Effect of irrigation on the dynamics of Phytophthora citrophthora populations in soil of citrus orchards1

Effects of irrigation on the dynamics of soil populations of Phytophthora citrophthora have been studied in three citrus orchards in East Sicily (Italy). Significant increases of inoculum levels were detected 24 h after irrigation. In one orchard throughout summer, population of P. citrophthora beneath the tree canopy was more than 15 propagules g-¹ soil, a value which is considered a threshold level for root rot infections.     

调亏灌溉对膜下滴灌辣椒生长及水分利用的影响

通过大田试验研究了调亏灌溉[苗期:SRD1(轻度)、SRD2(中度)、SRD3(重度);开花坐果期:BRD1(轻度)、BRD2(中度)、BRD3(重度);盛果期:FRD1(轻度)、FRD2(中度);后果期:LRD1(轻度)、LRD2(中度);CK为对照]对膜下滴灌辣椒生长、耗水规律、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:苗期轻度水分调亏和后果期轻度水分调亏对辣椒株高、茎粗和叶面积指数均无显著影响(P0.05),而开花坐果期重度水分调亏使辣椒株高、茎粗和叶面积指数分别比对照显著(P0.05)小39.03%、32.94%和51.21%。同时,与对照处理相比,辣椒生物量随着水分调亏程度的增加而不断下降。其中,苗期中度水分调亏处理SRD2在苗期地上部分和根系干物质量分别比对照处理显著小40.32%和24.99%,但辣椒总产量为35322.79 kg·hm-2,与对照处理无显著差异。不同水分处理辣椒各生育期耗水量和耗水强度均表现为盛果期后果期开花坐果期苗期,并且与对照处理相比,辣椒阶段耗水强度和耗水量均随着水分调亏程度的增加而显著下降。苗期中度水分调亏处理SRD2的辣椒水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率分别比对照处理显著提高8.45%和9.20%,并且产量处于最高水平。因此,SRD2为本试验方案中的最优灌溉方式。     

Identification of Phytophthora spp. isolated from plants and soil samples on strawberry plantations in Poland

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Crown and leather rot of strawberry caused by Phytophthora spp. are major soil diseases of cultivated strawberry...     

Role of Phytophthora spp. in citrus decline in Apulia and Basilicata,Italy1

The results of field surveys carried out in citrus groves of Apulia and Basilicata in Italy to clarify the etiology of a decline condition associated with root and foot damage of citrus are reported. Field observations and laboratory tests have shown that the most frequent causes of citrus decline are root and foot infections by Phytophthora spp. The species isolated were P. nicotiunae var parasiticu and P. citrophthora; the former was the species most often isolated from both the soil and the feeder roots. Less frequently, ArmiNuria sp., frost damage and rodents were identified as additional causes ofdecline. Finally the role ofcultural factors in the decline caused by Phytophthora spp. is discussed.     

有限灌溉对燕麦产量和水分利用效率的影响

在防雨池栽培试验条件下,研究了有限灌溉对两个燕麦品种产量品质和水分利用效率的影响.试验为裂区设计,主区为7个灌溉处理,副区为品种(内农大莜1号,白燕7号).研究结果表明:水分过分亏缺或后期灌水过量均显著影响到燕麦干物质积累;内农大莜1号的干草产量、籽粒产量以及粗蛋白产量均为E处理(底墒水 拔节水 抽穗水)最高,而白燕7号的以上三种产量是以F处理最高;两个品种均是E处理具有最高的水分利用效率(WUE),过度干旱(处理A)或后期灌水过多(处理G)均显著影响燕麦土壤水分利用效率;内农大莜1号具有更强的抗旱性,而白燕7号则对水分更为敏感.     

