Some Physicochemical Characteristics,Bioactive Content and Antioxidant Characteristics of Non-Sprayed Barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) Fruits from Turkey

Increasing consumer demands for indigenous, non-sprayed with pesticides and less-known or “forgotten” fruits necessitate knowledge on their breeding, cultivation, biochemical content, harvesting and marketing. Anatolia is rich for wild edible fruit species and barberry is abundant throughout Anatolia. The aim of this study was to determine some important physicochemical characteristics, bioactive content and antioxidant capacity of fruits from nineteen promising barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) genotypes grown in the Coruh valley, Northeastern Anatolia. The results indicated genotype-specific differences for most of the physicochemical characteristics, antioxidant capacity and the content of some bioactive compounds. Fruit mass ranged from 0.073 (‘Coruh-7’) to 0.267 g (‘Coruh-11’). Total phenolic content ranged from 2532 (‘Coruh-’) to 3719 mg GAE per liter fruit juice (‘Coruh-11’). The genotype ‘Coruh-12’ had the highest total monomeric anthocyanin content (1004 mg per liter fruit juice) as cyanidin-3-glucoside. The highest total antioxidant capacity was observed in fruits of ‘Coruh-8’ and ‘Coruh-9’ genotypes with all three antioxidant-determining methods. We conclude that the barberry fruits represent a good source of bioactive phytochemicals because of their high phenolic and anthocyanin contents.     

Phenolic Compounds,Antioxidant Activity,Fatty Acids and Volatile Profiles of 18 Different Walnut (Juglans regia L.) Cultivars and Genotypes

The study was carried out to determine phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, total lipids, saturated fatty acids, unsaturated fatty acids, and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) of 18 different walnut (Juglans regia L.) cultivars and genotypes grown in Usak province, Turkey. The biochemical compounds were identified for each cultivar and genotype and a comparative evaluation was carried out. The results showed that most of the biochemical compounds are significantly varying among each other (p?<?0.05). The existence and abundance of the biochemical compounds in the cultivars and genotypes have not only found to be a cause of differentiation, but they have been important parameters for the similarities among the cultivars and genotypes. Total phenolic content and antioxidant activity ranged from 750.67 to 1245.64?mg GAE ml^?1 and from 42.46 to 56.50% in kernels, respectively. The highest contents of the phenolic compounds were noted from gallic acid (11991?mg kg^?1), ellagic acid (1057.16?mg kg^?1), catechin (425.4?mg kg^?1), and rutin (216.6?mg kg^?1), as an average of all cultivars and genotypes. The highest lipid contents were noted from ‘Franquette’ and ‘Fernette’ as 64.28% and 63.26%, respectively, while the lowest content was noted from ‘Oguzlar 77’ (52.52%). A total of 42 VOCs were described from the 18 different walnut cultivars and genotypes. Overall, results showed that the phenolic profiles, fatty acids composition, and VOCs play an important role in similarities and diversities among the cultivars. According to the results, 7 different clusters were developed from the 18 cultivars and genotypes. Herein, ‘Fernor’, ‘Maras 18’, ‘Arslan Local Type’ and ‘Cisco’ cultivars were found to have the lowest biochemical compositions. The superior cultivars or genotypes, in terms of the abundance of the biochemical composition, were found to be ‘Gulizar Hanim Type’, ‘Lara’, ‘Pedro’, ‘Tulane’, ‘Fernette’, ‘Balkan’ and ‘Franquetta’, where they were found to develop 3 clusters by 1:3:3, respectively.

     

Phenotypic and Bioactive Diversity on Medlar Fruits (Mespilus germanica L.)

Mespilus germanica, known as the medlar, is a large shrub or small tree. The fruit has been cultivated since Roman times, and is unusual in being available in winter, and in being eaten when bletted.  In this study twelve medlar (Mespilus germanica L.) genotypes were harvested at commercial maturity stage (skin brownish, pulp white, fruit hard) from Rize provinces located eastern black sea region and were analyzed for their some important fruit phenotypic (fruit mass, shape index, fruit firmness, ostiole diameter and fruit flesh ratio) and bioactive characteristics (total phenolic content, total antioxidant capacity, vitamin C and phenolic compounds). A wide variation among genotypes on most of the searched parameters was found. Fruit mass and flesh ratio varied from 12.3 g (KRD-1) to 23.6 g (KRD-8) and 83.6?% (KRD-2) to 93.0?% (KRD-4) indicating high variability among genotypes. The total phenolic contents of twelve medlar genotypes varied from 157 to 227 mg gallic acid equivalent in 100 g fresh weight basis. Chlorogenic acid, rutin and p-coumaric acid were dominant in medlar fruits.     

