细菌人工染色体文库及其应用

细菌人工染色体是1992年以来发展起来的一种新型克隆载体，用于构建人、动物、植物核基因组DNA大片段插入文库。细菌人工染色体在文库构建中具有转化效率高、构建文库简单、嵌合体少、插入片段容易回收、在寄主细胞中插入片段稳定性好、插入片段较大等优点。细菌人工染色体文库的构建对于基因组较大的真核生物基因组学研究具有重要作用，该文库可用于真核生物重要性状基因及全基因组的物理作图、重要农艺性状基因的图位克隆、基因结构及功能分析等研究。本文主要综述了细菌人工染色体文库的构建及其在图位克隆基因、荧光原位杂交、全基因组物理作图等研究中的应用进展。     

高抗黑胫病烤烟BAC文库的构建及分析

烟草是重要的模式植物。本研究利用pIndigoBAC536-S载体及Hind III限制性内切酶酶解烟草基因组DNA的方法,构建了烟草新品系14-60的细菌人工染色体(BAC)文库。该文库共包含414,720个克隆,保存在1080块384板中。随机挑选的120个烟草BAC克隆检测结果表明,外源插入片段大小为97.0～145.5 kb,平均约为123 kb,空载率极低(0),覆盖烟草基因组11倍。用烟草hem A基因、eIF4E-1基因、NtFT基因的特异引物进一步验证,该文库质量高、可用性强,为烟草黑胫病抗性基因的克隆以及其他重要农艺性状和品质性状等功能基因克隆研究提供了基础资源。     

棉花细菌人工染色体文库构建方法探讨

 细菌人工染色体(Bacterial artificial chromosome, BAC）文库是开展基因组测序、基因图位克隆、分子标记、物理作图等研究的重要基因组资源。本文在构建了二倍体野生棉阿非利加棉（Gossypium herbaceum var. africanum）BAC文库的基础上,就棉花细菌人工染色体基因组文库构建过程中高分子量基因组DNA的提取、部分酶切片段选择、DNA的回收、连接转化以及BAC文库的保存等过程中一些细节和注意事项进行了比较详细的分析比较,希望能为棉花BAC文库的构建提供一些可供借鉴的经验。     

樟树细菌人工染色体(BAC)文库的构建及质量检测

樟树(Cinnamomum camphora(L.)Presl)是一种具有材用、药用、油用、香料和生态环境建设等多种用途的樟科植物代表种。本研究以樟树幼嫩叶片为材料,通过提取高分子量核DNA(HMW-DNA)构建了第一个樟树细菌人工染色体(BAC)文库。该文库一共有36 960个克隆,平均插入片段为120 kb,覆盖樟树全基因组5.7倍左右,空载率小于1%。随机挑选10个BAC克隆进行末端测序说明BAC克隆为正常可用的单克隆。以此为基础,对樟树的BAC文库进行了测序,最终得到287.28 G的数据。樟树基因组BAC文库的构建,为樟树重要功能基因的克隆、功能验证、物理图谱的构建和全基因组测序等研究工作奠定了基础。     

陆地棉雄性不育恢复系18R的BAC文库构建

 18R雄性不育恢复系农艺性状优良,恢复性状稳定,对不育系能够100%恢复,是研究棉花三系互作的重要材料。本研究以pCC1BAC(BamHI)为载体,构建了18R的细菌人工染色体（BAC）文库。建立的文库包含139,200个BAC克隆。分析结果表明, BAC文库DNA插入片段为50～200 kb,91%的克隆插入片段为80～150 kb,平均102 kb,空载率<2%,覆盖6.3倍基因组。     

雷蒙德氏棉细菌人工染色体文库的构建

细菌人工染色体(bacterial artificial chromosome,BAC)文库是开展基因组测序、基因图位克隆、分子标记开发、物理作图等研究的重要基因组资源。本研究以二倍体野生棉雷蒙德氏棉(G.raimondii,D5)为材料,从成株期暗培养的黄化幼嫩叶片中得到纯净、完整和高质量的基因组DNA。经脉冲场凝胶电泳检测,所提取基因组DNA大于700 kb。经酶切、片段选择、连接转化,构建了雷蒙德氏棉的基因组BAC文库,文库共包含26 880个克隆,平均插入片段为127 kb,覆盖该棉种全基因组的3.7倍左右,克隆空载率小于5%。该文库的构建,为雷蒙德氏棉基因组物理图谱的构建、功能基因的定位与克隆、以及比较基因组研究提供了重要的基因组资源。     

高纤维强力棉花种质系苏远7235 BAC文库的构建

苏远7235是我国利用异常棉等多个野生种创造的高纤维强力棉花种质系,是开展棉花纤维品质研究的重要材料。本研究以pIndigoBAC-5(HindIII-cloning ready)为载体,构建了苏远7235的细菌人工染色体(Bacterial Artificial Chromosome,BAC)文库,该文库包含30336个BAC克隆。分析结果表明,重组克隆苏远7235 DNA插入片段为50-140 kb,平均120 kb,空载率2.1%,89.6%的克隆插入片段大于100 kb。     

棉花细菌人工染色体文库构建的方法优化

以我国抗病、优质、丰产的棉花优良品种中棉所12号为材料,对棉花细菌人工染色体(BAC)文库构建过程中的一些关键技术,如plug的制备、DNA的部分消化、酶切片段的选择、插入片段与载体的摩尔比值、连接产物的浓缩等进行了研究,建立了构建棉花BAC文库的适宜方法体系。依照该方法初步构建了含有38000个克隆的棉花BAC文库。经检测,插入片段平均大小约为120kb,蓝斑率小于0.5%,空载率小于1%。插入片段与载体的最适摩尔比为1∶15,一次转化可以获得约2000个克隆,cfu·μl 1高达4。该方法为进一步构建中棉所12号多倍基因组的BAC文库、从而进行棉花基因组有关研究奠定了基础。     

棉花抗黄萎病相关基因筛选与亚克隆文库构建

以黄萎病菌诱导下差异表达的棉花抗病相关基因片段PR8为探针,利用杂交方法,对优质、抗病海岛棉品种Pima90-53 BAC文库进行筛选。从30 336个BAC克隆中筛选到含有PR8基因片段的4个阳性克隆,分别为127K13,128D14,169J3和178C5。用Sau3AI对其中的169J3克隆进行酶切,回收2~4 kb的DNA片段并连接到载体pUC118BamHI-BAP上,构建了含有该基因片段的亚克隆文库,共含有4 224个克隆。经电泳检测,插入片段在1~3 kb,平均为2 kb。该亚克隆文库的构建为克隆PR8基因奠定了基础。     

甘蓝型油菜基因组文库的构建及与硼高效基因相连锁克隆的筛选

以甘蓝型油菜宁RS-1为材料,构建了含有82944个克隆的甘蓝型油菜的BAC基因组文库.从文库中随机挑取克隆进行DNA长度检测,BAC克隆平均插入片段大小为80 kb,覆盖甘蓝型油菜基因组的5.1倍.随机挑取108克隆进行继代培养100代,分离质粒酶切检测表明不存在插入片段丢失现象,表明该文库的克隆在大肠杆菌中稳定存在;以与硼高效基因相连     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.