喷灌条件下不同灌溉施肥对玉米耗水和产量的影响

通过野外实测资料,定量研究大型喷灌条件下不同灌水量(3个水平)和肥力(3个水平)处理对玉米耗水规律、产量和水分生产效率的影响。结果表明,拔节期和灌浆期是玉米需水的关键阶段;玉米不同处理在各生育期耗水量在25.63~182.74 mm之间变化,变幅较大。相同肥力处理下,玉米各生育期耗水量总体变化均呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势;相同水分处理下,玉米耗水量、产量随肥力的增加而增加;对比分析发现,产量对水量变化的敏感程度远高于施肥量变化的敏感程度;玉米全生育期总耗水量与玉米产量之间呈现良好的抛物线关系(R2=0.829),耗水量为4 673 m3·hm~(-2)时产量Y值最大,为11 151 kg·hm~(-2)。在同等灌水和施肥条件下,处理SF-9比SF-10(CK)增产8.40%,水分生产效率提高15.0%,其它处理增产7.89%~54.51%,喷灌条件下玉米增产效果明显。     

咸水非充分灌溉下土壤水盐动态及对制种玉米生长的影响

为了探究石羊河流域地下水资源的利用方式,在甘肃省石羊河流域开展了为期2年的制种玉米咸水非充分灌溉田间试验,试验设置3种灌水水平即w1(1ETc)、w2(2/3ETc)、w3(1/2ETc),3种盐分水平即s1(矿化度0.71 g·L~(-1),淡水)、s2(矿化度3 g·L~(-1))、s3(矿化度6 g·L~(-1)),共9个试验处理,研究咸水非充分灌溉对土壤水盐动态及制种玉米生长的影响。研究结果表明:咸水非充分灌溉条件下,由于灌溉水量和灌水矿化度不同,土壤水盐动态表现出不同的特征,非充分灌溉处理土壤含水量低于充分灌溉处理,咸水灌溉处理土壤含水量高于淡水灌溉处理;充分灌溉处理盐分累积较深,非充分灌溉处理盐分主要累积在表层土壤和根系吸水层土壤。灌溉水量采用2/3 ETc的非充分灌溉方式进行灌溉,土壤盐分随着水分运移,盐分主要累积在表层土壤和根系吸水层土壤,短时期采用灌水矿化度为3 g·L~(-1)的微咸水灌溉,盐分不会在土壤产生大量累积。因此,在研究区灌溉水量控制在2/3 ETc左右,灌水矿化度不超过3 g·L~(-1),对制种玉米生长的影响较小,减产幅度在11%以下,能够达到合理利用地下咸水资源和节水灌溉的目的。     

不同灌溉水平对冬小麦耗水构成及利用效率的影响

以北京地区为典型区域,设计5种不同灌溉处理,即按照生育时期分别进行无灌溉、灌1水、灌2水、灌3水及灌4水处理,利用中子仪和水分平衡法测定冬小麦耗水量,分析全生育期和关键时期的耗水特征.结果表明:冬小麦全生育期耗水量随灌溉次数增加呈增大趋势 ,拔节～抽穗期的耗水量最大,耗水量最少时期为苗期;随着灌溉次数的增加,土壤水消耗量逐渐减少;降水、灌溉和土壤供水是冬小麦耗水的主要来源,降水较少年份土壤供水和降水在耗水构成中所占比例较大,而降水较多年份冬小麦耗水的主要来源为降水;随着灌溉量的增加,灌溉逐渐成为冬小麦耗水构成的主要部分;产量随着耗水量增加渐次增加,水分利用效率和灌溉水利用效率则呈降低趋势.     

海冰水灌溉对土壤盐分和玉米产量的影响

渤海海冰盐度一般在4~11 g/kg之间,经处理可以作为农业灌溉用水。采用不同盐度(1、3、5 g/kg),不同灌溉水量(4509、00、1 350 m3/hm2)的海冰水进行农田微区试验。结果表明:(1)灌溉处理的试验终期的土壤盐度没有显著的增加,在降水的淋溶下可以保持在较低水平;在第二年返盐高峰时土壤盐分也保持在较低水平。(2)玉米籽粒产量随灌溉海冰水的盐度增加而轻微下降,在低盐度(1 g/kg)的处理时,随灌溉水量的增加而增加,在高盐度(3、5 g/kg)时则相反。玉米秆的产量也呈现出和籽粒相似的规律。     

