脱毒‘烟富3号’与未脱毒‘烟富3号’苹果香气成分差异分析

采用顶空固相微萃取、气相色谱-质谱联用技术检测分析了脱毒‘烟富3号’与未脱毒‘烟富3号’苹果果肉、果皮中的香气成分。结果表明:脱毒对‘烟富3号’苹果果肉、果皮中的香气成分影响明显,其中脱毒‘烟富3号’苹果果肉含有19种香气成分,总含量为271.88μg/kg,比未脱毒‘烟富3号’苹果果肉中检出的香气成分多5种,总含量高97.88μg/kg;从脱毒‘烟富3号’苹果果肉中检测到7种独有的香气成分,包括2-甲基丁酸乙酯、2-甲基丁酸丙酯、甲酸己酯、己酸己酯、丙酸丙酯、丁酸丙酯、(E)-2-己烯醛。脱毒‘烟富3号’苹果果皮中的香气成分为29种,总含量为1 408.77μg/kg,比未脱毒‘烟富3号’苹果果皮中检出的香气成分多1种,总含量高696.36μg/kg;从脱毒‘烟富3号’苹果果皮中检测到4种独有的香气成分,包括2-甲基丁酸丙酯、丙酸己酯、2,3-二甲基-1-戊烯、2-甲基丁酸。综合来看,脱毒‘烟富3号’苹果香气品质优于未脱毒‘烟富3号’苹果。     

施用硒肥对金矮生苹果品质和含硒量的影响

春施基肥时混合施入硒肥（27g/株）可明显增加金矮生苹果果皮和果肉中的含硒量,果皮和果肉中的含硒量分别比对照提高8.82%和2.92倍;且可提高单果重及果实糖酸含量,单果重、可溶性固形物含量和有机酸含量分别比对照提高了6g、1.1个百分点和0.08个百分点。     

苹果果实发育期绿原酸含量分析

以新疆野生苹果、小凡山八棱海棠、津轻和国庆苹果果实为试材,用反相高效液相色谱法测定幼果期和果实膨大期果皮、果肉绿原酸含量和变化趋势。结果表明,4种苹果幼果期绿原酸含量均高于果实膨大期;在幼果期和果实膨大期,除了国庆,其余3种苹果果肉绿原酸含量均高于果皮;小凡山八棱海棠果肉绿原酸含量达790.73 mg/kg,远高于新疆野生苹果、津轻和国庆。     

枣果中黄酮醇的含量

测定了圆铃2号、金丝4号和长红枣果实中的黄酮醇含量.结果表明,枣果中黄酮醇含量以果皮最高,核壳最低,种仁和果肉中含量高低因品种不同而有所差异.果皮中黄酮醇含量以长红枣最高,为220.4±15.2μg/g,其次为金丝4号和圆铃2号.种仁中黄酮醇含量以圆铃2号较高,为121.4±5.8μg/g,而且与其果皮中含量差异不显著.     

DEHP在冬瓜果皮和果肉的累积差异及与果皮蜡质组成的关系

通过气相色谱-质谱联用的方法研究了不同批次广东黑皮冬瓜邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)在果皮和果肉的含量差异,同时研究了累积DEHP最高和最低批次冬瓜果皮蜡质的组成.结果表明:不同批次冬瓜DEHP在果皮和果肉中的含量均达显著性差异(P＜0.01),在果皮中含量从( 12.603±0.7860)～(37.628±1.7326) mg/kg(鲜重),而果肉含量从(3.642±0.2010)～(6.474±0.1831)mg/kg(鲜重).保留时间短的蜡质在低累积DEHP批次冬瓜果皮中含量相对较多,保留时间长的蜡质在高累积DEHP批次冬瓜果皮中含量相对较多.说明蜡质的组成差异可能导致了不同批次冬瓜DEHP累积的差异.     

早熟黄色免套袋苹果新品种烟香玉的选育

烟香玉是以引进中熟苹果品种红露为母本实生选育的黄色苹果新品种。该品种果实长圆柱形,平均单果质量120.2 g,果皮呈黄色,表面光滑,果肉呈浅黄色,口感硬脆,肉质细腻,风味甘甜,可溶性固形物含量(w,后同)为14.3%,去皮硬度9.2 kg·cm^-2,可滴定酸含量0.32%,维生素C含量2.53 mg·100 g^-1,较其他早熟品种耐贮藏,自然条件可贮藏2个月。在烟台地区成熟期一般在8月中下旬,抗病性较强,适宜在山东、山西、新疆、陕西等苹果适栽区进行免套袋栽培,盛果期产量29.4 t·hm^-2。     

芭蕾苹果新品种金蕾1号和金蕾2号的选育

金蕾1号和金蕾2号是我们于1995年以金冠作母本、舞乐作父本杂交育成的芭蕾苹果新品种。金蕾1号果实短圆锥形,平均单果重180.0g,果皮绿色,光滑;果皮薄,果肉细、脆,汁液多,风味浓;可溶性固形物含量12.50%,可滴定酸含量0.29%,果肉硬度11.5~12.5kg/cm2,在北京7月中下旬成熟。金蕾2号果实长圆锥形,平均单果重180.0g,果皮绿色,光滑无锈;果皮薄,果肉细、脆,汁液多,风味浓;可溶性固形物含量13.00%,可滴定酸含量0.30%,果肉硬度11.5~12.5kg/cm2,在北京7月下旬至8月上旬成熟。2006年9月通过教育部组织的成果鉴定。     

‘长富2号’苹果果实类黄酮组成和含量研究

采用反相高效液相色谱法对‘长富2号’苹果果皮和果肉中的类黄酮进行了测定,并对6个产地‘长富2号’苹果的类黄酮组成与含量进行了比较研究。结果表明:果皮含4类16种类黄酮,总含量810.12～1304.59mg·kg-(1黄酮醇占58.3%～73.1%);果肉含3类11种类黄酮,总含量79.87～124.88mg·kg-1(黄烷醇占67.5%～85.5%);果肉中各种类黄酮含量均很低,特别是黄酮醇,含量仅为果皮的0.1%～3.1%;6个产地‘长富2号’苹果所含类黄酮种类完全相同,产地间果皮黄酮醇液相色谱指纹图谱相似度高达0.922～0.990;不同产地间类黄酮含量多有明显差异(P0.05),陕西白水样品果皮中类黄酮含量最高而果肉中最低,河北昌黎样品果皮类黄酮含量最低,山东牟平样品果肉类黄酮含量最高;平均单果含类黄酮35.14mg,其中,果皮类黄酮占41.3%,果肉类黄酮占58.7%。     

烟富3号苹果在甘肃庄浪早果丰产栽培技术

2005—2012年,在甘肃省庄浪县开展了烟富3号苹果引种试验。结果表明,该品种在甘肃省庄浪县适应性好,树势强健,结果以短果枝为主,有腋花芽结果习性,进入结果期早,坐果率高,丰产性好;单果重234.0²48.0 g,易着色,色调浓红艳丽,果肉致密脆甜;可溶性固形物含量15.30%248.0 g,易着色,色调浓红艳丽,果肉致密脆甜;可溶性固形物含量15.30%¹5.90%,果肉硬度8.1015.90%,果肉硬度8.10⁸.63 kg/cm2,耐贮运;2011年和2012年试验园苹果收购价为8.3元/kg和8.9元/kg,平均667 m2收入达3.02万元和3.49万元。     

四个油梨品种果实多酚提取物抗氧化活性及乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性研究

为明确4个油梨品种的果皮、果肉、果核的总酚含量、总抗氧化能力和乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性,采用Folin-Ciocalteu法确定了水果提取物的总酚含量,测定水果提取物的DPPH清除率、ABTS清除率、羟基自由基清除率确定其抗氧化能力,并测定了提取物的乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性。结果显示,4个油梨品种的果皮、果肉、果核的总酚含量为9.6~27.8 mgGAE/g干物质;DPPH、ABTS、羟基自由基清除率的IC50分别是41.7~144、27.3~2 783和20.2~323.1μg/mL;乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制率的IC50为202~2 042μg/mL。总体而言,油梨不同部分的抗氧化活性与乙酰胆碱酯酶抑制活性从弱到强依次为果肉果皮果核。     

苹果中氯氟氰菊酯残留降解研究

为了解苹果生产过程中氯氟氰菊酯的残留污染及其在苹果中的降解规律,用气相色谱法动态检测了大田苹果中氯氟氰菊酯残留量。结果表明,最后1次施药后苹果中氯氟氰菊酯的残留量顺序为:37.5g/hm2喷施3次>37.5g/hm2喷施2次≈18.8g/hm2喷施3次>18.8g/hm2喷施2次,喷药总量是影响农药残留的主要因素;施药后到采收前,果皮残留浓度是果肉的9～40倍,氯氟氰菊酯的降解为一级动力学模型,半衰期为17.6d,苹果果肉降解速率(T1/2=22.7d)比果皮(T1/2=16.9d)慢。以37.5g/hm2浓度喷3次,30d后苹果中氯氟氰菊酯残留量(<0.02mg/kg)远低于我国和欧盟等国家的最大残留限量要求。     

超高效液相色谱—串联质谱法检测水果中6种植物生长调节剂

以苹果、葡萄、猕猴桃、桃和脐橙为试材,建立了水果中6种常用植物生长调节剂(矮壮素、赤霉素、氯吡脲、多效唑、噻苯隆和2,4-D)的超高效液相色谱—串联质谱检测方法(UPLC–MS/MS)。试样采用改进的QuEChERS方法进行前处理,用1%醋酸乙腈提取,选择ODS+MgSO_4进行净化,采用电喷雾离子源(ESI)多反应监测(MRM)模式检测,外标定量法。结果表明,6种植物生长调节剂在1~100μg·kg~(-1)质量浓度范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.999,4个添加水平下(1、20、50和100μg·kg~(-1))的加标回收率在60.77%~119.43%之间,相对标准偏差(RSD)在0.18%~32.94%之间。苹果、葡萄、猕猴桃、桃和脐橙中6种植物生长调节的检出限(S/N=3)依次为0.01~0.14、0.01~0.18、0.01~0.08、0.003~0.11和0.01~0.08μg·kg~(-1),定量限(S/N=10)依次为0.02~0.46、0.03~0.59、0.04~0.28、0.01~0.38和0.03~0.25μg·kg~(-1)。     

