第2.3.2.1分支H5亚型禽流感变异株候选疫苗株的构建及免疫效力试验

第2.3.2.1分支H5N1亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)抗原性目前已发生显著变异。为应对变异株可能引发的流行,利用反向遗传技术,以鸡胚适应毒A/Puerto Rico/8/34(PR8)的内部基因为骨架,以H5N1亚型AIV A/duck/JS/ZJ/2016(H5N1)(ZJ,第2.3.2.1d分支)、A/Chicken/SD/YT/2015(H5N1)(YT,第2.3.2.1e分支)的基因组为模板,扩增其HA及NA基因,并对HA基因进行修饰,去除裂解位点处的多个碱性氨基酸,使其获得低致病性AIV的分子特征,成功构建了第2.3.2.1分支H5N1亚型AIV疫苗候选株rZJ和rYT。抗原性分析显示,rZJ和rYT与Re-6疫苗株之间的抗原性已有显著差异。免疫效力试验表明,rZJ和rYT重组灭活疫苗免疫21 d的平均HI抗体效价分别达到8.8 log2和8.9 log2,说明重组疫苗具备良好的免疫原性。免疫攻毒保护试验表明,rZJ和rYT重组灭活疫苗可以提供SPF鸡抵抗同源H5N1病毒100%的保护,而针对第2.3.2.1分支的Re-6疫苗仅能提供大约40%和30%的保护。利用反向遗传技术构建的rZJ和rYT重组候选疫苗株为该分支病毒的防控提供了技术支持。     

采用反向遗传学技术构建clade7..2 H5N2亚型禽流感病毒高产疫苗株

为构建H5N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)高产疫苗株,研究采用反向遗传操作技术删除Clade 7.2 H5N2亚型AIV A/chicken/Shanxi/Q6/2013(wt-Q6株)血凝素(HA)基因多碱性氨基酸序列,以wt-Q6株HA和神经氨酸酶基因为供体,结合A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1)(PR8)AIV的6个内部片段骨架,构建针对此种变异的H5亚型AIV疫苗株,成功拯救出一株重组病毒r Q6/PR8。该病毒在鸡胚和MDCK细胞上均具有较好的繁殖滴度,对SPF鸡胚和鸡无致病性,具有低毒高产的特性,符合疫苗候选株的标准。     

重组禽流感病毒(H5N2)的拯救及其生物学特性分析

为控制在我国流行的H5N1高致病性禽流感(Avian influenza virus,AIV)和筛选具有标记的疫苗毒株,用流行的H5N1亚型AIV的HA基因和H9N2亚型AIV的NA基因及H1N1亚型AIV(A/PR/8/34毒株)的6个内部基因通过流感8质粒反向遗传操作系统拯救了重组病毒rH5N2/PR8株。为了降低重组病毒的毒力,对H5N1亚型AIV的HA基因进行了修饰,使其裂解模式由PLRERRRKR↓GL修饰为PLIETR↓GL。将获得的rH5N2/PR8株在9日龄SPF鸡胚上连续传10代。该重组病毒的血凝效价稳定在1:2048,其半数感染量(EID50)可达10-8.77/0.1 mL。该病毒的毒力显著降低,对鸡胚的半数致死量(ELD50)为10-5/0.1 mL。将该病毒灭活与油佐剂乳化,制成灭活疫苗,给6周龄SFP鸡接种不同剂量,接种21 d后,用H5N1流行野毒A/Chicken/SD/2010(H5N1)攻击,结果显示:接种剂量为0.1 mL/只的试验组,10只鸡中有5只获得保护;接种0.3 mL/只的试验组可获得100%保护。以上说明,本实验获得的重组病毒具有疫苗标记、繁殖滴度高、毒力低、免疫原性好等特点,非常适合作为"标记疫苗"候选株,为AIV(H5N1)的标记疫苗研发奠定了坚实基础。     

禽H9N2亚型重组流感病毒疫苗候选株的构建及其免疫效果评价

以G57基因型分离株A/Chicken/Jilin/DH104/2012(H9N2)为HA和NA基因的供体,以A/Swan/Jilin/SN8/2009(H11N6)的6个内部基因作为疫苗候选株的骨架,利用反向遗传技术拯救了1株重组H9N2亚型禽流感病毒疫苗候选株rDH104。将该重组病毒灭活后免疫7日龄SPF鸡,28日龄加强免疫1次,血清HI抗体保护水平至少可以维持58d,表明该重组病毒具有良好的免疫原性。本试验为研制与当前H9N2亚型禽流感病毒流行株抗原性相匹配的候选疫苗株提供了依据。     

