Determining the Physico-Chemical Characterstics of the Rosehip Genotypes Grown Naturally in Adiyaman Province

Turkey is an important gene centre of rosehip populations and rosehip is naturally grown in the province of Ad?yaman. This study has been conducted on rosehip fruits found in various altitudes in Ad?yaman to determine the changes of their physico-chemical characteristics. The fruit weights of the genotypes used in the study ranged between 2.72?g–1.29?g, fruit width between 14.12–10.44?g and fruit length has ranged between 23.18?mm–18.62?mm. The rosehip genotypes to be processed to food are required to have a bulky fruit and a high amount of fruit flesh. The genotype with the highest fruit flesh ratio was found to have the lowest seed weight by 0.25?g, while the genotypes with the highest seed weight had this value ranging between 0.50–0.59?g. Rosehip genotypes dry matter ratio has ranged between 44.27 and 37.11%. While the a*, b*, C* and h° values of rosehip fruits had significant differences based on the genotypes, L* values had similarities. Genotypes had ranging WSDM contents of 33.56–22.50%, TA contents of 2.96–1.57%, pH values of 4.06–3.82, C vitamins of 782.34–352.16?mg/100?g, total phenol contents of 5.42–3.62?mg GAE/g DM and antioxidant activities of 113.60–56.80?µmol TE/g DM. The rosehip fruits containing high levels of fructose and glucose were found to be low in saccharose content. Fructose, glucose and saccharose contents of rosehip genotype fruits were found to be 22.93–16.86, 20.22–13.77 and 0–0.90?g/100?g DM, respectively. According to the outcomes of the study, physico-chemical characteristics of the rosehip fruits displayed significant differences, and these differences were affected by type, genotype and ecologic conditions.     

Effects of growing region and maturity stages on oil yield and fatty acid composition of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruit

Changes on oil yield and fatty acid profiles were studied during maturation of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) fruits cultivated in Menzel Temime and Oued Beja, Tunisia. Oil and petroselinic acid biosynthesis proceeded at a steady rate up to 16 DAF in Oued Beja and in 33 DAF in Menzel Temime. The first results show that a rapid oil accumulation started at newly formed fruits and continued until their full maturity. During fruit maturation, fatty acid profiles varied significantly among the growing regions and stages of maturity. Petroselinic acid had the highest amount at the 16th and the 33th DAF, in Oued Beja and Menzel Temime, respectively. In Oued Beja, at full maturity, the main fatty acids were petroselinic acid (80.90 ± 9.45%), followed by oleic (14.79 ± 2.25%), palmitic (3.50 ± 0.65%) and stearic (0.49 ± 0.09%) acids. Fatty acid profile of fruits cultivated in Menzel Temime showed that in fully ripe fruit, petroselinic acid is the main compound (80.86 ± 7.23%) followed by oleic (14.83 ± 2.05%), palmitic (3.27 ± 3.12%) and stearic (0.31 ± 0.05%) acids. In both growing region, fruit development resulted mainly in an increase of petroselinic acid and a decrease of palmitic acid. Saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids decreased significantly and monounsaturated fatty acids increased during maturation of fruit. Oil composition at the first four stages of maturity has a healthy and nutritionally value and the last stages were with important economic and industrial applications. Coriander fruit is potentially an important source of petroselinic which have numerous industrial applications.     

Determination of Pomological and Morphological Characteristics with Fatty Acid Composition of High Kernel Ratio Walnut Genotypes

In this selection survey that was performed to select the types with superior properties among the population of seedling walnut trees in Çank?r? location, fruit samples were collected individually from 67 trees. Than these types were evaluated for fruit and tree properties and eight walnut types with fruit weight between 11.90 and 15.83 g, interior weight between 6.66 and 8.82 g, the interior ratio between 53.06 and 60.41?%, shell thickness between 1.21 and 1.50 mm were selected as promising. For these types the shell color was determined as dark in two types and tawny in six types. The inner color was found to be light yellow in four types and dark yellow in four types. The selected types were in a good condition for full and sound interior ratio. Seven types gave 100?% full and sound inner. Whereas one type gave 20?% empty fruit. Four types showed homogamous blooming, one types showed protandrous blooming and three types displayed protogynous blooming. The total oil content of selected types varied from 43.16 to 58.68?%. The range of fatty acid contents in the fruits of these types were also determined between 50.83 and 60.77?% for linoleic acid, between 16.14 and 26.44?% for oleic acid, between 5.42 and 7.29?% for palmitic acid, between 11.08 and 14.25?% for linolenic acid and between 1.70 and 2.55?% for stearic acid.     

Seed Oil Quantity and Fatty Acid Composition of Different Sea Buckthorn (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Hippophae Rhamnoides</Emphasis> L.) Wild Populations in Iran

Sea buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) is a valuable multipurpose medicinal plant belonging to Elaeagnaceae family. In this study, oil content and fatty acid composition of seed oil from 20 sea buckthorn wild populations of Iran were evaluated in 2014 and 2015. Oil extraction was done using n-hexane solvent in a Soxhlet apparatus and then GC analysis of fatty acid methyl esters was performed. The highest and lowest amount of seed oil content in two years were obtained from Sarein and Kejel populations, respectively (3.88 to 8.63% in 2014 and from 4.07 to 9.66% in 2015). Importance of seed oil is related to it’s highly amount of unsaturated fatty acids. Maximum content of oleic acid cis were existed in Kelavenga (21.19%) on 2014. The highest value of oleic acid trans were related to Shahrestanak (6.34%) in 2015. Maximum content of linoleic acid in 2014 were existed in Baladeh (42.03%) on 2015. The highest linolenic acid content were obtained from Dehdar (30.73%) in 2014. Factor analysis based on PCA revealed, first three components (PC1–PC3) explained 63.86% of the total variation. The first component (PC1) was contributed by some traits such as seed oil percentage, Palmitoleic acid, oleic acid trance and linoleic acid contents with about 29% of total variation. Hierarchical cluster analysis divided the populations into four main groups with high diversity. Wide range of variation across the sea buckthorn populations in seed oil traits could be exploited for selection of suitable genotypes to improvement and commercial exploitation of this plant.     

苹果新品种‘福丽’

‘福丽’苹果是以‘特拉蒙’为母本,以‘富士’为父本杂交选育的新品种。果实近圆形,平均单果质量239.8 g;果面光洁、未套袋果实全面着浓红色;果实硬度9.5 kg ? cm^-2;汁液中多,风味甘甜,香气浓郁,可溶性固形物16.7%,可滴定酸0.28%,品质佳,极耐储藏。10月中旬成熟。     

Diversity in seed oil content and fatty acid composition in three tree peony species with potential as sources of omega-3 fatty acids

Tree peony (Paeonia sect. Moutan) has long been known as a horticultural and medicinal plant in China. Recent studies have shown that tree peony may have further potential applications in the field of edible oils. The selection and cultivation of acceptable varieties is a key issue. Seed from 21 genotypes belonging to P. ostii, P. rockii, and P. ludlowii were evaluated for their oil contents and fatty acid compositions. The results indicated that the average oil contents of P. ostii, P. rockii, and P. ludlowii were 28.05%, 30.52%, and 27.62% (w/w), respectively. Averaged over all genotypes, the major fatty acid components in the seed oils of all three species were the unsaturated fatty acids, linolenic [28.10–52.57% (w/w)], linoleic [14.19–23.92% (w/w)], and oleic [22.67–43.55% (w/w)] acids. Oil contents and fatty acid compositions varied significantly between species, as well as between genotypes within a species. This indicated that tree peony could become an important source of edible vegetable oils and a novel source of omega-3 fatty acids. Germplasm collections will be important for future oil-rich tree peony breeding programmes.     

果桑新品种‘桑梓2号’

‘圣桑2号’是将引进的果桑资源经离子束辐射诱变桑芽,单芽嫁接后在其后代中选育出的优良新品种。3月上旬萌动,先叶后花,每个新芽产生3 ~ 6个桑葚。果长2 ~ 4 cm,单果质量3 ~ 5 g,始熟期5月上旬,成熟后紫褐色,果期45 d,产量48 t ? hm-2。果实花青素含量高达1.97 g ? kg-1,蛋白质含量2.26%,总糖1.81%,总酸5.08 g ? kg-1。该品种适应性广、抗性强,适合安徽省境内栽培。     

Some physico-chemical characteristics of black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes from Northeast Anatolia region of Turkey