红沙枇杷‘大红袍’与白沙枇杷‘宁海白’糖积累及代谢的差异

以白沙枇杷品种‘宁海白’和红沙枇杷品种‘大红袍’为试材,分析了果实发育进程中果实糖含量、蔗糖与山梨醇代谢关键酶活性的变化。结果表明,两个品种的果实发育与糖积累进程基本相似,蔗糖含量在整个果实发育过程中变化不大,山梨醇含量随果实发育呈下降趋势,果糖与葡萄糖是这两个品种积累的主要糖,90%左右的果糖与葡萄糖是在成熟前3周内积累的;两个品种间果糖含量差异较大,‘宁海白’的果糖含量比‘大红袍’高约 1/3,而葡萄糖含量仅高8%。转化酶、SS分解活性和SDH的变化趋势基本类似,都是幼果期较高,此后随果实的发育呈下降趋势,到果实发育后期又转为上升直至成熟;SS合成活性和SPS活性变化与前面几个酶的变化趋势不同之处是成熟时的活性又有所下降。‘宁海白’的转化酶、SS分解活性均高于‘大红袍’,特别是果实发育后期的酸性转化酶活性远高于‘大红袍’,而SDH活性是‘大红袍’略高于‘宁海白’。以上结果表明,枇杷品种间糖含量的差异与其代谢酶的活性水平有关。     

Determining the Physico-Chemical Characterstics of the Rosehip Genotypes Grown Naturally in Adiyaman Province

Turkey is an important gene centre of rosehip populations and rosehip is naturally grown in the province of Ad?yaman. This study has been conducted on rosehip fruits found in various altitudes in Ad?yaman to determine the changes of their physico-chemical characteristics. The fruit weights of the genotypes used in the study ranged between 2.72?g–1.29?g, fruit width between 14.12–10.44?g and fruit length has ranged between 23.18?mm–18.62?mm. The rosehip genotypes to be processed to food are required to have a bulky fruit and a high amount of fruit flesh. The genotype with the highest fruit flesh ratio was found to have the lowest seed weight by 0.25?g, while the genotypes with the highest seed weight had this value ranging between 0.50–0.59?g. Rosehip genotypes dry matter ratio has ranged between 44.27 and 37.11%. While the a*, b*, C* and h° values of rosehip fruits had significant differences based on the genotypes, L* values had similarities. Genotypes had ranging WSDM contents of 33.56–22.50%, TA contents of 2.96–1.57%, pH values of 4.06–3.82, C vitamins of 782.34–352.16?mg/100?g, total phenol contents of 5.42–3.62?mg GAE/g DM and antioxidant activities of 113.60–56.80?µmol TE/g DM. The rosehip fruits containing high levels of fructose and glucose were found to be low in saccharose content. Fructose, glucose and saccharose contents of rosehip genotype fruits were found to be 22.93–16.86, 20.22–13.77 and 0–0.90?g/100?g DM, respectively. According to the outcomes of the study, physico-chemical characteristics of the rosehip fruits displayed significant differences, and these differences were affected by type, genotype and ecologic conditions.     

Antimicrobial,Antioxidant, and Antimutagenic Activities of Five Turkish Pear Cultivars

