果；而Ｂｔ可湿性粉剂单独使用效果较差；在低龄幼虫期施药，以拉维因和多虫清的效果最好，其次为万灵，均能达到减虫、保蕾目的；马氰菊酯较低稀倍数下防治效果亦较明显；而好年冬和多来宝减虫效果较低，蕾铃受害较重；氰戊菊酯或敌杀死与     

北疆地区棉蚜对不同杀虫剂敏感度水平测定

为了解北疆不同地区棉蚜种群对不同类型杀虫剂的敏感度水平,科学指导北疆地区棉蚜的化学防治,利用FAO推荐的叶片浸渍法(1980)测定北疆地区4个棉蚜田间种群对4类杀虫剂的敏感性.结果表明,新农大种群对杀虫剂的敏感水平最高,不同类型杀虫剂的毒力大小顺序为:新烟碱类＞有机磷类＞抗生素类＞拟除虫菊酯类.安宁渠种群较石河子种群更为敏感.石河子垦区内的两个不同种群对菊酯类处于相对敏感状态;对有机磷类产生了明显抗药性,147团种群对辛硫磷的相对抗性倍数为951.8倍,新湖农场种群更达到了1236.9倍;147团种群和新湖种群对啶虫脒亦产生了明显的抗药性,相对抗性倍数分别为134.4倍和270.0倍,但对吡虫啉的敏感度较高.石河子垦区应限制使用新烟碱类的啶虫脒和有机磷类杀虫剂,以减缓棉蚜抗性的发展.     

江西省部分地区水稻二化螟抗药性测定

用点滴法普查了江西省南昌、南城、永新、丰城、上饶、彭泽6县(市)二化螟种群4铃幼虫对4种(类)杀虫剂的抗药性。结果表明,供试二化螟种群对沙蚕毒素类农药杀虫单、有机磷类农药三唑磷已产生了较强的抗性,抗性倍数分别为33.30~241.95、7.97~111.20;对苯基吡唑类农药氟虫腈和抗生素类农药阿维茵素部分地区也产生了低水平抗性,抗性倍数分别为5.88~16.47、3.70~9.90。本文还对二化螟抗性治理对策进行了讨论。     

Synergism studies with binary mixtures of pyrethroid, carbamate and organophosphate insecticides on Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande)

The major mechanism of resistance to most insecticides in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is metabolic, piperonyl butoxide (PBO) suppressible, mediated by cytochrome-P450 monooxygenases and conferring cross-resistance among insecticide classes. The efficacy of insecticide mixtures of acrinathrin, methiocarb, formetanate and chlorpyrifos was studied by topical exposure in strains of F. occidentalis selected for resistance to each insecticide. The method consisted in combining increasing concentrations of one insecticide with a constant low rate of the second one as synergist. Acrinathrin activity against F. occidentalis was enhanced by carbamate insecticides, methiocarb being a much better synergist than formetanate. Monooxygenase action on the carbamates would prevent degradation of the pyrethroid, hence providing a level of synergism by competitive substrate inhibition. However, the number of insecticides registered for control of F. occidentalis is very limited, and they are needed for antiresistance strategies such as mosaics and rotations. Therefore, a study was made of the synergist effect of other carbamates not used against thrips, such as carbofuran and carbosulfan, against a susceptible strain and a field strain. Neither carbamate showed synergism to acrinathrin in the susceptible strain, but both did in the field strain, carbosulfan being a better synergist than carbofuran. The data obtained indicate that low rates of carbamates could be used as synergists to restore some pyrethroid susceptibility in F. occidentalis.     

桃蚜对有机磷和氨基甲酸酯抗性机制研究

1986—1990年对桃蚜(Myzus persicae Sulz.)抗药性的系统研究结果表明,北京地区桃蚜对乐果的抗性最高为230倍,氧乐果为185倍,马拉硫磷为32倍,喹硫磷为19倍,倍硫磷为123倍,马拉氧磷为100倍,毒死蜱为39倍,抗蚜威为245倍,灭多威为39倍,呋喃丹为84倍,对西维因没有产生明显抗性。TPP 与氧乐果、乐果混用分别增效3.2倍和12.1倍;异稻瘟净与倍硫磷、马拉硫磷混用,共毒系数分别为236和234。增效醚(Pb)使乐果和氧乐果分别增效7.1倍和6.0倍。说明桃蚜的抗药性与羧酸酯酶和多功能氧化酶(MFO)有关。在敏感种群中,β-NA 羧酸酯酶活性大于0.5(OD_(555)值/蚜·15分钟)的个体仅占1%,而在抗性种群中,这种类型的个体占78%—98%。不同抗性水平的桃蚜种群,乙酰胆碱酯酶对抑制剂敏感度的分布与其抗性水平具有明显的相关性,马拉氧磷、抗蚜威对乙酰胆碱酯酶的抑制中浓度(I_(50)),抗性种群是敏感种群的20倍和150倍。北京地区桃蚜的抗药性与磷酸酯酶和 GSH—S-转移酶没有明显的关系。     

白背飞虱对马拉硫磷和异丙威的抗性机制

测定了白背飞虱不同品系体内与抗药性相关酶系如酯酶、羧酸酯酶、谷膦甘肽S-转移酶和乙酰胆碱酯酶等活性。与敏感品系S相比，抗马拉硫磷品系顺具高水平羧酸酯酶活性。酶反应动力学试验表明，羧跋酯酶的质与量均发生改变；等电聚焦电泳显示与pI5．26～5．84酯酶扩增有关。耐弄丙威品系IT乙酰胆碱酯酶活性相对较低，而药剂对其I50则明显高于S。不同品系的谷胱甘肽S—转移酶活性无显著差弄。作者认为，白背飞虱对马拉硫磷和异丙威产生抗性分别与羧酯酯酶活性增高和乙酰胆碱酯酶对药剂敏感性降低有关。     

灰飞虱对杀虫剂抗药性的研究进展

灰飞虱对杀虫剂产生抗药性是其近年来暴发频繁的重要原因。本文综述了国内外关于灰飞虱抗药性的研究成果,包括灰飞虱抗药性的发展、交互抗性、抗性机理、抗性遗传及生物适合度等。田间灰飞虱种群对多种药剂产生了不同程度的抗药性,其中对新烟碱类药剂吡虫啉和昆虫生长调节剂噻嗪酮产生了高水平到极高水平抗性(抗药性倍数分别为44.6～108.8倍和超过200倍),对有机磷类药剂毒死蜱和乙酰甲胺磷(抗药性倍数分别为10～12.6倍和9～13倍)、氨基甲酸酯类药剂甲萘威和残杀威(抗药性倍数分别为29.8～45.3倍和40.1～131.5倍)和拟除虫菊酯类药剂高效氯氰菊酯和溴氰菊酯(抗药性倍数分别为7.8～108.8倍和12～21倍)产生了中等水平到高水平的抗药性,对氟虫腈、阿维菌素和噻虫嗪没有产生抗药性(抗性倍数5倍)。长期大面积使用化学药剂是灰飞虱产生抗药性的重要原因。因此,必须加强灰飞虱的抗性治理,以延缓其抗药性进一步发展。     

GABA受体的分离纯化方法研究进展

γ-氨基丁酸(gamma- aminobutyric acid,GABA)受体是昆虫体内重要的抑制性神经递质受体,是多种杀虫剂的重要作用靶标,其结构与相关农药的毒理性质和害虫的抗药性密切相关。对昆虫GABA受体进行分离纯化并研究其立体结构,对于研究开发高效、低毒、安全的新农药及克服害虫抗药性均具有重要的指导意义。GABA受体的分离、纯化方法与其分子质量大小、带电性和特异性亲和力有关。对GABA受体的主要分离纯化方法:沉淀法、密度梯度离心法、离子交换色谱法、羟基磷灰石色谱法、凝胶过滤法和亲和色谱法等进行了综述,评述了不同纯化方法的优缺点,并总结了分离所用各种去污剂对该受体提取效率的影响。     

Thiamethoxam acts as a target‐site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of Frankliniella occidentalis

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have suggested that the resistance mechanism towards spinosad in Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) is an altered target site. Like the neonicotinoids, the spinosyns act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in insects, but at a distinct site. The changes in nAChRs related to spinosad resistance in thrips might involve interaction with neonicotinoids. In this study, the efficacy of spinosad and neonicotinoids, alone and in combination, was evaluated in susceptible and spinosad‐resistant thrips strains. RESULTS: The neonicotinoids tested were imidacloprid, thiacloprid, acetamiprid, thiamethoxam and clothianidin. No cross‐resistance was shown between spinosad and any of the neonicotinoids. However, an increased toxicity was observed when a mixture of spinosad with thiamethoxam or clothianidin was tested. No synergism was found in the susceptible strains. The more spinosad‐resistant the thrips strain, the stronger was the synergism. CONCLUSION: Data suggest that spinosad and thiamethoxam may interact at the nAChRs in spinosad‐resistant thrips, facilitating enhanced insecticidal action. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry     

Diagnosis and characterization of insecticide-insensitive acetylcholinesterase in three populations of the sweetpotato whitefly Bemisia tabaci

A biochemical approach was used to characterize acetylcholinesterase (AChE) insecticide insensitivity in several sweetpotato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci; SPW) populations. Discriminating doses of insecticide were established to differentiate between sensitive and insensitive SPW strains and to genotype individual whitefly. This technique was then used to examine the frequency of insensitive AChE alleles in several SPW populations and to isolate a line homozygous for insensitive AChE from a heterogenous B-type population. Inheritance of putative altered AChE genotypes was consistent with the proposed haplo-diploid status of B. tabaci. This biochemical diagnostic was also employed to determine the role of insensitive AChE in the observed resistance profiles of several laboratory populations subjected to different selection regimes. In keeping with previous studies on insecticide resistance in SPW, resistance does not appear to be uniquely associated with the B-type but rather with SPW populations found in crop systems. © 1998 SCI.