In this study, some selected physico-chemical properties (antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, fatty acids, fruit colour, fruit juice yield, fruit weight, organic acids, pH, total phenolic and total soluble solid contents) of five black mulberry (Morus nigra L.) genotypes grown in the Northeast Anatolia region of Turkey was investigated. The total phenolic and antioxidant activity of methanol extract of black mulberry fruits were determined according to Folin-Ciocalteu and β-carotene bleaching method assays, respectively. Fatty acids of mulberry fruits were determined by using gas chromatography. Total phenolic content was observed in black mulberry fruits between 1943 and 2237 mg gallic acid equivalents/100 g fresh mass. The vitamin C content of genotypes varied between 14.9 and 18.7 mg/100 ml. The major fatty acids in all mulberry fruits were linoleic acid (53.57–64.41%) and palmitic acid (11.36–16.41%). Antioxidant activity of black mulberry genotypes was found between 63% and 76%, which lower than standard BHA and BHT. Regarding organic acid content, malic acid was the most predominant with a range of 123–218 mg/g followed by citric acid (21–41 mg/g). The results of the study are helpful for attempting crop improvement in black mulberry for bringing to cultivation.     

四川牡丹部分野生居群种子脂肪酸组分比较

四川牡丹（Paeonia decomposita Hand.-Mazz.）结实量大,专性种子繁殖,具油用开发潜力。对7个不同野生居群的四川牡丹种子千粒质量、种仁出油率、籽油中脂肪酸组成及相对含量进行了测定,并探讨其与土壤因子的相关性。结果表明：四川牡丹不同居群种子千粒质量平均为（311.65 ± 46.45）g,平均种仁出油率32.23% ± 1.96%,居群间差异显著（P < 0.05）;籽油中共检测到7种主要脂肪酸：棕榈酸、十七烷酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和花生一烯酸,其中不饱和脂肪酸相对含量高达91.94% ~ 93.70%,亚麻酸相对含量高达40.45% ~ 47.68%,不同居群籽油脂肪酸组分相对含量存在差异;土壤有效钾含量与种子出油率呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）,土壤有机质、全氮含量与亚油酸含量呈显著负相关（P < 0.05）,其他脂肪酸组分与土壤因子相关性不显著。     

草莓新品种‘石莓10号’

‘石莓10号’草莓果实圆锥形,果面深红色,光泽度强;去萼较易;一级序果平均单果质量26.0 g,二级序果平均单果质量14.7 g;果肉浓红色,质地密且细腻,香气浓,风味酸甜;可溶性固形物含量8.6%,还原糖3.44%,可滴定酸0.9%,维生素C 0.49 mg ? g^-1;果实硬度0.557 kg ? cm^-2,耐贮运性好;丰产性好,平均株产492.4 g;适宜露地及保护地半促成栽培;果实适宜单体速冻加工。     

Observations on the Effect of Potash Supply on the Tension of the Tracheal Contents in Fruit Trees and Bushes

Summary

The effects of pollen source on fruit set and fruit quality characteristics (xenia effects) were examined in three commercial cultivars of mandarin, Imperial, Ellenor, and Murcott. Six trees of each cultivar received six pollination treatments: three cross-pollen sources, self-pollination, bagging and bagging with emasculation. Pollen tube growth, percentage fruit set, fruit weight, seediness, sugar and acid content were assessed in all treatments. Significant xenia effects, including effects on sugar content, were found in all cultivars. `Imperial' was found to be self-incompatible as self-pollen tubes were inhibited in the upper style. This resulted in a lower fruit set in self-pollinated fruits (P<0.01), a very low fruit weight (33–55 g, compared with 92–103 g, P<0.01), and fruits containing few or no seeds. In addition, `Ellenor' and `Murcott' pollen significantly increased sugar content of fruit by between 0.9–1.6% compared with self-pollinated and unpollinated treatments (P<0.05). Widespread problems of variable production and poor fruit quality in `Imperial' may be alleviated by interplanting with appropriate pollen sources such as `Ellenor' and `Murcott'. Pollen source significantly affected fruit set, seed number and sugar content but not fruit weight of cv. Ellenor. In particular, `Murcott' pollen produced a significantly higher fruit set, relatively low seed number, and the highest mean sugar content (13.2%), significantly higher than `Imperial' pollen, bagged, and unpollinated treatments (>12.5%, P<0.01). Fruit production, seediness and sugar content of `Ellenor' mandarin may be improved by interplanting with `Murcott'. Cross-pollination significantly increased seed number of `Murcott' (15–21 seeds per fruit, compared with 13–17 seeds per fruit, P<0.01). `Murcott' could be planted in pure blocks since self-pollinated `Murcott' fruit had slightly fewer seeds than crosses, without any significant loss of size or quality. These results demonstrate the need for careful consideration of interplanting of cultivars and management of pollinators such as the honeybee, Apis mellifera L. to maximize fruit production and quality in mandarins.     

