应用拉曼和中红外衰减全反射光谱测定溶液和土壤中的硝酸盐

为比较拉曼光谱和红外光谱在溶液和土壤中硝酸盐含量定量分析的适用性,采用两种光谱对溶液和土壤中的NO3–-N含量(0~200 mg/L)进行快速测定。结果表明,溶液中硝酸盐的拉曼特征峰在1 047 cm–1处,该特征峰强度与NO3–-N浓度成正比,对1 035~1 060 cm-1波段拉曼光谱峰面积和NO3–-N含量进行线性回归,决定系数R2为0.995 4;溶液中硝酸盐的中红外衰减全反射光谱特征吸收峰在1 350 cm–1,吸收峰与NO3–-N含量成正比,特征吸收区1 200~1 500 cm–1峰面积与NO3–-N含量的决定系数R2为0.991 1,表明两种光谱都可用于溶液中硝酸盐的测定。对于土壤样品,红外光谱在1 250~1 500 cm–1处有硝酸盐吸收峰,且吸收峰与NO3–-N含量成正比,峰面积与NO3–-N含量之间的决定系数R2为0.968 4;而对于拉曼光谱,硝酸盐的拉曼峰因受较强干扰导致吸收峰不明显,峰面积与NO3–-N含量之间的决定系数R2仅为0.000 9,表明中红外衰减全反射光谱可用于土壤中硝酸盐的测定,而拉曼光谱则很困难。因此,拉曼光谱和中红外衰减全反射光谱都可用于溶液中硝酸盐的测定,且前者灵敏度要高于后者;中红外衰减全反射光谱可用于土壤中硝酸盐的测定,而拉曼光谱难以用于土壤中硝酸盐定量分析,这为硝酸盐的快速测定提供理论依据和技术支持。     

不同傅里叶变换红外光谱法研究土壤光谱特征的比较与应用

为了将傅里叶变换红外光谱技术更好地应用于土壤中官能团的定量分析,通过比较3种不同傅里叶变换技术下土壤特征吸收峰的差异,来选取最佳的光谱技术应用于土壤的相关研究。采用透射(T-FTIR)、衰减全反射(ATR-FTIR)和漫反射(DR-FTIR)3种光谱技术分别对有机物(苯甲酸、硬脂酸)和土壤(辽东栎)进行了分析。并将辽东栎和草地土壤样品按不同比例混合,使用T-FTIR和DR-FTIR对混合土样进行光谱测定,用于定量分析研究。结果表明:(1)有机物样品在3种光谱技术中均出现特征吸收峰,苯甲酸在1 600～1 400 cm^-1出现苯环C=C骨架特征峰,硬脂酸在2 900～2 800 cm^-1显现甲基的特征峰。有机物中羧酸-COOH内羰基-C=O在1 720～1 680 cm^-1出现伸缩振动吸收峰,羟基-OH分别在1 430～1 410 cm^-1,940～930 cm^-1附近出现面内和面外弯曲振动吸收峰。有机物在T-FTIR技术中需要用溴化钾(KBr)对其稀释。(2)辽东栎土壤样品在T-FTIR和DR-FTIR技术测试中发现,其土壤谱图中有较多有效特征吸收峰,土壤样品在T-FTIR技术中也需要用KBr进行稀释并使样品均匀的分布在锭片中; 而ATR-FTIR技术测试中仅出现个别有效特征吸收峰,不利于对土壤谱图鉴别与进一步分析。(3)辽东栎和草地土壤样品按不同比例混合的测试结果表明:T-FTIR和DR-FTIR技术测试中质量分数与峰面积比呈正相关,线性拟合分别为R²=0.70和R²=0.88。土壤在3种不同红外技术中,DR-FTIR光谱具有较好的土壤特征吸收峰,对土壤样品可以不用KBr稀释。测试步骤简单易操作,可用于土壤样品定量分析研究。     

黄土的红外反射光谱与红外光声光谱特征及其差异研究

红外光谱法作为一种新的研究手段已经广泛应用于土壤分析,由其检测区域和手段的不同又可分为多种光谱类 型。本研究以第四纪黄土为例,系统地比较了近红外区和中红外区反射光谱和光声光谱的吸收特征及其差异。结果表明,中红外光谱比近红外光谱的信息更为丰富,且中红外光谱与样品中物质的特征吸收关系更加密切,从而更有利于土壤定性与定量分析。土壤的反射光谱和光声光谱表现出了明显不同的特征,在近红外区,反射光谱和光声光谱吸收明显不同,而在中红外区,反射光谱和光声光谱具有相对应的吸收,但相对吸收强度明显不同,且吸收峰的位置也发生改变,尤其在1 000 ~ 2 000 cm-1谱区,反射光谱相互干扰很强,而光声光谱的吸收特征更为明显。在黄土的分类鉴别上,反射光谱优于光声光谱。红外反射光谱和光声光谱在不同波段下具有不同的吸收灵敏度,在土壤定性与定量分析中各自都将具有其明显的优势。     

