An analysis of potential investment returns and their determinants of poplar plantations in state-owned forest enterprises of China

China’s state-owned forest enterprises have been important national timber production bases and their timber resources have been severely degraded during the past decades. About one-third of the state-owned forestland has been classified as commercial forestland, but no economic mechanisms have been laid out on governing timber plantations under market economy. This paper demonstrates the potential investment returns and analyzes factors that directly influence the returns of fast-growing poplar plantations in a state owned-forest enterprise, China Jilin Forest Industry Group (CJFIG), in northeastern China. We examined practically possible ranges of mean annual increment (MAI), general inflation rate, rate of forest fund, and interest rate in the study area. We then computed net present values (NPV), equivalent annual income (EAI) and internal rate of return (IRR) by using the minimum, medium, and maximum values of the each determinant above. Results showed NPV ranged from $1,024 to $6,925 ha^?1, EAI ranged from $120 to $623 ha^?1 year^?1, and IRR ranged from 13.2 to 29.3 %. We show that growing poplar plantations could be two times more profitable than managing the existing natural forests in CJFIG by referring to EAI values. Improving MAI is the most effective way to increase both NPV and IRR while changes in the one-time tax at timber harvesting or changes in inflation rate have the least effect on NPV and IRR among the determinants studied. Discount rate, which can be easily manipulated by obtaining subsidies and policy-based loans, also has substantial influence on NPV. The state owned forest enterprises in China have special advantages to obtain relatively high economic returns in developing fast-growing plantation forests under market economy.     

吉林省西部杨树人工林病虫害综合防治技术及效益分析

在吉林省西部,杨树人工林面积逐年扩大,森林病虫害的发生种类逐渐增多,威胁着造林成果的巩固。通过对杨树病虫害的科学测报、划分类型、推广森保科技成果等措施,进行综合防治,取得了较好的防治效果和效益。     

发展速生丰产林是贫水地区调整种植结构的重要途径

近年来,全球气候变暖,森林资源的减少,使我国北方地区降水量逐年减少,部分地区出现了严重缺水的现象.2000年春季,京津、河北等地连续发生了13次沙尘暴天气,引起了全国上下的普遍关注.党中央及时提出了加快调整种植结构,退耕还林的战略部署.在水源匮乏地区,大力发展速生丰产林,在提高经济效益的同时,发挥其改善生态环境的作用,意义重大.     

绥宁县用材林林龄结构优化研究

针对绥宁县用材林林龄结构现状,应用系统动力学原理对用材林林龄结构优化进行建模,通过计算预测在不同采伐模式下用材林蓄积保有量和出材量的变化,从而找出最优的采伐模式。结果表明:用材林最优采伐模式即轮伐期为40年,择伐周期为15年,择伐强度为30%,抚育间伐周期为15年,抚育强度为15%。在这种优化模式下,到2025年绥宁县用材林蓄积保有量将达到10 186 848 m3,出材量将达到249 006 m3,使用材林发展达到生态效益和经济效益兼顾的最优状态。     

新沂市农田林网杨树生物量的空间结构

本文采用分层切割法和壕沟全挖法对江苏省新沂市农田林网中，４年生主要的杨树无性系（Ｗ－４６杨，Ｉ－６９杨，ＮＬ－８０１０５杨和ＮＬ－８０２０５杨）的地上部分生物量以及根系生物量进行了测定和分析。结果表明，ＮＬ－８０２０５杨不仅平均单株的生物量最大，而且树干的形质优良。因此，在平原农田林网的经营中，选择ＮＬ－８０２０５杨，既可以提高营林的收益，又能够增强林网的防护效果。     

DRIS-based fertilization efficiency of young hybrid poplar plantations in the boreal region of Canada

In order to maximize early growth and establishment of planted hybrid poplars in the boreal region of Eastern Canada, growth response of four clones to fertilization was tested in two plantations. The first two fertilization treatments were based on Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), a method based on nutrient ratios: DRIS I was based on previously established norms from a study that had been conducted in the same area, and DRIS II was based on DRIS norms developed from hybrid poplars in northern Ontario, Canada. Nutrient status and growth of trees under these 2 treatments were compared to unfertilized trees and to trees under standard (STD) fertilization treatment (40 N–20P–20 K). Leaf nutrient concentrations and DRIS indices showed that fertilization treatments, and especially DRIS I corrected N deficiencies but failed to correct P deficiencies. Fertilization increased volume relative growth rate by 7.51, 4.76 and 13.25 % on average at the agricultural site for DRIS I, DRIS II and STD treatments respectively, compared to no fertilizer application. At the forest site, fertilization treatments based on DRIS indices (DRIS I and DRIS II) increased growth rates (6.67 %) slightly more than the standard treatment (5.80 %). Overall, although DRIS-based fertilization treatments generally increased growth rates, they were often equal to or less efficient than the STD treatment, and may not be as practical as using a standard fertilization recipe.     

模拟氮沉降对杨树人工林土壤动物类群结构的影响

氮沉降过量会导致一系列严重的全球性生态问题,研究氮沉降对土壤动物群落结构的影响,对于明晰土壤动物群落受大气氮沉降加剧产生的响应机理有重要意义.通过模拟氮沉降试验,研究了不同氮沉降浓度下土壤动物群落特征的变化规律.试验结果表明：甲螨亚目（Oribatida）,前气门亚目（Prostigmata）,弹尾纲（Collembola）,寡毛纲（Oligocllaeta）,膜翅目（Hymenoptera）及盲蜘目（Opiliones）6个类群在不同龄级,不同氮沉降梯度下所占比例较高,为典型的优势类群;土壤动物类群丰富度及数量在不同氮沉降梯度下呈现先升后降的趋势;幼龄林土壤动物多样性指数普遍较高,且随氮沉降浓度的增加波动明显,老龄林与之相反;土壤甲螨随着氮沉降增加呈现先增后减的趋势,具有环境指示作用.     

杨树林地郁闭前林农间作研究

以郁闭前的杨树人工速生林为研究对象,通过林农间作研究,结果表明：林农间作不仅能获得短期经济效益,对林木生长也有明显的促进作用。     

滩地钉螺种群消长与杨树人工林关系的研究

在南洞庭湖和西洞庭湖的滩地杨树人工林内采取定位观测为主的研究方法，对滩地的地下水位、土壤含水率、螺情的变化规律及其与滩地杨树人工林的相关关系进行了定量研究，揭示了杨树人工林内钉螺种群消长的内在规律和环境因子的偶发效应，显示出滩地杨树人工林生态系统抑螺机制的有效性和持续性，体现了滩地杨树抑螺林的血防安全意义。     

匈牙利丹努波（Danube）河和梯沙（Tisza）河间沙丘洋槐——银白杨混交林林分结构和产量研究

作者采用新的研究方法,研究了不同配比的洋槐(Robinia pseudoacacia L.)/银白杨(Populus alba L)混交林林分结构和产量。通过逐株测量并采用材积表确定了各树种的主林分结构和产量因子。测定了混交林树种以及纯林不同树种的蓄积量。发现林分总蓄积量和和树种混交比例密切相关。与纯林对照组相比,混交林蓄积在16年龄时的相对剩余为1.24-1.55。研究证明,如果2树种都具有初期快速生长率的特点和相同的轮伐年龄,可以进行混交造林,并相互有利。图4表2参15。     

豫东平原杨农间作不同杨树品种生长性状对比研究

杨树是平原地区栽培面积最大、木材产量最高的速生用材树种之一,具有生长快、成材早、产量高的特点,是非常优良的工业用材经营树种。本文通过对民权林场四种速生杨优良性状的对比试验进行比较,得出欧美108杨的优良性状最好,为进一步提高林业经济效益和环境效益提供支持。     

浅谈湖区杨树速生丰产林的培育与管理

从2000年3月开始，以培育意杨速生丰产林为目标，并开展科技示范。经对速生丰产林基地示范中心的6．67hm^2林木进行测算，4年生的意杨每667m^2已达到了9．04m^3的蓄积量，年均蓄积增长2、26m^3，667m^2．年均每667m^2林木年收入已达到800元以上。实行林菜间种，菜每667m^2年收入在1000元以上。     

Carbon accumulation in aboveground and belowground biomass and soil of different age native forest plantations in the humid tropical lowlands of Costa Rica

Generic or default values to account for biomass and carbon accumulation in tropical forest ecosystems are generally recognized as a major source of errors, making site and species specific data the best way to achieve precise and reliable estimates. The objective of our study was to determine carbon in various components (leaves, branches, stems, structural roots and soil) of single-species plantations of Vochysia guatemalensis and Hieronyma alchorneoides from 0 to 16 years of age. Carbon fraction in the biomass, mean (±standard deviation), for the different pools varied between 38.5 and 49.7% (±3 and 3.8). Accumulated carbon in the biomass increased with the plantation age, with mean annual increments of 7.1 and 5.3 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ for forest plantations of V. guatemalensis and H. alchorneoides, respectively. At all ages, 66.3% (±10.6) of total biomass was found within the aboveground tree components, while 18.6% (±20.9) was found in structural roots. The soil (0–30 cm) contained 62.2 (±13) and 71.5% (±17.1) of the total carbon (biomass plus soil) under V. guatemalensis and H. alchorneoides, respectively. Mean annual increment for carbon in the soil was 1.7 and 1.3 Mg ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ in V. guatemalensis and H. alchorneoides. Allometric equations were constructed to estimate total biomass and carbon in the biomass which had an R ²aj (adjusted R square) greater than 94.5%. Finally, we compare our results to those that could have resulted from the use of default values, showing how site and species specific data contribute to the overall goal of improving carbon estimates and providing a more reliable account of the mitigation potential of forestry activities on climate change.     

Long-term influence of fire and harvesting on boreal forest age structure and forest composition in eastern Québec

In boreal forests, historical variations in the area disturbed by natural disturbances or harvesting have rarely been compared. We measured temporal and spatial variations in areas affected by severe fires and clearcutting throughout the 20th century in a 57, 332 km² section of the eastern Canadian boreal forest. We examined the effects of these disturbances on spatio-temporal variations in the abundance of forests >60 years. Natural variability for the abundance of forests >60 years was estimated from simulations of natural disturbance regimes. We also measured compositional and structural differences between three categories of stands originating from relatively recent disturbances (∼50 years; clearcutting, fires, and clearcutting followed by fires), and one category of stands that were undisturbed for at least 200 years. At the regional level, we observed that forests >60 years gradually became scarcer throughout the 20th century due to a gradual expansion of harvested areas, an effect most pronounced in the southern part of the region, where mature and old forest abundance was clearly outside the range of natural variability at the end of the studied period. At the stand level, forest composition and structure differed between stand-origin categories: clearcutting-origin stands contained more balsam fir (Abies balsamea), fire-origin stands more black spruce (Picea mariana), and fire/clearcutting-origin stands more hardwoods (Betula papyrifera and Populus tremuloides). Overall, we estimate that strict forest management targets based on natural disturbance regimes will be difficult to achieve in eastern North-American boreal forests, most notably because contemporary disturbance rates, including both clearcutting and fire, have gradually become higher than the fire rates observed during the preindustrial period.     

Forest fragmentation,structure, and age characteristics as a legacy of forest management

The combination of forest inventory and satellite-derived landscape composition and structure provides otherwise unavailable information on regional forest conditions and enables investigation of the cumulative effects of forest management over time. Forest pattern results from a range of both natural and anthropogenic factors. This study characterizes the forest pattern of Vancouver Island, British Columbia (>32,000 km²) at the watershed scale, using new national datasets of Canadian forest composition and fragmentation, and relating these to forest inventory-derived age structure. Vancouver Island is extensively forested, possessing highly valuable and productive forests, and is managed to meet a range of stakeholder interests. Forest fragmentation metrics were derived from a satellite-derived, 25-m spatial resolution land cover map (i.e., grain) to represent patterns within 1 km analysis units (i.e., extent) for the entire forested area of Canada. We summarized forest fragmentation island-wide and compared trends between forest-dominated (>85% forest) and less-forested (<85% forest) watersheds. We also explored these patterns with partial canonical correspondence analyses to determine the independent and shared relationships of landscape composition, forest fragmentation, and spatial variables with forest age structure.     