重组禽流感病毒二价灭活疫苗对H5N1亚型7.2分支病毒的攻毒保护性研究

为有效防控2006年以来出现的H5亚型7.2分支禽流感病毒(AIV)引起的免疫鸡群高致病性禽流感(HPAI)的流行,我们构建了重组AIV Re-4疫苗株,研制出含有重组AIV Re-4株的H5亚型二价系列灭活疫苗,并在我国北方地区使用,有效地控制了其流行。2012年我国北方地区再次出现7.2分支病毒引起的HPAI疫情。为评估现有H5亚型二价系列灭活疫苗对该分支病毒的免疫保护效力,本研究首先通过SPF鸡进行免疫攻毒试验评估。结果表明,分别以每羽份(0.3 mL/只)的Re-5+Re-4株和Re-6+Re-4株重组AIV H5二价油乳剂灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡,免疫3周后针对重组AIV Re-4株的HI抗体均达到8 log2以上;经鼻腔接种7.2分支AIV CK/NX/2/12株(100 LD50)攻毒后,免疫鸡均获得完全保护,即无任何临床症状和排毒现象,而对照组SPF鸡全部发病死亡。此外,以哈尔滨当地养殖场中免疫H5亚型AIV灭活疫苗的48只商品蛋鸡进行攻毒试验,结果显示,商品蛋鸡血清中针对重组AIV Re-4株HI抗体平均滴度为8.3 log2,采用相同方式攻毒后也获得完全保护。本研究结果表明,Re-5+Re-4株和Re-6+Re-4株重组AIV H5二价灭活疫苗均能够对H5亚型7.2分支病毒的攻击提供良好的免疫保护效果。     

Clade2.3.4.4 H5N2亚型禽流感疫苗候选株的构建

2015年秋季以来,clade2.3.4.4的H5N2亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)分离率逐渐增加,成为我国华东地区流行的优势毒株。经遗传进化分析发现,与抗原性相关的血凝素(HA)氨基酸呈现出一定规律的进化趋势,导致抗原性发生变化。研究以A/Puerto Rico/8/34(H1N1,PR8)AIV为内部基因供体,以clade2.3.4.4中的H5N2亚型毒株A/chicken/Yangzhou/YZ1111/2015(YZ1111)的表面抗原HA和神经氨酸酶(NA)为外部基因供体,并删除YZ1111株HA基因中编码多碱性氨基酸的序列,通过反向遗传操作,成功拯救出1株重组病毒r YZ1111。r YZ1111在鸡胚和MDCK细胞上均具有较好的繁殖性能,对SPF鸡胚和鸡均无致病性。表明在分析H5N2亚型AIV抗原变异的基础上研发出疫苗候选株,为防控变异的clade2.3.4.4 H5N2亚型禽流感提供了备选疫苗。     

H7N9亚型禽流感病毒反向遗传操作系统的建立及其疫苗候选株的构建

为建立H7N9亚型禽流感病毒(AIV)反向遗传操作系统,本研究以H7N9亚型(AIV)A/CK/Shanghai/S1053/2013(CK/53)株为亲本病毒,构建了该病毒株的8质粒反向遗传操作系统,并拯救出救获株rCK/53。全基因组序列测定结果表明,rCK/53与亲本病毒的核苷酸序列完全一致。同时以A/PueaoRico/8/34(PR8)的内部基因为骨架,以CK/53的HA和NA的表面基因为供体,构建H7N9亚型AIV疫苗候选株CK53/PR8,疫苗株的8个基因来源与预期完全一致。对rCK/53以及疫苗候选株CK53/PR8在MDCK和A549两种细胞中进行生物学特性的比较,在A549中复制差异不显著,而在MDCK中48 h和72 h两者复制具有明显差异。rCK/53反向遗传操作系统的建立和疫苗候选株CK53/PR8的构建为进一步开展H7N9亚型AIV跨宿主传播机制、致病机理及进一步的免疫保护实验奠定了基础。     