小白菜的中红外光谱特征及其在氮营养诊断中的应用

采用不同中红外光谱（漫反射光谱、 衰减全反射光谱和光声光谱）对不同氮处理的小白菜进行表征。结果表明,小白菜不同的红外光谱具有明显不同的光谱特征,主要表现于峰形、 峰位以及相对峰强度;中红外漫反射光谱的主要吸收峰分别为2800~3800 cm-1、 2200~2500 cm-1、 1500~1700 cm-1和1000~1500 cm-1,衰减全反射光谱由于水的强烈干扰可用的吸收峰主要在1200~1500 cm-1,而中红外光声光谱的主要吸收峰分别为2800~3800 cm-1、 1500~1700 cm-1、 1200~1500 cm-1和1000~1200 cm-1。漫反射光谱、 衰减全反射光谱和光声光谱的主成分分析表明,不同氮处理主成分分布特征明显不同,且第一主成分（PCA1）均与施氮量显著相关,相关系数（r）分别为0.9103、 0.8527和0.9366。这三种光谱利用主成分分布均可实现小白菜氮营养快速诊断,且光声光谱由于其独特的原位逐层扫描功能而表现出更好的诊断效果,在植物营养诊断中表现出较强的应用潜力。     

黑土、潮土和红壤可溶性有机质的光谱特征及结构差异

为探究不同类型土壤可溶性有机质(DOM)含量和结构的差异性,选取黑土、潮土和红壤3种土壤的表层土壤(0～20 cm)为研究对象,提取其中的DOM,应用紫外–可见光谱、荧光光谱等技术,分析土壤中DOM的数量和光谱特征.结果显示:3种不同类型土壤中可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量及其与土壤有机碳(SOC)的比值(SOC/DOC)...     

原状水稻土土壤湿度高光谱特征及反演模型

室内高光谱遥感定量反演土壤湿度的相关研究,可以为利用星载或机载遥感数据源进行大尺度土壤水分监测提供理论基础;原状土土样相较于当前广泛使用的研磨土土样,能更好地保持土壤的原始光谱特性和持水性能。为了得到更可靠的土壤湿度光谱特征与更具有适用性的反演模型,利用ASD Field Spec 3光谱仪采集了江苏省金坛市竹林镇的62个原状水稻土土样12套不同湿度梯度的可见光-近红外反射光谱,通过反射率、相对反射率以及水分吸收峰特征参数探究原状湿土光谱特征;在此基础上,选择对土壤湿度变化响应明显的变量,采用偏最小二乘回归反演土壤湿度,并对比选出最佳反演模型。结果表明:(1)随着风干过程中土壤湿度的降低:土壤反射率整体先下降后上升,可见光波段在土壤湿度较低时存在误差;1450 nm和1950 nm吸收峰的位置向短波方向偏移,吸收峰深度、宽度和面积不断减小,2 200 nm处吸收峰右肩高度不断降低。(2)土壤水分吸收峰特征参数对土壤湿度响应明显;反射率和相对反射率与土壤湿度相关性较高的波段均出现在>1300 nm以后。(3)反射率(R)反演原状土湿度精度较低,R2val=0.752,RPD=1.81,经过数学形式和相对反射率(Rr)变换后,[lg(1/Rr)]'建模中R2val=0.820,RPD=1.99;基于水分吸收峰特征参数建立的模型R2val=0.800,RMSEP=62.70 g kg-1,RPD=2.29,最佳主成分数为3,是反演原状土土壤湿度的最佳建模变量。     