Taking the pulse of forest plantations success in peri-urban environments through continuous inventory

Urban expansion increases the need for, and pressure on, green areas. Reforestation projects in the rural–urban fringe represent an opportunity for enhancing the environmental quality of peri-urban spaces and a means to contribute to cities carbon neutrality policies. Yet, relatively little information exists regarding the long term (10–25 years) survival and growth rate in urban and peri-urban plantations. This paper reports and discusses the results achieved by a reforestation in the peri-urban space of Rome (Italy), 25 years after its establishment. The plantation has been periodically surveyed between 6 and 24 years of age by means of continuous inventories, with the aim of monitoring growth dynamics. Permanent sample plots have been investigated and stratified by tree species composition (broadleaves vs. conifers, single vs. multispecies) for data analysis. On the whole, plantations show suitable results in terms of rate of growth, carbon storage and uptake, especially in coniferous and mixed stands. The average stand volume of the forest plantation, currently ranges from one-and-a third to one-and-a-half times the average values estimated for natural high forest stands of the same age and species groups at country level. The species groups exhibit differential growth patterns over the observed period, that are mainly due to differences in the ecological traits of the planted trees. Ten years after the establishment, the average annual value of carbon uptake in conifer and mixed species group exceeds 10 Mg CO₂ equivalent ha^?1 year^?1, a figure corresponding to 4 times the value of deciduous broadleaves (oaks and other species) and 1.5 times the value of evergreen oaks. Twenty years after the establishment, the average annual carbon uptake peaks to 25 Mg CO₂ equivalent ha^?1 year^?1 in the mixed species group, exceeds 15 Mg CO₂ equivalent ha^?1 year^?1 in the conifers, and ranks between 6 and 12.5 Mg CO₂ equivalent ha^?1 year^?1 in the groups dominated by broadleaved species. Overall with a surface area just under 300 ha, the carbon uptake level of the Castel di Guido reforestation allows to offset the 0.04% of CO₂ emissions of the city of Rome. Although the spatial coexistence of even-aged plantation blocks characterized by a range of ecological traits, is expected to ensure a more continuous carbon sequestration, being less susceptible to damage of any kind, the current lack of silvicultural management may also lead to degradation processes, by triggering e.g. fuel accumulation and, by consequence, forest fires. In this line, recommendations are provided in order to improve the ecological and functional efficiency of the investigated reforestation. The field experiment demonstrates, ultimately, the capability of the continuous forest inventory to take the pulse over several decades of tree species performance and carbon uptake levels in urban and peri-urban reforestations.     

试论拜泉县防护林体系建设中杨树的萌芽更新

在三北防护林体系建设过程中,人们一直把增加植被数量、提高新植林的建设质量作为林业发展的追求目标,但如何使现有的防护林体系能够健康发展,而且保持原有树种继续显现优良特性等问题,是我国三北防护林体系建设今后面临的一个非常重要的课题。拜泉县在三北防护林体系建设的实践中,总结和探索了防护林树种萌芽更新技术,实现了零成本造林,这将为林业建设的可持续发展提供了一个新思路。     

Effects of climate factors on the height increment of poplar protection forest in the riverbank field

Based on the data of stand investigation and stem analysis, the effects of climate factors on the poplar protection forest increment in the riverbank field of the Dalinghe and Xiaolinghe rivers of Liaoning Province, China were studied by stepwise regression procedure and grey system theories and methods. A regression model reflecting the correlation between the height increment of poplar protection forest and climatic factor was developed. The order of grey relevance for the effect of climatic factors on the height increment of poplar protection forest is: light>water>heat, and it could be interpreted that the poplar increment was mainly influenced by light factor, water factor, and heat factor. This result will provide scientific basis for the intensive cultivation and regenration of the poplar protection forest in riverbank field in similar regions in China. Foundation item: This study was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 30270250), and a key direction project (No. C12MC-SCMS013) Biography: LI Hai-mei (1975-), female, Ph. D, department of Landscpe Architecture. Art. Laiyang Agricultural College, Shandong Qingdao 266109, P. R. China. Responsible editor: Song Funan