禽流感H5N1亚型不同株抗原抗体相互检测相关性试验

禽流感病毒（Avian Influenza Virus,AIV）是禽流行性感冒（简称禽流感,Avian Influenza,AI）的病原。其中高致病性的H5N1亚型AIV可以造成鸡群的大批死亡,对家禽养殖业影响严重,并可引起人的感染和死亡。通过接种疫苗能有效地控制禽流感的传播,在禽流感疫苗免疫效力的评价过程中,监测免疫鸡血清抗体是最常用、最可行的方法。2009年农业部批准重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型,Re-5株）和重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗（H5N1,Re-5株＋Re-4株）制造,2012年重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型,Re-6株）及重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗（H5N1,Re-6株＋Re-4株）取代以上两个产品,2014年,北方出现了新的7．2分支毒株,而禽流感Re-4株疫苗和Re-6株疫苗对这种新型流行株的保护效力并不佳。2014年4月11日,农业部发布“中华人民共和国农业部公告第2093号”,制定了重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型,Re-7株）和重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗（Re-6株＋Re-7株）2种兽药产品制造及检验规程,全国将主要以Re-6与Re-7两种疫苗联合免疫为新的趋势。本试验分别用不同毒株的禽流感试验抗原与不同毒株禽流感疫苗免疫鸡的血清通过HI试验相互检测,对抗体效价进行分析,从而得出不同毒株的相关性。     

禽流感H5N1亚型不同株抗原抗体相互检测相关性试验

禽流感病毒（Avian Influenza Virus,AIV）是禽流行性感冒（简称禽流感,Avian Influenza,AI）的病原。其中高致病性的H5N1亚型AIV可以造成鸡群的大批死亡,对家禽养殖业影响严重,并可引起人的感染和死亡。通过接种疫苗能有效地控制禽流感的传播,在禽流感疫苗免疫效力的评价过程中,监测免疫鸡血清抗体是最常用、最可行的方法。2009年农业部批准重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型,Re-5株）和重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗（H5N1,Re-5株+Re-4株）制造,2012年重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型,Re-6株）及重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗（H5N1,Re-6株+Re-4株）取代以上两个产品,2014年,北方出现了新的7.2分支毒株,而禽流感Re-4株疫苗和Re-6株疫苗对这种新型流行株的保护效力并不佳。2014年4月11日,农业部发布“中华人民共和国农业部公告第2093号”,制定了重组禽流感病毒灭活疫苗（H5N1亚型, Re-7株）和重组禽流感病毒H5亚型二价灭活疫苗（Re-6株+Re-7株）2种兽药产品制造及检验规程,全国将主要以Re-6与Re-7两种疫苗联合免疫为新的趋势。本试验分别用不同毒株的禽流感试验抗原与不同毒株禽流感疫苗免疫鸡的血清通过HI试验相互检测,对抗体效价进行分析,从而得出不同毒株的相关性。     

H7N9亚型流感候选疫苗株的构建及免疫效力试验

近期的禽流感主动监测结果表明,我国部分H7N9亚型流感病毒已突变为高致病性毒株。为预防H7N9流感在禽群中引发大流行,本研究利用反向遗传技术,以鸡胚适应毒A/Puerto Rico/8/34(PR8)的内部基因为骨架,分别以H7N9亚型流感弱毒A/chicken/SH/3277/2016(S3277)和强毒A/chicken/SD/GDRZ/2017(GDRZ)的基因组为模板,扩增HA及NA基因,并对GDRZ HA基因进行修饰,去除裂解位点处的多个碱性氨基酸,使其获得低致病性流感病毒的分子特征,最终成功构建了H7N9流感疫苗候选株r S3277和r GDRZ。将两株病毒与自然分离的H7N3弱毒株A/duck/ZJ/1208/2009(ZJ1208)同时作为候选疫苗株,进行免疫效力试验。结果表明,r S3277、r GDRZ和ZJ1208灭活疫苗免疫SPF鸡21 d后,针对GDRZ的平均HI抗体效价分别达到7.2log2、10.1 log2和6.2 log2。免疫攻毒保护试验结果表明,上述3种灭活疫苗均可100%保护SPF鸡免受H7N9强毒攻击。本研究所构建的r GDRZ重组候选疫苗株可为H7N9高致病性流感的防控提供支持。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -