供锌水平对玉米幼苗生长发育及锌含量的影响

用溶液培养的方法研究了不同供锌水平对玉米的幼苗生长发育和锌含量的影响。结果表明：锌浓度在１０＾－８－１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ范围内,随着营养液中锌浓度的提高,玉米苗的长势越来越好,生长的最适供锌浓度为１０＾－６－１０＾－５ｍｏｌ／Ｌ,生长的最差营养液锌浓度不是０,而是１０＾－８ｍｏｌ／Ｌ;茎叶的锌浓度,在供锌水平为０－１０＾－７ｍｏｌ／Ｌ时,随着供锌水平的提高而降低,在供锌水平为１０＾－７－１０＾－５     

不同熟期玉米品种和氮肥种类对植株锌营养和籽粒锌累积的影响

田间条件下研究不同熟期玉米品种(登海605为晚熟品种,鲁单981为早熟品种,分别简写为DH605和LD981)和氮肥种类(尿素、硫酸铵、硝酸铵钙)对植株锌(Zn)营养和籽粒锌累积的影响。结果表明,不同氮肥种类对吐丝前和吐丝后植株锌吸收、转运及籽粒锌浓度均无显著影响。LD981吐丝前地上部锌累积量较DH605低17.7%,而吐丝后锌吸收量较DH605高出110.7%,最终导致成熟期锌累积量较DH605高出18.2%,籽粒锌浓度较DH605高出10.1%。两个玉米品种籽粒锌累积主要来源不同:DH605灌浆期内锌转移量为0.97 mg/株,锌转移效率为35.2%,锌输出量对籽粒锌累积的表观贡献率为51.4%,而花后锌吸收对籽粒锌累积贡献率为48.6%;相反,LD981灌浆期内锌几乎没有从营养器官向籽粒转移,籽粒高达95.4%的锌累积来自吐丝后锌吸收。吐丝后锌吸收量与两个玉米品种籽粒锌浓度均呈显著正相关关系,且与LD981籽粒干重也呈显著正相关关系。以上结果表明,对于锌转移效率低但吐丝后锌吸收能力强的玉米品种LD981,氮锌配合施用或土施尿素锌有利于维持整个生育期玉米对锌的需求以实现最大的籽粒干重和籽粒锌浓度;对于锌转移效率较高的品种DH605,土施锌肥结合花后叶面喷施锌肥是提高玉米籽粒锌浓度的有效措施。     

氮素形态对玉米幼苗碳水化合物及养分累积的影响

在沙培条件下分别供应铵态氮、硝态氮及1：1的铵硝态氮营养液，研究了2种氮素形态对玉米苗期可溶性糖、还原态糖含量及N、P、K累积的影响。结果表明：单独供硝态氮时，玉米幼苗根、茎、叶积累的可溶性总糖和植株累积的还原态糖最多，结构多糖(纤维素)的含量也最高。硝态氮营养条件下，各器官积累的氮素增多，磷、钾累积量提高。这些生理特性的差异导致植株积累的碳水化合物最多，最终使玉米生物量最高。     

氮磷钾锌对玉米茎基腐病及产量的影响

在小麦-玉米轮作制下,通过2 a的定位施肥后,研究了氮、磷、钾、锌对玉米茎基腐病及产量的影响。结果表明:氮是影响玉米茎基腐病的首要营养因子、钾次之,连续高量施氮处理发病最重、连续不施钾处理次之,施钾可显著减轻茎基腐病的发生;氮是影响玉米产量的首要营养因子、磷次之,在氮磷配施的基础上施用钾肥可以显著提高产量、减缓发病;连续高量施磷处理的土壤有效锌含量最低,连续高量施氮处理次之;在氮磷钾配施的基础上施用锌肥,可以显著提高产量,改善玉米后期穗位叶部性状,减轻病害发生。     