灌溉方法对温室栽培番茄产量及水分利用效率的影响

用温室小区栽培试验的方法,研究滴灌、渗灌、沟灌三种灌溉方法对番茄养分吸收、产量及水分利用效率的影响;结果表明,温室番茄栽培采用渗灌灌溉,在其它条件相同的情况下,1 m3灌溉用水生产出的番茄数量是沟灌的1.9倍、滴灌的1.2倍,滴灌则是沟灌的1.6倍;在番茄生长的整个生育期内,滴灌土壤水吸力平均值最大为24.20 k Pa,渗灌次之为23.11 k Pa,沟灌最小为22.01 k Pa;土壤温度表现出一定差异,但差异相对较小。沟灌处理番茄果实氮素含量高于滴灌和渗灌,而滴灌能够促进番茄的营养器官对氮素的吸收。渗灌和滴灌能有效地调控耕层土壤水分,有利于土壤养分供应,具有明显的节水、增产效果,是理想的设施番茄栽培灌溉模式。     

Survey on Bactrocera spp. (Tephritidae,Diptera) in Austria

Fruit fly species (Diptera: Tephritidae) of the genus Bactrocera are among the most serious orchard pests worldwide but are not native to Austria. The unexpected finding of one Bactrocera zonata adult in Vienna in 2011 initiated increasing survey efforts in Austria since 2012. Traps with male attracting lures were employed at several sites during the fruiting periods and catches were analysed. At sites in Vienna (urban area) Bactrocera specimens were trapped between 2012 and 2018, whereas no Bactrocera specimens were caught in agricultural areas or commercial orchards outside the city. Twelve specimens were identified as B. zonata and nine specimens as B. dorsalis sensu lato, though for the latter it was not possible to distinguish between B. dorsalis s.l. and B. carambolae using molecular analysis (ITS1). Molecular sequencing showed that the specimens caught were genetically different (with only a few exceptions), indicating genetically different origins. It is evident that the repeated findings of Bactrocera specimens in Vienna, where winter temperatures do not allow the establishment of tropical fruit flies, are linked to repeated entries of juveniles with infested fruits (in luggage or consignments). The results of our study reveal the need to strengthen phytosanitary import requirements for fruit commodities and travellers’ luggage in order to protect fruit production in Austria and probably in other countries.     

灌溉频率对滴灌小麦土壤水分分布及水分利用效率的影响

通过田间试验,研究了不同灌水频率对滴灌小麦农田土壤水分分布及小麦水分利用效率的影响。结果表明:从整个生育期来看,在灌水量375 mm条件下,高频灌溉(每4天1次)处理0～40 cm土层含水率和土壤贮水量较高,而深层（40～100 cm）土壤较低;低频灌溉(每10天1次)处理有利于水分的下渗和侧渗,深层土壤含水率和土壤贮水量较高,但水分补给不及时,表层土壤含水率和贮水量偏低;总体上中频灌溉(每7天1次)处理有利于水分在土壤剖面中的均匀分配,有利于作物生长。中频灌溉产量和水分利用效率都最高,分别比高频灌溉和低频灌溉产量增加7.6%和13.5%,水分利用效率增加2.6%和9.9%。在当地自然气候条件下,滴灌小麦采用375 mm灌溉量和每7 d 1次的灌溉频率是较适宜的灌溉模式。     

First report of Phytophthora blight of celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) caused by Phytophthora tentaculata in Japan

Journal of General Plant Pathology - A new disease on celery discovered in Japan caused extreme stunting, dwarfed and yellowed leaves, black rot of the celery “heart”, and root rot. A...     

