模拟干旱胁迫对马铃薯组培苗发育及试管薯形成的影响

本研究以马铃薯品种(品系)‘克新一号’、‘夏坡蒂’、‘K1’和‘K2’组培苗为试验材料,以不同浓度的甘露醇和山梨醇模拟干旱胁迫,研究干旱胁迫对马铃薯组培苗生育进程及试管薯产量的影响。结果表明:在遭受干旱胁迫下,不同马铃薯品种的叶片数、株高均会随干旱胁迫而降低;不同马铃薯品种叶和茎干物质量的变化随着干旱胁迫程度的加重而出现不同程度的降低趋势;不同品种马铃薯的试管薯结薯总数与大中薯率随着干旱胁迫程度的增加出现降低趋势,低浓度(0.1 mol/L)的甘露醇和山梨醇会诱导结薯提前,推测可能是马铃薯面临干旱胁迫的一种应对机制。本研究结果可为马铃薯节水抗旱技术研究及抗旱品种筛选提供一定的理论依据。     

马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)干旱胁迫生理特性及耐旱性分析

干旱是一个世界性问题,也是造成中国作物产量低的重要原因。为探究干旱胁迫对马铃薯生理的影响和鉴定耐旱材料,本研究以‘青薯9号’和‘陇薯5号’两基因型马铃薯组培苗为试材,用0%、10%、20%、30%和40%浓度(m/V)的PEG-6000胁迫96 h模拟干旱筛选适宜的胁迫浓度,在含有适宜胁迫浓度的培养液中培养0、20、24、48、72和96 h后,测定抗氧化酶活性、可溶性物质和丙二醛(MDA)含量的变化,最后利用差异变化的生理指标的抗旱系数及主成分分析综合评价马铃薯耐旱能力。结果表明:20%浓度PEG-6000是适宜的胁迫浓度。干旱胁迫处理后,与对照相比,‘陇薯5号’超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)有显著增加,过氧化物酶(POD)和丙二醛(MDA)没有显著差异,可溶性糖在20 h开始显著增加;‘青薯9号’SOD没有显著变化,POD活性显著下降,可溶性糖72 h显著增加,MDA含量没有显著变化。7项生理指标可作为鉴定指标进行主成分分析综合评价,并提取出3个主成分,累积贡献率达79.2%,综合得分评价结果表明,‘陇薯5号’的综合耐旱能力强于‘青薯9号’。本研究对马铃薯干旱胁迫生理特性及耐旱性进行深入研究以及培育耐旱性马铃薯具有重要意义。     

不同干旱胁迫对胡麻种子萌发特性的影响

以胡麻种子为试验材料,渗透剂选用PEG-6000模拟干旱胁迫,探讨了5种干旱胁迫条件(10%、15%、20%、22%、25%m/v)对胡麻种子萌发特性的影响。结果表明,胁迫浓度达到22%时,各品种的发芽势、发芽率、种子萌发指数、种子活力指数均降低,坝亚7号、坝亚12号表现最好,坝亚13号、1062品种表现最差;同一胁迫条件下,不同品种的萌发特性对干旱胁迫的敏感性表现不同,初步分析了不同胡麻品种的抗旱性。     

干旱胁迫对不同品系紫甘薯光合特性及干物质积累的影响

为了筛选抗旱品系,以14个紫甘薯品种(系)为材料(徐薯28为对照),采用盆栽模拟干旱胁迫的方法,分析评价干旱胁迫对紫甘薯光合特性及干物质积累的影响。干旱胁迫20 d时对其叶片光合特性及干旱胁迫70 d时对其产量进行测定分析。结果表明:干旱胁迫下,参试紫甘薯品种(系)的叶绿素含量指数(CCI)、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、单株薯块鲜质量和干质量表现出不同程度的降低;CCI和Pn值较高的品种为宁紫薯1号和徐紫薯6号;烟薯0747和泰中11号受干旱胁迫影响较大;14个紫甘薯品种(系)中,徐紫薯6号、徐紫薯1号、徐薯33、徐102903、漯紫薯1号、商077-1、宁紫薯1号、徐薯28属气孔限制因素导致的光合速率降低类型,其余品种(系)属于非气孔限制因素导致的光合速率降低类型;研究结果表明:宁紫薯1号、徐紫薯6号抗旱性较强,烟薯0747、泰中11号抗旱性较弱。     

干旱胁迫对春小麦不同品种(系)苗期生理生化指标的影响

[目的]为了比较不同小麦品种（系）的抗旱性,[方法]采用不同浓度PEG-8000溶液对7个春小麦品种（系）材料进行不同程度的水分胁迫处理,研究不同胁迫浓度（0,10%,20%,30%）和时间（第一天,第三天,第五天）对春小麦材料生理生化指标的影响。[结果]结果表明：随着干旱胁迫程度的增加和时间的延长,‘新春6号’的过氧化物酶活性较高和丙二醛含量积累速度较慢;‘4701’的脯氨酸含量积累速度较快;‘4501’在第Ⅴ天的30%浓度PEG-8000处理条件下可溶性糖含量最高。[结论]通过不同品种（系）在不同胁迫条件下4项生理生化指标的变化情况,筛选出‘新春6号’、‘4701’和‘4501’更适应干旱胁迫环境,为新疆春小麦苗期抗旱品种（系）的筛选提供理论基础。     