金属抗性促生菌对玉米生长和锌积累的影响

【目的】探讨金属抗性促生菌对锌污染土壤中玉米生长和Zn吸收的影响,为利用微生物缓解重金属对农作物胁迫和减少重金属吸收提供理论依据.【方法】通过盆栽试验研究接种促生菌Ⅱ2R3和Ⅳ8R3是否能够缓减Zn对玉米的毒害作用,减少玉米对Zn的吸收和积累.【结果和结论】促生菌Ⅱ2R3、Ⅳ8R3不仅有很强的抗Zn胁迫能力,而且具有较强地吸附、积累Zn的能力.在中、轻度Zn污染(200和400 mg·kg-1)土壤上,单独接种促生菌Ⅳ8R3促进了玉米的生长;当土壤Zn污染水平达到800 mg·kg-1时,同时接种促生菌Ⅳ8R3+Ⅱ2R3显著促进玉米的生长.单独或同时接种促生菌Ⅳ8R3、Ⅱ2R3使不同Zn污染水平土壤中的有效Zn含量均显著降低.当土壤Zn含量达到800mg·kg-1时,单独接种菌株Ⅱ2R3或同时接种Ⅱ2R3+Ⅳ8R3均显著抑制玉米对Zn的吸收和向地上部转运,而在中、轻度Zn污染(Zn≤400 mg·kg-1)土壤上,3种接种处理对玉米吸收Zn均没有显著影响.表明在高锌污染(800mg·kg-1)土壤中,接种促生菌Ⅳ8R3、Ⅱ2R3能显著抑制玉米对Zn的吸收和向地上部转运;菌株Ⅳ8R3、Ⅱ2R3对玉米生长的影响与土壤Zn污染水平和菌株的性质有关.     

玉米稀土锌对玉米产量的影响

稀土、锌肥和玉米稀土锌对玉米经济性状和产量的影响结果表明,稀土、硫酸锌、玉米稀土锌对玉米喷施均具有增产效果,两者配合施用效果优于单施,可以缩短玉米生育期,提高玉米的抗逆性,改善经济性状,而且施用方便,在大田生产上具有推广应用价值。     

锌对玉米生长和营养元素吸收的影响

在第四纪红土红壤上进行玉米盆栽单因素试验,结果表明:在施锌浓度0.5～200 mg/kg土范围内,施锌对玉米的生长发育有明显的促进作用,有利于玉米对氮的吸收;施锌玉米拔节期-抽雄期吸锌强度最大,随着玉米的生长,玉米体内含锌量呈下降趋势.     

叶面喷锌时期对不同基因型夏玉米干物质和锌素累积分布的影响

【目的】探索叶面喷锌时期对不同基因型夏玉米干物质和锌素累积分配的影响,为锌肥在玉米生产上的合理利用提供理论依据。【方法】田间条件下设4个喷锌时期处理（不喷锌、苗期和拔节期1∶1喷锌、拔节期和大口期1∶1喷锌、大口期喷锌,喷施量均为ZnSO4·7H2O 4.5 kg/ha）,测定不同喷锌时期下10个基因型夏玉米（登海605、迪卡653、先玉335、秋乐618、伟科702、隆平638、裕丰303、德单5号、郑单958和谷神玉66）植株各器官干物质和锌累积量,并分析其分配比例及籽粒产量、增产率和锌利用率的差异。【结果】不同喷锌时期以苗期和拔节期1∶1喷锌处理的茎重达最高,为3.18 t/ha,籽粒重以拔节期和大口期1∶1和大口期喷锌处理最高,不同基因型以秋乐618、裕丰303、德单5号籽粒重最高。喷锌后籽粒重占比增加明显,以大口期喷锌处理最高,为50.98%,各基因型以德单5号最高,为53.29%,各处理以不喷锌处理德单5号的籽粒占比最高,为54.50%。植株各器官的锌含量以叶最高,为149.43 mg/kg,其次是籽粒,为38.40 mg/kg;各喷锌处理以拔节期和大口期1∶1喷施下籽粒锌...     

氮磷钾对秋玉米农艺性状和植株养分的影响

在南方秋玉米上配施氮磷钾肥,探讨其对秋玉米农艺性状和植株养分的影响。结果表明,施氮极显著增加了秋玉米的株高、苞位高、茎粗、全氮量和全磷量,而极显著降低了植株的全钾量;施磷极显著增加秋玉米茎粗、全氮、全磷和全钾量,显著增加株高,而对苞位高无影响;施钾则极显著增加秋玉米植株全磷量,极显著降低株高、苞位高、全氮和全钾量,而对茎粗无影响。施氮和施磷能改善秋玉米的农艺性状,提高植株的养分含量。     

