通川区农发水保项目突出“八抓”

2008年度四川省达州市通川区农发水保项目工程是中央、省、市、区共同投资的农业综合开发项目,该工程实施水土流失治理面积8．13km^2,其中7km^2被列入达州市2008年度“十大民生”工程之一。为切实搞好这项功在当代、利在千秋的民生工程,通川区水保局认真进行了组织实施,突出了“八抓”。一是抓项目宣传。在项目区设了安全警示牌,向区域农户和施工人员发放宣传资料,做到家喻户晓。     

达州水保宣传进校园科普成果谱新章

<正>近3年,达州市水保办、达川区水保局和达州中学共同开展了水土保持科普教育进校园活动,通过送宣传资料、讲解水土流失基本常识、图片展示等方式,使广大同学对水土流失的危害有了更进一步理解和认识,激发了他们深入实际去考察了解水土流失状况,开展水土保持实践的热情。为此,达州中学科技实践活动小组的同学们自发组织起来,在指导老师的带领下,在市水保     

江西省高等级公路水土流失防治费计算标准探讨

对江西省4条高等级公路建设项目水保投资情况进行分析表明,江西省1995年发布的水土流失防治费的收费标准偏低。提出了高等级公路水土流失防治费计算标准:水保工程投资占建设项目工程总投资的比例为4%～10%,取土场水土流失防治费为1元/m3,弃土场水土流失防治费为2～3元/m3,管理服务区绿化用地投资为15～20元/m2,工程施工占地区水土流失防治费为1元/m2。     

达州市园区水土保持模式初探

达州市探索出了适宜达州地形地貌特征和水土流失特点的园区水保建设模式 ,它具有规划区域化、措施综合化、投入多元化、经营集约化、开发产业化、服务社会化等特点 ,实现了由零星分散治理向集中连片、规模化治理的转变 ,由防护型治理向治理开发型的转变 ,由传统水保向现代水保的转变。介绍了园区水保建设的做法和成效     

项目带动 注重民生 四川水土流失综合治理成效显著

正改革开放以来,四川坚持小流域综合治理技术路线,先后启动实施了"长治"工程、"农发"水保项目、坡耕地水土流失综合治理工程、国家水土保持重点建设工程、中央财政水利发展资金水土保持项目等一批水土流失重点防治工程,全省治理水土流失面积9.61万km~2,治理区水土流失面积和土壤侵蚀量减少70%以上,粮食单产平均提髙30%以上,生态环境得到有效保护,水土保持措     

探索管理机制 寻求可持续发展

四川省巴州区境内水土流失严重,1997年被国家长委和省水保局列为长江上游水土流失重点防治区。几年来,共治理水土流失面积208 km2,其中改造坡耕地1.67万hm2,栽植经果林3500 hm2,营造水保林4500hm2,保土耕作1000 hm2,封禁自然修复1万hm2,修建各类小型水利水保工程1.51万处。为确保水保治理成果的永续利用,巴州区结合农村税费改革的新形式,因地制宜,探索出了公司加农户、租赁、承包、户自管理和目标管理五种管理模式,实现了经济和社会生态效益的双赢。     

东北黑土区水土流失综合治理试点工程取得明显成效

东北黑土区是世界仅有的三大黑十区之一,也是我国重要的商品粮基地,破誉为“北大仓”。东北黑土区有水土流失面积27.59万km^2,占土地总面积的26.79％。2003年,水利部启动了东北黑土区水土流失综合治理试点工程。试点工程实施期3年,累计中央投入1.2亿元,初步治理水七流失面积1804km^2,项目区水十流失治理程度达到81％。     

通川区强化农发水保经果林栽后管理

2009年4月中旬,四川省达州市通川区水保局组织专业技术人员深入到2008年度农发水保工程实施地对经果林的生长情况进行了实地检查及技术指导工作。     

汉江流域上游生态环境现状及治理措施

汉江流域上游水源保护区主要是指丹江口库区以上的地区。汉江流域水环境保护的优劣对我国的南水北调工程起着至关重要的作用。针对上游流域水环境污染、水土流失等重大生态环境问题,结合水质调查,对沿途各县区水土流失进行了系统分析。结果表明:(1)安康水库水质呈下降趋势,特别是硝酸盐氮(NO3—N)由蓄水前的年均0.32mg/L上升至20a后的0.99mg/L以上,是蓄水前的3倍,增加了209.3%。(2)丹江口水库水质总体状况较好,除总氮年平均为Ⅳ类水,其余指标为Ⅰ或Ⅱ类。(3)流域水土流失严重,2009年安康、汉中、商洛3市水土流失模数都超过5 000t/(km2.a),安康市7县区水土流失模数高达16 352t/(km2.a),十堰市水土流失模数相对较小,但也达到了3 528t/(km2.a)。各市土壤侵蚀总量大小依次为:安康市(7县区)>汉中市(7县区)>商洛市(3县区)>十堰市,且呈日益增加趋势。应加大水环境污染整治力度,加强水土保持建设和法制建设,提高生态环境保护管理能力,加强基础设施型工程为民营工程做好环保示范。     