五味子新品种‘嫣红’

‘嫣红’五味子是从野生五味子中选育而成的新品种。果实在9月上旬成熟。果穗平均质量18.07 g,果粒近球形,平均单粒质量0.59 g,成熟果深红色,含可溶性固形物13.5%,还原糖5.63%,总酸6.42%,鲜果出汁率58.4%,适于药用和制汁。     

晚熟优质荔枝新品种‘庙种糯’

‘庙种糯’是从自然实生群体中选育出的优良新品种。3 月下旬开花,6 月底至7 月上旬果实成熟,丰产性强。平均单果质量20.6 g,可溶性固形物含量17.5%,焦核率90%以上,可食率达79.0%。焦核、优质、丰产稳产性能较好。     

青海高原核桃果实油脂和生长动态变化分析

以地方核桃为试材,拍照记录果实外观形态变化,并对不同发育时期果实质量、果实纵横径、坚果质量、种仁质量、出仁率、油脂含量和成熟种仁中脂肪酸组分等进行测定,以期明确青海高原核桃果实油脂和生长动态变化。结果表明:随着核桃果实生长发育,果实质量、果实纵横径、坚果质量、种仁质量、出仁率、油脂含量等指标总体呈上升趋势,其中果实质量在成熟后期略有下降,并依据指标建立了核桃果实生长发育的数学模型。7月中旬油脂开始积累,并逐渐增加,至果实成熟时种仁中的油脂含量达到最大值69.4%,种仁中主要脂肪酸是棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸和亚麻酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量可达91.7%。9月中旬核桃果实充分成熟,且油脂含量最高,是最佳采收时期。可根据核桃果实形态、果实生长曲线和数学模型来判断果实发育时期,采取合理的栽培管理措施,从而提高核桃果实的产量和品质。     

Determination of Pomological and Morphological Characteristics and Chemical Compositions of Local Apple Varieties Grown in Gumushane,Turkey

The present study was conducted in order to determine the pomological and morphological characteristics and chemical compositions of some local apple varieties grown in Gumushane. As a result of field work in Gumushane province, sixteen different apples, which are Summer Apple, English apple, Green Belly, Black Belly and Yellow Belly Apples, Amasya Marble, Bey Apple, Chest Apple, Mahsusa, Arabian Girl, Willow Apple, Tav?anba??, Yellow H?d?r, Local Marble, Bride Apple, and Fatty Apple were collected in order to analyze. The average results of pomological and morphological properties and chemical compositions were obtained as following: fruit mass; 127.36 g, fruit width; 65.23 mm, fruit length; 57.30 mm, fruit stalk thickness; 2.17 mm, fruit stalk length; 17.63 mm, stalk pit depth; 12.75 mm, flower pit depth; 10.29 mm, fruit firmness; 13.79 kg/cm², seed house width; 15.89 mm, seed house length; 17.39 mm, number of seeds; 4.3, water soluble dry matter content; 14.53?%, ash content; 1.11?%, pH; 3.8, titratable acidity; 0.69 g/L, water content; 83.8?%, reducing sugar; 5.04 g/100 g, sucrose; 2.25 g/100 g, and the amount of total sugars; 7.29 g/100. The fruit peel color was determined by considering the light transmittance (L). The average L values were ranged between 112.06 and 66.32. On the other hand among the mineral elements, potassium and manganese amounts were determined as the highest and the lowest, respectively.     