土壤石油污染对9个玉米（Zea mays L.）品种种子萌发及幼苗生长的影响

为了解土壤石油污染对不同品种玉米种子萌发及生长的影响,通过人工模拟原油污染土壤,研究4个浓度梯度（0、50、100、150 g/kg）的土壤石油污染下9个玉米品种（5个饲料玉米品种和4个甜玉米品种）的种子萌发和幼苗生长的响应特征。结果表明：随着土壤石油污染浓度的递增,9个玉米品种的种子萌发指标（发芽率和发芽指数）和幼苗生长指标（苗高、根长、地上部生物量和根质量）均呈现显著下降的趋势;在各种浓度的土壤石油污染胁迫下,饲料玉米的耐受性均强于甜玉米;在土壤石油污染浓度为50 g/kg条件下,''先优666''品种的种子萌发性状和幼苗生长性状在9个玉米品种中均最优,而''中科11''品种则在土壤石油污染浓度为100 g/kg和150 g/kg条件下其种子萌发性状和幼苗生长性状均最优。综合分析,''先优666''和''中科11''玉米品种分别具有修复低浓度和中高浓度石油污染土壤的潜力。     

氮磷钾肥配施对玉米产量的影响

以玉米品种吉单27为试材,针对目前农田施肥增产能力降低问题,进行了氮磷钾肥不同用量配比施用试验,旨在探索玉米氮、磷、钾养分施用最佳用量,为指导大田生产提供科学依据。结果表明：氮磷钾肥不同配比施用对玉米的产量和肥效有明显的影响。最佳施肥量为N 135kg.hm-2、P 75kg.hm-2、K 90kg.hm-2,N∶P2O5∶K2O=1.00∶0.56∶0.67。试验亦得出氮肥是决定玉米产量的主要因素,而钾肥、磷肥也是不可缺少的。所以科学施肥,合理搭配N、P、K肥不仅可以提高化肥利用率,同时也是玉米增产增收的保证。     

Effects of Zinc Deficiency and Drought on Plant Growth and Metabolism of Reactive Oxygen Species in Maize （Zea mays L.）

The combinative effects of applied zinc (Zn) and soil moisture on the plant growth, Zn uptake, and the metabolism of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in maize (Zea mays L.) plants were examined through two pot experiments under greenhouse conditions. Maize variety Zhongdan 9409 was used. In experiment 1, maize plants were grown in cumulic cinnamon soil with five Zn treatments (0, 3.0, 9.0, 27.0, and 81.0 mg Zn kg-1 soil). Three treatments of soil moisture including serious drought, mild drought, and adequate water supply were set at 30-35 %, 40-45 %, and 70-75 % (w/w) of soil saturated water content, respectively. Soil saturated water content was 36% (w/w). The dry matter weights of shoots were enhanced by Zn application and adequate water supply. There was no apparent difference in plant growth among Zn application rates from 3.0 to 81.0 mg Zn kg-1 soil. The increases of plant growth and Zn uptake due to Zn application were found more significant under well-watered condition than under drying condition. In experiment 2, two levels of Zn (0 and 5.0 mg Zn kg-1 soil) and soil moisture regimen (40-45 % and 70-75 % of soil saturated water content, respectively) were set. Zn deficiency or water stress resulted in higher concentrations of O2-· and malondiadehyde in the first fully expanded leaves.Zn deficiency lowered the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD, EC 1.15.1.1) in leaves. Drought stress increased SOD activity in leaves regardless of Zn supply. The activity of guaiacol peroxidase (POD, EC1.11.1.11) was found to be enhanced by Zn supply only in well-watered leaves. Zinc deficiency or water stress had little effect on the activity of catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6). The higher ROS level in early maize leaves due to water stress seemed not to be alleviated or lowered partially by Zn application. However, Zn fertilizer was recommended to apply to maize plants irrigated or supplied with adequate water, otherwise Zn deficiency would reduce the water use for plant biomass production.     

种植密度和氮磷钾肥对育苗移栽玉米产量的影响

为进一步探讨玉米高产栽培措施,采用四元二次通用旋转组合设计,对寒地育苗移栽玉米产量与施氮量、施磷量、施钾量的定量及种植密度的定量关系进行初步研究,建立产量为目标函数的数学模型.结果表明:建立的回归模型氮、磷、钾肥和种植密度对产量达显著水平.各栽培因子对育苗移栽玉米产量的影响大小顺序为:氮肥＞密度＞钾肥＞磷肥,通过方程模...     