干旱半干旱地区适宜马铃薯主粮化战略新品种筛选试验

随着国家马铃薯主粮化战略的实施,筛选各生态区域适宜马铃薯主粮化战略的新品种意义重大。因此,2015年在干旱半干旱地区甘肃定西以陇薯3号为对照,引进了18个马铃薯新品种(系)进行适宜马铃薯主粮化品种的筛选试验,通过对各个品种(系)的生物学性状和品质指标的综合比较分析,筛选出了适宜主粮化的7个新品种陇薯14号、陇薯11号、陇薯10号、陇薯9号、陇薯7号、青薯9号、中薯19号和2个品系L0527-2、LY08104-12,宜在西北干旱半干旱地区作为主粮化品种推广种植。     

干旱胁迫对马铃薯品种生长及生理生化指标的影响

研究了干旱胁迫下不同马铃薯品种的抗旱生理机制,为马铃薯抗旱育种和栽培提供理论依据。本试验以‘冀张薯8号’、‘冀张薯12号’、‘克新1号’为材料,在抗旱棚中研究不同干旱胁迫处理下马铃薯生长及生理生化指标的变化,并分析评价其抗旱性。结果表明：干旱胁迫下马铃薯的产量、株高、茎粗、茎叶鲜重等生长指标均显著降低;随着胁迫程度的增加,3个品种过氧化物酶活性均逐渐升高,超氧化物歧化酶活性均呈现先升高后降低的趋势,而可溶性蛋白含量均呈现逐渐增加的趋势,但品种间3个指标变化的幅度不同,‘冀张薯8号’、‘冀张薯12号’上升的幅度高于‘克新1号’;随着干旱胁迫程度的增加,3个品种的组织相对含水量均逐渐降低。通过抗旱性综合分析和评价,抗旱性从大到小依次为‘冀张薯8号’、‘冀张薯12号’、‘克新1号’。研究结果说明抗旱性强的马铃薯品种通过一系列的生理生化的变化,具备较强的抵御干旱胁迫的能力。     

全国主栽马铃薯品种的抗旱性评价

干旱严重限制了马铃薯的生产,为了筛选高抗旱性马铃薯品种,本研究对全国主栽的40份马铃著栽培品种在旱棚内进行田间人工控水种植,通过测定各品种的抗旱系数、抗旱指数、株高胁迫系数和失水力4个指标,筛选出高抗旱性材料4份,分别是晋早1号、晋薯8号、冀张薯8号和延薯6号,中抗旱性品种有冀张薯12号、克新19号、东农310、云薯202、闽薯1号、延薯8号、丽薯6号、云薯304、延薯7号等9份材料,其余品种均为低抗旱或不抗旱品种.     

马铃薯StSnRK2.4基因的序列分析及其在非生物胁迫下的表达分析

SnRK2是植物特有的一种丝氨酸/苏氨酸类蛋白激酶,在ABA信号转导和植物抵御逆境中起着重要作用.为探究马铃薯SnRK2在非生物胁迫下的调控作用,本研究以'青薯9号'为试验材料,克隆得到一个SnRK2家族基因StSnRK2.4,利用PlantCARE、ExPASy、 Cell-PLoc 2.0等软件对其进行序列分析,并通过RT-qPCR技术分析该基因在低温胁迫(4℃)、干旱胁迫(10％ PEG-8000)以及NaC1胁迫(NaC1浓度为300 mmol/L)下的表达模式.结果 表明:StSnRK2.4基因的开放阅读框(ORF)为1083 bp,编码360个氨基酸.StSnRK2.4蛋白的相对分子质量为41.49103 kD,理论等电点(pI)为5.52,脂肪系数为80.69,为不稳定亲水蛋白;亚细胞主要定位于细胞核;与AMP活化蛋白激酶-γ调节亚基、非特异性蛋白-BZIP转录因子、蛋白酪氨酸及PP2C ABI2同源物等互作,可能参与植物MAPK信号通路和植物激素信号转导;与野生番茄、番茄亲缘关系最近.RT-qPCR分析表明,StSnRK2.4基因的相对表达量在低温胁迫(4℃)、干旱胁迫(10％ PEG-8000)以及NaC1胁迫(NaC1浓度为300 mmol/L)下均极显著上调,说明该基因受低温、干旱和盐胁迫诱导.StSnRK2.4基因的相对表达量在低温胁迫、干旱胁迫和NaCl胁迫0、3、6h以及在干旱胁迫和NaC1胁迫0、1、2d均呈上调-下调模式;StSnRK2.4基因的相对表达量在低温胁迫0、1、2d呈上调-上调模式,研究认为StSnRK2.4基因可能参与非生物胁迫及相关信号分子应答.     

马铃薯新品种试验与利用分析

福建省种子总站组织安排了坝57、坝58、鄂马铃薯5号等8个马铃薯新品种在福州、泉州等7个点进行三重复试验，试验结果表明，不同品种间产量存在极显著差异，品种与地点互作也存在极显著差异。坝58、闽薯1号、中薯3号、坝薯8号等品种产量、农艺性状等表现突出，可进一步加大试验力度。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.