贵州省实施坡耕地水土流失综合治理试点工程的实践与探索

为探索坡耕地水土流失综合治理经验,国家水利部自2009年起,先后在贵州的14个市县所辖的27个乡镇、75个村开展了试点工程,3年多来,建成梯田3 729.76 hm2,修建蓄水池、沉沙池等小型水利水保工程1 029座,完成截排水沟渠75.6 km、田间生产道路97.06 km,有效地治理了水土流失,为促进粮食增产、农民增收和农村经济发展奠定了基础。总结贵州省自实施坡耕地水土流失综合治理试点工程以来的一些经验和教训,对后续坡耕地水土流失综合治理有重要借鉴作用。     

“摩尔”教学的几点体会

介绍了一种如何在初中化学知识的基础上导入摩尔概念的新颖教学法,展示了这种方法的良好效果。     

Sorption-desorption of "aged" sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides in soil

Sorption-desorption interactions of pesticides with soil determine the availability of pesticides in soil for transport, plant uptake, and microbial degradation. These interactions are affected by the physical and chemical properties of the pesticide and soil, and for some pesticides, their residence time in the soil. The objective of this study was to characterize sorption-desorption of two sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides incubated in soils at different soil moisture potentials. The chemicals were incubated in clay loam and loamy sand soils for up to 12 wks at -33 kPa and at water contents equivalent to 50 and 75% of that at -33 kPa. Chemicals were extracted sequentially with 0.01 N CaCl(2) and aqueous acetonitrile, and sorption coefficients were calculated. Sufficient sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides remained (>40% of that applied) during incubation to allow calculation of sorption coefficients. Aging significantly increased sorption as indicated by increased sorption coefficients. For instance, for sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone remaining after a 12-wk incubation at -33 kPa, K(d) increased by a factor of 4.5 in the clay loam soils and by 6.6 in the loamy sand as compared to freshly treated soils. There was no effect of moisture potential on sorption K(d) values. These data show the importance of characterization of sorption-desorption in aged herbicide residues in soil, particularly in the case of prediction of herbicide transport in soil. In this case, potential transport of sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides would be over-predicted if freshly treated soil K(d) values were used to predict transport.     

生态冷漠症的“诊”与“治”

当今有一部分政府官员患有生态冷漠症,其表现有3种,即面对持续恶化的生态环境麻木不仁,生态建设取得一点成绩便盲目乐观,发生了生态安全问题就怨天尤人。医治生态冷漠症应重点抓好以下3个方面的工作:紧密结合工作实际,切实加强对广大干部的科学发展观教育;完善和推行绿色GDP核算标准,加强对各级政府及其官员的考核;制定和完善有关法律法规,加大对政府行为的约束力度。     

Antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activity in "early potatoes"

The antioxidant content and the antioxidant capacity of both hydrophilic and lipophilic antioxidant extracts from four "early potato" cultivars, grown in two different locations (Racale and Monteroni), were examined. There was a considerable variation in carotenoid content and weak differences in the ascorbic acid concentration of the examined cultivars of "early potato" and between the harvested locations. An increase in both methanol/water (8:2 v/v) and phosphate buffer soluble (PBS) free phenols (70%) and bound phenols (28%) in the extracts from the cultivars grown at Racale site was found and discussed. Examination of individual phenols revealed that chlorogenic acid and catechin were the major phenols present in potato tuber extracts; a moderate amount of caffeic acid and ferulic acid was also detected. The total equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) was higher in the Racale extracts and a highly positive linear relationship ( R (2) = 0.8193) between TEAC values and total phenolic content was observed. The oxyradical scavenging capacity (TOSC) of methanol/water and PBS extracts of peel and whole potatoes against the reactive oxygen species (ROS) peroxyl radicals, peroxynitrite, and hydroxyl radicals was also analyzed. A highly significant linear correlation ( R (2) = 0.9613) between total antioxidant capacity (as a sum of peroxyl radicals + peroxynitrite) and total phenol content of methanol/water extracts was established. Moreover, proliferation of human mammalian cancer (MCF-7) cells was significantly inhibited in a dose-dependent manner after exposure to potato extracts. These data can be useful for "early potato" tuber characterization and suggest that the "early potato" has a potential as a dietary source of antioxidants.     

韭园沟示范区“三项制度”实践的效果

韭园沟示范区项目实施运行实践证明,水土保持生态工程建设实行项目法人制是完全可行的,实行工程招标投标制的作用和效果非常明显,实行工程监理制作用也比较明显。但在目前的社会经济条件下,实行项目法人制和工程监理制在操作上还不够完善,而实行工程招标投标制还存在着制约因素。     

Polyphenols as chemotaxonomic markers in Italian "long-storage" tomato genotypes

"Long-storage" tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum L.) is a niche product typical of the Mediterranean area, traditionally cultivated under no water supply, the fruits of which combine a good taste with excellent nutritional properties. High-performance liquid chromatography coupled with diode array detection and electron spray-mass spectrometry (HPLC/DAD/ESI-MS) was used to identify the phenolic profile in 10 landraces of long-storage tomato, grown under a typical semiarid climate, as compared to a processing tomato hybrid cultivated in the same environment, under both well-irrigated and unirrigated conditions. Sixteen different secondary metabolites, belonging to the classes of cinnamoylquinic acids and flavonoids, were identified. Quantitative analyses were also performed to monitor the changes in the phenolic content along the batch. The results highlighted that landraces originating from the same area exhibit different fruit morphologies but own a similar biochemical profile. Moreover, the two controls (well irrigated and unirrigated) are placed into the same cluster, suggesting that these secondary metabolites in tomato fruits may be more genetics-dependent than environment-dependent. Given the analysis of phenols nowadays represents a useful tool to assess the genetic variability in tomato, these compounds could be adopted as chemotaxonomic markers in the traceability of this niche product.     

Sorption-desorption of two "aged" sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicide metabolites in soil

Aging (herbicide-soil contact time) has been shown to significantly affect the sorption-desorption characteristics of many herbicides, which in turn can affect the availability of the herbicide for transport, plant uptake, and microbial degradation. In contrast, very little work in this area has been done on herbicide metabolites in soil. The objective of this study was to characterize the sorption-desorption of sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicide metabolites incubated in soils at different soil moisture potentials. A benzenesulfonamide metabolite and a triazolinone metabolite from sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicides were incubated in clay loam and loamy sand soils for up to 12 weeks at -33 kPa and at water contents equivalent to 50 and 75% of that at -33 kPa. Chemicals were extracted sequentially with 0.01 N CaCl(2) and aqueous acetonitrile (solution and sorbed phase concentrations, respectively), and apparent sorption coefficients (K(d,app)) were calculated. Sufficient metabolite remained during the incubation (>55% of applied) to allow determination of the coefficients. The initial aging period (2 weeks after application) significantly increased sorption as indicated by increased K(d,app) values for the chemical remaining, after which they remained relatively constant. After 12 weeks of incubation at -33 kPa, K(d,app) values for benzenesulfonamide and triazolinone increased by a factor of 3.5 in the clay loam soil and by a factor of 5.9 in the loamy sand as compared to freshly treated soils. There was no effect of moisture potential on aged apparent K(d,app) values. These data show the importance of characterization of sorption-desorption in aged herbicide residues, including metabolites, in soil, particularly in the case of prediction of herbicide residue transport in soil. In this case, potential transport of sulfonylaminocarbonyltriazolinone herbicide metabolites would be overpredicted if freshly treated soil K(d) values were used to predict transport.     

Production and composition of cider spirits distilled in "alquitara"

The capacity of alquitara (a traditional distillation system) to produce cider brandies is evaluated. To do so, the chemical composition of 12 fractions obtained during the distillation process and the cider brandies obtained from five ciders were analyzed (alcohol strength, methanol, volatile substances, furfural, and metals), taking into account European and Spanish legislation. During the course of distillation, an important increase in methanol, furfural, 2-phenylethanol, and metals in the last fractions was observed, while fusel oils were more abundant in the first fractions collected. Only acetaldehyde behaved differently, showing a minimum concentration in the middle fractions that might be explained by its formation on the surface of alquitara. On the other hand, the final distillates obtained by means of this method complied with the considered regulations. Worth highlighting in this regard are the low levels of a potential toxin such as methanol, as well as the detection of a constant ratio for methanol, ethanol, and fusel oil for the pairs of cider/spirits analyzed, which could be interpreted as an indication of good uniformity in the distillation system and method, thus guaranteeing product quality.     

"数字黄土高原"到"数字水土保持"

立足于黄土高原水土保持与生态环境建设及其科学研究的要求和空间信息科学技术发展的最新动态，通过：数字黄土高原”建立的时代背景及其技术背景，讨论了“数字黄土高原”研究与建设的目标，基本内容，关键技术环节（包括数据库结构，数据集成方法，数据更新，元数据体系建设和数字共享机制）和推广应用等，初步讨论了“数字水土保持”及其与国家空间数据基础设施（NSDI）建设的关系。     

“3S”技术在农业非点源污染研究中的应用

应用“3S”技术进行农业非点源污染预测、控制和管理是最新的动向。为此结合国内外“3S”技术在农业非点源污染研究中的应用现状 ,阐述了“3S”技术在非点源污染研究中的应用意义和方法 ,并对“3S”技术在此领域发展动态进行了展望