羽叶决明栽培对鸡腿菇子实体产量和脂肪酸组成的影响

以羽叶决明(Chamaecrasta nictitans)牧草替代麸皮栽培鸡腿菇(Coprinus comatus),对其子实体产量和脂肪酸组成进行测定.研究结果表明,子实体产量以羽叶决明替代20%麸皮处理的最高,为每袋235.2 g;所有处理鸡腿菇子实体中均含有豆蔻酸、棕榈酸、十六烯酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸和二十二烷酸等8种脂肪酸,其中羽叶决明替代20%麸皮处理的鸡腿菇子实体中各种脂肪酸相对含量均接近或优于对照,综合表现较好.     

南疆栽培杏品种杏仁油脂肪酸组成及其遗传多样性

 采用气—质联用（GC–MS）技术对30个南疆栽培杏品种杏仁油脂肪酸组分及其遗传多样性进行了研究,并与4个华北栽培杏品种进行了比较。在参试的30个南疆杏品种杏仁油中共鉴定出包括油酸、亚油酸、棕榈油酸、棕榈酸和硬脂酸等15种脂肪酸成分,其中不饱和脂肪酸占脂肪酸总含量的83.26% ~ 88.81%,各品种均以油酸含量最高,亚油酸次之,棕榈酸第三,存在“高油酸、高亚油酸、低棕榈酸”的优异种质;南疆杏与华北杏杏仁油脂肪酸组成较为接近,均以不饱和脂肪酸为主,脂肪酸组分的含量在各品种间亦存在差异,变异系数分别为6.37% ~ 49.38%和3.44% ~ 79.57%,存在一定程度上的遗传多样性,但油酸及亚油酸等主要脂肪酸组分的变异幅度不大,变异系数均在10%以下。     

Changes in chemical composition of Phoenix canariensis Hort. Ex Chabaud palm seed oil during the ripening process

The aim of this investigation is to compare the physicochemical properties and chemical composition of Phoenix canariensis seed oil at different stages of seed date ripening. It was demonstrated that the saponification number of the oil increases during the maturation from 179.24 to 191.28 (mg KOH/g of oil), whereas the seed oil yield, the iodine number, the p-anisidine value, the peroxide value, the acidity and the unsaponifiable matter decrease from 14.73% to 10.36%, from 89.37 to 76.66 (g/100 g of oil), from 5.51 to 3.67, from 17.66 to 3.62 (mequiv. O₂/kg of oil), from 1.49% to 0.59% and from 2.72% to 1.77%, respectively. The tocol content increases as the maturity advanced. The percentages of sterols show continuous changes during ripening. The saturated fatty acid content increases throughout the ripening process. The oleic fatty acid content decreases during the seeds maturation, but increases at the end, whereas linoleic acid content initially shows an increase, and then a decrease. The total phosphorus content decreases during the period of ripening. The three samples of the seed oil show a high kinetic stability during the heating and cooling, as characterised by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The DSC curves reveal an increase in the melting point from −7.73 °C to 3.71 °C but the melting enthalpy remains the same, 62.06 J/g, during the ripening of the dates.     

适宜亚热带地区甜樱桃新品种‘江南红’

‘江南红’是从‘红灯’ב拉宾斯’杂交后代中筛选出的在亚热带地区有经济产量、耐受其气候条件的甜樱桃新品种。果实红色到紫红色,扁球形,平均单果质量7.7 g,最大单果质量13.0 g。果肉红色、致密,可食率92.8%,总酸9.84 g ? kg-1,维生素C 68.7 mg ? kg-1,可溶性固形物17.5%。果实成熟早,甜味浓,风味佳,成年树单株产量15 ~ 30 kg。     

大果中晚熟甜樱桃新品种‘春雷’

‘春雷’是从‘红灯’ב先锋’杂交后代中选育出的大果中晚熟优质甜樱桃新品种。树势极强,树体分枝能力中等。果实大,肾形,平均单果质量8.5 g,果顶凹,果柄粗短。果实紫红色,有光泽,可溶性固形物16.5%,总糖10.11%,可滴定酸0.74%,维生素C 0.089 mg·g~(-1)。果肉脆硬,酸甜适口,品质上等,畸形果极少或无,耐贮运。自花不实,S基因型是S3S9。以中短果枝和花束状果枝结果为主,耐花期高温和夏季高温高湿天气,坐果率高,具有较好的早果性、丰产性和稳产性,盛果期产量在18 000kg·hm~(-2)以上。在郑州地区,5月25—30日果实成熟,果实发育期55~60 d。