氮磷钾肥施用量对桑树生长发育及干物质积累的影响(英文)

该研究采用"3414"田间试验方案,研究不同施肥处理对夏伐式修剪、多年生试验桑园桑树主要生长发育指标及干物质积累量的影响。结果表明,适量的氮磷钾肥能促进桑树正常生长发育,提高干物质含量,增加干物质积累量。氮肥、磷肥、钾肥对单株产叶量的影响表现分别为N2>N3>N1>N0、P2>P1>P3>P0、K2>K1>K3>K0。桑叶干物质积累量推荐施肥量为694.36kg/hm2N、198.15kg/hm2P、274.26kg/hm2K,最大值为8045.04kg/hm2;枝条干物质积累量推荐施肥量为1000.05kg/hm2N、242.04kg/hm2P、218.01kg/hm2K,最大值为5969.05kg/hm2;春季新稍干物质积累量的推荐施肥量为883.76kg/hm2N、204.48kg/hm2P、426.59kg/hm2K,最大值1410.24kg/hm2。该研究可为四川丘陵蚕区优质桑园建设提供参考。     

Effects of Sources Reduction on Accumulation and Remobilization of Dry Matter and Nitrogen,Phosphors and Potassium of Spring Maize Under Different Densities After Flowering

【Objective】 The effects of source reduction on yield, dry matter, and nutrient accumulation and transport of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium under different density populations were discussed in this study, in order to provide more effective ways for further improvement of maize yield and nutrient use efficiency and to provide a reference for the selection and breeding of density-resistant varieties.【Method】 The cultivar Xianyu335 was used for experimental material, which was planted most popularly in local production. A split plot design with three replicates was used in the experiment. The main plot was different densities with 60 000 plants/hm ² (conventional density) and 90 000 plants/hm ²(high density), respectively; The subplot was different sources reduction intensity by cutting the leaves of each plant by 1/2 (T1), 1/3 (T2), 1/4 (T3) and control (without cutting leaves) at silking stage. Dry matter weight and the contents of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were determined, and dry matter and nutrient accumulation and transport were calculated. 【Result】 Under conventional planting density, the number of kernels per ear, 100-kernel weight, and grain yield were all decreased compared to the control under different levels of source reduction. Among them, the average yield of T1, T2 and T3 were 32.1%, 20.3% and 11.9% lower than that of the control in two years, respectively; Under high planting density, T3 treatment significantly increased the number of kernels per ear, which resulted in a significant increase in yield. The average yield in two years in T3 treatment was 7.7% higher than that of control. Compare with the control, the dry matter and the nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium transport rate of vegetative organs were increased at different source reduction, the greater the source reduction, the higher the dry matter and nutrient transport rate. Under conventional planting density, the vegetative organs nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium transport rate of T1, T2 and T3 were 25.4%, 19.1%, 10.7%, 14.3%, 9.8%, 5.2% and 19.0%, 10.7%, 8.4% higher than the control, respectively. While, under high planting density, the vegetative organs nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium transport rate of T1, T2 and T3 were 17.1%, 12.8%, 5.8%, 12.6%, 8.0%, 3.6% and 14.9%, 11.3%, 3.9% higher than the control, respectively. Under conventional planting density, the differences of source reduction reduced the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in grains. While, under high planting density, the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients in grains were increased at an appropriate source reduction level. The accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium were 11.1%, 6.9%, and 6.1% higher, respectively, than the control on average of two years under T3 treatment. But the nutrients of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium under T1 and T2 treatments were 20.4%, 23.4%, 20.0% and 10.3%, 15.6%, 16.0% lower than the control, respectively.【Conclusion】 Leaf redundancy existed in dense maize population, reduction the amount of leaf sources appropriately (cutting all the leaves by 1/4 of whole plant) promoted the dry matter, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients transport rate from vegetative organs to the grain, and increased the accumulation of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium nutrients in grains at mature stage. Therefore, increasing the density reasonably should be adopted in maize production. Meanwhile, the appropriate reduction of leaf source volume under high density population should be an effective way to further increase high yield and efficient use of nutrients in spring maize.     