The pear (Pyrus spp.) is one of the most important fruits consumed in daily life. The aim of this study was to determine the total phenolic and ascorbic acid contents, as well as the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities, of various pear cultivars. The fruits of five pear (Pyrus communis L.) cultivars (‘Deveci’, ‘Kizil’, ‘Egirsah’, ‘Gugum’, and ‘Banda’) were used in this study. It was determined that the peel and pulp of the ‘Kizil’ pear had the highest total phenolic content (402.5?mg/100?g and 215.2?mg/100?g, respectively), while those of the ‘Banda’ pear had the lowest total phenolic content (326?mg/100?g and 126.1?mg/100?g, respectively). Additionally, the ‘Kizil’ pear showed the highest antioxidant capacity in the 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) and ferric-reducing ability assay (FRAP) (1.72 μmol TE/g FW and 161.25?μmol Fe II/g FW, respectively) and the highest ascorbic acid content (16.02?mg/100?g). The ‘Banda’ pear showed the highest antibacterial activity against the test bacteria. However, none of the pear extracts displayed antifungal activity. While all doses of the ‘Kizil’, ‘Gugum’, and ‘Banda’ pear extracts used in this study, except 80?μL/plate, exhibited antimutagenic activities, only the lowest dose (10?μL/plate) of the ‘Deveci’ pear extract showed the antimutagenic activity against induced mutagenesis in the Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 strain. Consequently, the five Turkish pear cultivars used in this study exhibited different levels of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and antimutagenic activities.     

Antioxidant Compounds,Nutritional Quality and Colour of Two Strawberry Genotypes from <Emphasis Type="Italic">Fragaria</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ananassa</Emphasis>

In this study, average weight, colour, soluble solids content and titratable acidity were determined as quality parameters of strawberry fruits while ascorbic acid, total anthocyanins, total phenolics, total flavonoids, minerals and trace elements content as nutritional parameters. All these attributes along with the DPPH radical scavenging activity were screened in two strawberry genotypes grown on the same site at the ripe stage. Also, the phenolic profiles of the strawberry fruits were obtained by HPLC. Except colour, results showed no significant differences between cultivars in quality parameters. Ascorbic acid found for ‘Premial’ cv. (81.62?mg/100?g) was twice the amount found in ‘Magic’ cv. (42.15?mg/100?g), total phenolics varied from 207.95 (cv. ‘Premial’) to 249.98 (cv. ‘Magic’) mg GAE/100?g while total flavonoid content in fruits of ‘Magic’ cultivar (79.56?mg/100?g) was 2?fold higher than the one of the ‘Premial’ cv. The quercetin content ranged from 2.72 to 4.66?mg/100?g, whereas free ellagic acid ranged from 6.79 to 9.03?mg/100?g. The pale shiny fruits of ‘Premial’ cv. (higher L*, h^o and chroma index) had a lower total anthocyanin content (19.07?mg CG/100?g) than the bluish fruits of the ‘Magic’ cv. (23.96?mg CG/100?g). An inverse relationship between the levels of ascorbic acid and anthocyanin contents was also noticed in strawberry samples. Significant differences were found also in minerals and trace elements content of the two strawberry cultivars. The results revealed the importance of genetic background for the content of antioxidant compounds in strawberry fruits.     

Physico-Chemical Profiling of Promising Sweet Orange Cultivars Grown Under Different Agro-Climatic Conditions of Pakistan

Sweet oranges are produced on large scale all over the world and demanded due to less number of seeds and are better juice quality. A study was carried out with the objective to characterize promising sweet orange cultivars for better quality fruits production under different agro-climatic conditions of Punjab (Pakistan). Fruits of three promising sweet orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) cultivars viz. ‘Blood Red’, ‘Musambi’ and were harvested from commercial citrus groves at five different locations. Starting from Multan, in the direction of increasing altitude, four more sites viz. Sahiwal, Faisalabad, Sargodha and Chakwal were selected after every 100–150?km distance. Fruits were evaluated in terms of different physical and biochemical characters. Results showed significant influence of climatic conditions on physico-chemical properties of the cultivars at all the locations. Fruits harvested from Multan and Sahiwal showed higher fruit weight, diameter and peel weight. More juicy fruits with higher vitamin C content were produced under mild temperature environmental conditions of Chakwal. Overall, ‘Musambi’ fruits had more total soluble solids and reducing and total sugars. ‘Musambi’ was found to be good source of bioactive compounds i.?e. vitamin C and total phenolic content, had the maximum antioxidant activity as compared to ‘Blood Red’ and ‘Succari’ and may be explored as potential cultivar in Sargodha and Chakwal.     

早熟杏新品种‘魁金’

‘魁金’杏是以‘二花槽’为母本,‘红荷包’为父本育成的早熟优良杏新品种。果实近圆形,平均单果质量89.1g;果皮橙黄色,果面光洁美观;果肉黄色,肉质细,汁液中多,风味酸甜可口,有香气;果实硬度4.28kg·cm-2,可溶性固形物13.2%,总糖10.9%,可滴定酸0.93%。具有早熟、大果、优质、高产、多抗、自花结实及早果性强等特点。     

红肉猕猴桃新品种‘红什2号’

‘红什2号’猕猴桃是从‘红阳’בSF0612M’杂交实生后代中选出的红肉新品种。果实广椭圆形,果皮绿褐色,有少量的短茸毛均匀分布在果皮表面,平均单果质量77.64 g,最大102 g,果肉黄绿色,果实横切面呈红、黄绿相间图案,味甜,可溶性固形物含量17.1%,总糖7.26%,总酸0.184%,维生素C含量1.84 mg ? g-1。在四川德阳地区9月中旬成熟,盛果期产量22 500 kg ? hm-2。     

Study of Genetic Diversity of Pear Genotypes and Cultivars (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pyrus communis</Emphasis> L.) Using Inter<Emphasis Type="Italic">-</Emphasis>Simple Sequence Repeat Markers (ISSR)

ISSR molecular marker was used to investigate genetic diversity of ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes of Mashhad Esteghlal orchard and its relationship with other commercial and native cultivars of pear. Among ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes of Mashhad Esteghlal orchard 23 genotypes were selected base on difference in tree vigor, leaf color, shape and color of fruit and also 33 other commercial and native pear cultivars from Esteghlal orchard and other Mashhad commercial orchards were studied. A total number of 230 DNA fragments were obtained using 11 primers of which 225 were polymorphic. On average, each primer produced 20.9 bands. Dice similarity coefficient ranged from 0.27 (between ‘Dom Kaj’ and Asian pear) to 1 (between ‘Dare Gazi’ 1 and 2 genotypes). Sample cluster dendrogram indicated that 56 genotypes were divided into 12 distinct clusters. The dendogram generated on the principle of Unweight Pair Wise Method using Arithmetic Average (UPGMA) was constructed by Dice coefficient and the genotypes were grouped into 12 clusters. ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes did not show 100% similarity due to seed propagation or mutation, as ‘Dare Gazi’ 3 and 18 genotypes had the lowest similarity coefficient (0.64). Asian pears were placed in a separate group from European pears. And ‘Dare Gazi’ genotypes from different orchards were grouped separately, but all of them are called as ‘Dare Gazi’ pear for convenience. ISSR molecular marker can well identify the genetic variability among genotypes and cultivars and found suitable for grouping them.     

优质高产梨新品种‘川花梨’

 ‘川花梨’是由‘金花梨’芽变经多年选育而成的梨新品种。果皮黄色,果肉白色,平均单果质量450 g,果实风味甜,微香,果肉质地细脆汁多,可溶性固形物12.8%,全糖10.01%,可滴定酸0.11%,维生素C含量27.12 μg · g-1,果实可食率88%。具有早果、高产稳产、果大质优、耐贮、适应性和抗逆性强等优点。在四川雅安8月底果实成熟,比‘金花梨’提前15 d左右。适合白梨产区种植。     

‘白玉’枇杷果实套袋对其品质及抗氧化能力的影响

 以白沙枇杷品种‘白玉’为试材,分析了白色单层、黄色单层、黄色双层和外灰内黑双层等4种纸袋套袋对果实品质以及抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明,套袋能改善果实表面的光泽度。白色单层纸袋处理增加了果实的可溶性固形物和总糖含量,而其他3种纸袋处理都导致果实可溶性固形物和总糖含量下降,可滴定酸含量上升。套袋还降低了果实的总酚含量、类黄酮含量和抗氧化能力,其中以外灰内黑双层纸袋下降最大。套袋后果实的抗氧化能力下降,与总酚和类黄酮含量降低呈显著正相关。综合套袋对果实品质的影响,‘白玉’枇杷宜用透光性好的白色单层纸袋。     

晚熟梨新品种‘迎霜’

‘迎霜’是‘黄冠’与‘金花4号’杂交育成的晚熟梨新品种。树势强健,树姿较直立。萌芽力强,成枝力弱。果实圆形,果皮绿色,外形美观。平均单果质量374.3 g;果肉细脆多汁,可溶性固形物含量12% ~ 14%,果实硬度6.5 kg ? cm-2,可滴定酸含量0.3%。果实生育期160 ~ 170 d,在石家庄地区9月下旬—10月上旬成熟。适应性,抗逆性较强。6年生树平均产量36 825 kg ? hm-2。     