Studies on Botrytis spp. occurring on onions (Allium cepa) and leeks (Allium porrum)

Botrytis byssoidea (mycelial neck rot) was more prevalent than B. allii (sclerotial neck rot) on the leaves of field onions and the bulbs of stored onions grown in some of the areas where onions or onions and leeks had previously been grown sequentially.
B. byssoidea and B. porri were also isolated from leeks. Spores of B. allii, B. byssoidea (from onions and leeks), B. porri , and B. squamosa caused infection of seedlings of salad (green) and bulb onions.
Inoculation with B. squamosa spores caused severe infection of seedling leaves, but inoculation with mycelial discs caused little damage to onion bulb tissue. By comparison, mycelial discs of the remaining species were highly pathogenic to bulbs.
The practical implications of disease transfer of certain of these species between onions and leeks are discussed.     

压力水头与土壤容重对微润灌溉水分入渗的影响

为探究微润灌溉条件下水分在不同压力水头、不同容重土壤中的入渗情况,通过室内土箱模拟试验,分别设置h=2.0、1.5、1.0 m的压力水头,土壤容重γ分别为1.20、1.30、1.40 g·cm~(-3),测定累计入渗量、湿润锋及土壤含水率3个指标。结果发现,水分累计入渗量与压力水头为正相关关系,与土壤容重为负相关关系;微润管在空气和地埋出流情况下的流量与压力水头均为线性增函数关系,相同压力下,微润管的空气出流量明显大于地埋流量,微润灌溉系统更适宜采用地下埋管方式;湿润锋是以微润管为中心的近似圆形,水平运移距离与垂直向下运移距离均大于垂直向上运移距离,重力对微润灌条件下水分运移有一定的作用,但该作用随着土壤容重的增加逐渐减小;湿润锋运移距离与时间的关系近似为幂函数关系,入渗指数约为0.5;土壤容重越大,水分在土壤中的入渗速率越小,土壤对水分的蓄持能力越弱;经计算,微润灌溉的灌水均匀性符合要求。     

河套灌区盐渍化土壤玉米水氮耦合效应

为了探求适用于盐渍化地区的节水、施肥优化模式,采用大田试验,以玉米为研究对象,选取了轻度和中度两种盐分土壤,设置了10种不同水、氮处理,建立不同盐分土壤玉米产量与灌水量及施氮量之间的回归模型并对其进行了分析,研究不同盐分土壤水、氮用量对玉米产量的影响。结果表明:在轻度和中度盐分土壤条件下,灌水和施氮对玉米均有增产效应,水、氮交互作用为正效应,水分的作用大于施氮的作用。通过边际效应分析可知,轻度和中度盐分土壤施氮肥的增产速率没有明显差异,轻度盐分土壤灌水的增产效率明显高于中度盐分土壤。轻度和中度盐分土壤玉米最高产量分别为13 581 kg·hm^-2和11 115 kg·hm^-2,对应的水、氮配比均为灌水编码为0.77(全生育期灌水量2 250 m³·hm^-2),施氮编码为0.69(总施氮量225 kg·hm^-2)。通过模型寻优,得到轻度和中度盐分土壤种植玉米的最佳水、氮配比方案均为全生育期灌水量为1 900.95～2 389.08m³·hm^-2     

不同微喷灌灌水量对冬小麦生长、产量和水分利用效率的影响

为研究微喷灌模式下不同灌水量对冬小麦生长、产量及水分利用效率的影响,于2015年10月开展了大田试验。以"小偃22号"为供试品种,研究高水W3(拔节期和开花期各灌水60 mm)、中水W2(拔节期和开花期各灌水40 mm)、低水W1(拔节期和开花期各灌水20 mm)和全生育期不灌水W0 4个处理下冬小麦的生长、产量及水分利用效率。结果表明:随着灌水量的增加,各处理的生长指标呈上升趋势,处理W1、W2、W3的籽粒产量分别较处理W0增产17.75%、35.78%和36.72%,但W2和W3处理间无显著差异;处理W2的水分利用效率和收获指数最高,较处理W3提高了0.22 kg·m~(-3)和0.01。综合对比冬小麦生长、产量和水分利用效率,得出拔节期和开花期各灌水40 mm为冬小麦最优灌水量。