减源对不同密度春玉米开花后干物质及 氮、磷、钾积累转运的影响

【目的】 探讨叶源调减（“减源”）对不同密度群体的产量,干物质及氮、磷、钾元素积累转运的影响,以期为东北春玉米密植高产及养分利用效率的进一步提高提供理论依据。【方法】 以生产上大面积种植的玉米品种先玉335为试验材料,采用裂区试验设计,主区为不同密度,分别为常规生产种植（60 000株/hm ²）和高密度种植（90 000株/hm ²）;副区为不同减源强度处理,于开花吐丝期将植株的每1片绿叶横剪1/2、1/3、1/4（用T1、T2、T3表示）,不剪叶为对照（CK）,测定吐丝期（减源后）至成熟期植株干物质及氮、磷、钾积累与转运情况。【结果】 在常规生产种植密度下,不同减源处理的穗粒数、百粒重、产量均较CK显著降低（P＜0.05）,其中T1、T2、T3处理分别较CK平均减产32.1%、20.3%和11.9%;而高密度处理,T3处理显著提高了穗粒数,产量显著增加,较CK增产7.7%。与CK相比,不同减源处理均提高了营养器官干物质及氮、磷、钾养分转运率,减源程度越大,干物质与养分转运率越高,其中在常规生产种植条件下,T1处理营养器官的氮、磷、钾转运率2年平均分别较CK提高25.4%、19.1%、10.7%,T2处理的分别提高14.3%、9.8%、5.2%,T3处理的分别提高19.0%、10.7%、8.4%;在高密度种植条件下,T1处理营养器官的氮、磷、钾转运率2年平均分别较CK提高17.1%、12.8%、5.8%,T2处理的分别提高12.6%、8.0%、3.6%,T3处理的分别提高14.9%、11.3%、3.9%。常规生产种植条件下不同减源处理降低了籽粒中氮、磷、钾的积累量,而高密度种植条件下适当减源,籽粒中氮、磷、钾的积累量有所提高,其中T3处理2年平均比CK提高11.8%、6.9%、6.1%,而T1、T2处理籽粒氮、磷、钾积累量2年均值分别比CK降低20.4%、23.4%、20.0%和10.3%、15.6%、16.0%。【结论】 高密度玉米群体存在叶片冗余,适当减少叶源量（剪叶1/4）,促进了营养器官干物质和氮、磷、钾营养元素向籽粒的合理转运,提高了成熟期籽粒氮、磷、钾营养元素的积累量,显著提高产量。因此,在玉米生产中合理增加密度,在高密度群体下适当调减叶源量,是春玉米进一步高产和养分高效的有效途径。     

种子出苗率对玉米个体生长和群体产量的影响

为研究精量播种条件下玉米出苗率对产量的影响,采用‘郑单958’、‘京科968’和‘晋单73’3个玉米杂交种,在田间单粒播种条件下设置80%、85%、90%、95%和100%,5种出苗率,测定群体产量的变化。结果发现,3个品种的株高和穗位高不受出苗率影响,但果穗单穗重和穗长随出苗率的降低而增大,相反秃尖长度则减小。3个品种的产量在出苗率为100%时最高,随着出苗率的降低,产量呈现先轻微下降后显著下降的趋势,‘郑单958’和‘京科968’在出苗率低于95%时产量开始显著下降、而‘晋单73’则在低于90%时才显著下降。因此,为保障单粒播种玉米的高产稳产,‘郑单958’和‘京科968’的种子出苗率应该达到95%以上,‘晋单73’应达到90%以上。     

半干旱区氮磷钾肥对糜子产量的影响

[目的]通过对糜子不同施肥量对产量影响的研究,为糜子高产栽培技术提供理论依据。[方法]采用三元二次通用旋转组合设计,对糜子产量与施氮量、施磷量、施钾量的定量关系进行研究,建立产量为目标函数的数学模型。[结果]建立的回归模型N、K、P肥对产量的影响达0.05显著水平。各栽培因子对糜子产量的影响从大到小为氮肥>磷肥>钾肥。[结论]通过方程模拟寻优得出,糜子产量大于4 986 kg/hm2的栽培方案为:施纯氮量91.41～107.97 kg/hm2、施纯磷量77.11～97.78 kg/hm2、施纯钾量76.09～95.14 kg/hm2。