黄色苹果新品种‘华月’

‘华月’苹果是以‘金冠’为母本,‘华富’为父本杂交育成的新品种。果实圆柱形,平均单果质量230g;果皮黄色,阳面带红晕;果肉肉质,似‘富士’风味。晚熟,抗寒,高抗苹果早期落叶病、果实轮纹病。     

早熟抗病砂梨新品种‘金晶’

‘金晶’是从‘丰水’中实生选育出的早熟砂梨新品种。树势强健,树姿半开张。果实扁圆形,平均单果质量292 g,果皮褐色,果面光滑,肉质细嫩,汁液多,可溶性固形物含量10.6%,果实生育期120 d,在武汉地区7月底8月初成熟。早果,丰产,稳产,高抗黑斑病。     

极晚熟油桃新品种‘福秀’

‘福秀’是从‘瑞光19号’×(‘北京晚蜜’+‘冠华雪桃’等)杂交后代中选育出的极晚熟油桃优良新品种。果实圆形,平均单果质量189.7 g,最大293.9 g。果皮底色绿白色,果面深红色。果肉白色,硬溶质,可溶性固形物18.9%~25.1%,可滴定酸0.1%,果肉硬度12.5 kg·cm~(-2),可食率96.2%。在山东烟台地区9月下旬—10月上旬成熟,果实发育期160 d;早果,丰产,4年生树产量38.1 t·hm~(-2)。     

加工型高类黄酮苹果新品种‘满红’

‘满红’是从‘嘎拉’× 苹果高类黄酮含量优异种质CSR6R6杂种后代中选育出的苹果新品种。果实近圆形,平均单果质量78.2 g;全果面鲜红色,果面光洁、亮;全果肉鲜红色,肉质酥脆,酸味略重;含维生素C 0.049 mg ? g-1,类黄酮13.9 mg ? g-1,外观、营养及加工品质优良。在山东冠县4月上旬开花,9月上旬果实成熟,果实发育期160 d左右,第3年产量达到29.06 t ? hm-2;树体健壮,适应性广,抗早期落叶病、白粉病及果实黑红点病等。     

The role of Pre-harvest Aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) Treatments on Total Phenolics,Antioxidant Capacity and Fruit Quality Attributes of Sweet Cherry Cultivars

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of pre-harvest aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG) treatments on fruit quality parameters and bioactive compounds of sweet cherry fruits (Prunus avium L. cvs. ’0900 Ziraat’, ‘Regina’ and ’Sweetheart’). Whole trees were sprayed once with an aqueous solution containing AVG (0, 100 and 200?mg L^?1) three weeks before the anticipated commercial harvest. Measurements were performed a week before anticipated harvest date, at anticipated harvest date and a week after anticipated harvest date. AVG treatments significantly maintained flesh firmness of all three sweet cherry cultivars. Harvest was delayed at least for a week through the keeping of flesh firmness with AVG treatments. The treatments slowed down the red skin color development in all three cultivars. The measurements performed over fruits collected at different ripening stages revealed that AVG resulted in decreased total phenolics and total anthocyanin and ultimately decreased antioxidant capacity in sweet cherry fruits. AVG treatments also decreased soluble solids content and increased titratable acidity of the fruits. This study revealed that pre-harvest AVG treatments were more effective in delaying sweet cherry fruit softening. The main advantage is to maintain the firmness of late-harvested fruit by retaining fruit quality attributes of sweet cherry fruit.     

黄肉猕猴桃新品种‘璞玉’

‘璞玉’猕猴桃是以‘华优’为母本,‘K56’为父本杂交选育出的黄肉新品种。果实圆柱形,果皮黄褐色,被金黄色短茸毛;平均单果质量106 g,最大果148 g。果肉金黄色,细腻,汁液多,具芳香味,可溶性固形物18% ~ 20%,可溶性糖11.5%,总酸1.5%,维生素C 1.724 mg ?g-1。在陕西秦岭北麓10月上旬成熟,盛果期产量30 t ? hm-2。