基于光谱吸收特征的土壤含水量预测模型研究

为了定量分析土壤含水量与反射光谱特征之间关系,并为土壤含水量速测提供理论依据。以黑土作为研究对象,测定实验室光谱反射率,利用去包络线方法提取反射光谱特征指标,建立土壤水分含量高光谱预测模型。结果表明:黑土含水量与1 420 nm、1 920 nm附近吸收谷的主要光谱特征(吸收谷深度、宽度、面积)呈显著正相关;1 920 nm附近吸收谷可作为黑土土壤水分的特征吸收谷,由其光谱特征参数预测黑土含水量;以1 920 nm附近吸收谷面积为自变量建立的一元线性回归模型预测精度高,输入量少,可以作为土壤含水量速测仪器研制的理论依据。     

基于傅里叶红外光谱弃耕地开垦前后土壤有机质结构变化分析

以新疆玛纳斯河流域盐渍化弃耕地为案例,人为开垦(5年)后不同土层土壤为研究对象,以弃耕地土样为对照,采用傅里叶红外光谱(FTIR)对不同土层土壤有机质(SOM)结构进行比较,研究弃耕地开垦前后土壤有机质红外光谱特征,探明开垦对不同土层有机质结构变化的影响,明确有机质结构稳定性变化情况,分析不同深度土层土壤有机质结构稳定性的变化。结果表明:开垦前后土壤红外光谱的特征峰相似,特征峰所代表的官能团主要来源于脂肪族(2925和2854 cm^-1)、芳香族(1623和1432 cm^-1)、糖类(1163、1073、1033和1007 cm^-1)和游离羟基(3620和3421 cm^-1);开垦后农田土壤有机质中脂肪族、芳香族、糖类和游离羟基官能团的峰面积在10~20 cm土层中较弃耕地分别提高1.24、37.64、77.44和27.39;芳香族的相对峰强度增长15.93%,脂肪族的相对峰强度下降9.09%;随着土层深度的增加,弃耕地土壤中来源于糖类和芳香族的峰面积逐渐降低,而开垦后棉田芳香族的官能团峰面积逐渐升高。农田开垦种植后增加了土壤有机质稳定性,尤其在20~40 cm土层表现更为明显。综上所述,弃耕地开垦后土壤有机质结构更为复杂,土壤有机质中芳香族官能团所占比例的提高是土壤有机质结构稳定性提高的重要原因。     

添加葡萄糖对中亚热带阔叶林土壤氮转化的影响

针对中亚热带阔叶林(罗浮栲林)土壤,设置7个碳添加梯度(C量分别是0,300,600,900,1 000,1 100,1 300 mg/kg),在25℃、土壤饱和持水量(WHC)的60%条件下室内培养21 d,研究活性碳对阔叶森林土壤氮的影响。结果表明:随着碳添加量增加,NO_3~–-N迅速降低且在C 900 mg/kg水平达到最低,此时NO_3~–-N降低28.35 mg/kg。可溶性有机氮(SON)在第7天随葡萄糖碳添加量而降低,但是到第21天在900～1 300 mg/kg C水平,SON高于第7天,且用氯仿熏蒸提取后来自微生物的SON开始增加;总的SON增加15.09～17.10 mg/kg。可见,通过NO_3~–-N的微生物同化转化为有机氮,使该地区在降雨较多的情况下降低NO_3~–-N的淋溶或反硝化气态损失风险,增加SON的淋溶风险。但是在生态系统氮需求发生改变时SON能迅速响应使该地区森林土壤氮有效矿化,并满足植物生长需求,提高生态系统中氮的可利用性。凋落物残体氮浓度增加,且残余土壤氮增加5.64 mg/kg。红外光谱显示,碳添加量为900 mg/kg降低罗浮栲土壤经K_2SO_4溶液提取后残体在各波数处的吸收峰比例,且在吸收峰最高的426～600 cm~(–1)、900～1 200 cm~(–1)范围内,碳添加的影响最小,表明碳添加使土壤矿物对氮的保持增加,且有机氮变得更加稳定。     

红外光谱在土壤学中的应用

红外光谱技术在土壤学中已得到较广泛的应用,它能够综合地反映土壤体系的物质组成及其相互作用,为研究土壤中物质循环及其作用过程提供了新的手段。本文回顾了近年来红外光谱技术在土壤学中的应用,包括透射光谱在土壤定性分析中的应用,并重点介绍红外反射光谱与化学计量学相结合的光谱建模技术发展情况及其在土壤定量分析中的应用。同时本文探讨了基于光声效应的红外光声光谱技术,红外光声光谱非常适合用于土壤这种复杂、非透明体系的研究,能够克服传统透射和反射光谱中存在的缺陷,测定快速方便,并具有较高的灵敏度和测量精确度,具有很大的应用潜力。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.