冬枣果实中稀土元素含量研究

稀土元素是人体重要的营养成分,但是含量高时又会对人体造成危害.现应用ICP-MS分析了冬枣果实中稀土元素的含量.结果表明:冬枣果实中含有9种稀土元素:La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Th和U,它们的浓度分别是1.46、2.45、0.34、1.06、0.25、0.07、0.21、0.44和0.26ng/g,说明冬枣中稀土元素处在一个较低水平.稀土元素在冬枣果实中的积累规律的机理还需要进一步研究.     

Preparation and Quality Evaluation of Nutritionally Enriched Jam Made from Blends of Indian Blackberry and Other Fruits

Jamun (Syzygium cumini) is a tropical, underutilized fruit which is highly perishable in nature. It is a good source of vitamin C, tannins, gallic acid and anthocyanins and its beneficial effects are mostly due to the presence of bioactive compounds (pigments and phenolic compounds) in it. Due to astringent and fibrous nature, preparation of jam from jamun pulp is quite difficult, but other fruits (apple and kiwifruit) can be incorporated in it to improve its quality. This study aims to develop jam from blends of jamun with other fruits and analyse various physico-chemical, nutritional, textural and sensory properties. It was found that physico-chemical properties of jams were not found to vary greatly, but the jamun–kiwifruit jam was found to have fairly high amount of antioxidants(46.75 ± 0.67%), tartaric acid (26.24 ± 0.02 mg/100g sample), ascorbic acid (0.08 ± 0.01 mg/100 g sample) and lactic acid (23.95 ± 0.01 mg/100g sample) and lowest amount of 5-hydroxymethyl-2-furaldehyde (0.38 ± 0.04 mg/100 g sample). Jamun jam and jamun–kiwifruit jam possessed the texture required for jam while jamun–apple jam was found to be a relatively harder gel. Jam made with jamun and kiwifruit pulp was found to have highest acceptability on the basis of sensory evaluation.     

Roles of dendritic cells treated with 17β-estradiol in immune tolerance induction in skin allograft

AIM: To study the roles of bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from donor mouse treated with 17β-estradiol (E₂) in immune tolerance induction in skin allograft. METHODS: Bone marrow-derived dendritic cells from C57 mouse as donor were cultured respectively treated with E₂ (E₂ group). BALB/c mouse as recipient received respectively one injection of dendritic cells of E₂ group, mature dendritic cell group and immature dendritic cell group intravenously. Skin transplantation was performed in the absence of immunosupression after 7 d. Mice that received PBS were served as control. The time of skin survival was observed after transplantation. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the percentage of CD4+CD25+ T cells in peripheral blood respectively before and after transplantation. RESULTS: Compared with immature dendritic cells and control group, the time of skin survival in E₂ group was significantly longer (P<0.01), especially, the time of skin survival still prolonged 10.6 d after skin rejection in immature dendritic group. The percentage of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells in E₂ group was significantly higher than that in immature dendritic cell group and control group (P<0.01). CONCLUSION: In skin allograft model, dendritic cells treated with E₂ prolong the allograft survival time.     

生草对黄淮地区苹果园土壤理化性质和微生物的影响

以"烟富3号"苹果园土壤为试材,采用人工播种生草栽培方法,研究多年生人工种植草类对黄淮地区苹果园常规养分和微生物数量的影响,以期为构建合理的土壤管理模式提供参考依据。结果表明:在蛇莓、匍枝委陵菜、五皮风、三叶草和黑麦草5种生草处理中,种植三叶草的园区土壤养分含量和微生物数量有最高值,其表层土壤有机质含量23.70 g·kg^-1,全氮0.66 g·kg^-1,有效磷28.03 mg·kg^-1,速效钾19.60 mg·kg^-1;底层土壤有机质含量12.31 g·kg^-1,全氮0.36 g·kg^-1,有效磷4.76 mg·kg^-1,速效钾104.05 mg·kg^-1;表层土壤细菌数量10.75×106 cfu·g-1,真菌数量4.96×104 cfu·g-1,放线菌数量6.73×105 cfu·g-1。黄淮地区苹果园选择三叶草进行生草栽培更利于土壤的培肥和果树的生长。     

Parameters of inner quality of the apple scab resistant and susceptible apple cultivars (Malus domestica Borkh.)

Individual organic acids and sugars were analysed in the fruits of scab resistant and susceptible apple cultivars. The total sugars ranged between 128.2 and 191.6 g/kg, and the total organic acid between 5.1 and 13.4 g/kg. In the flesh and peels of different apple varieties single phenolics (gallic, protocatehuic, chlorogenic, caffeic, ferulic and p-coumaric acid, phloridzin, epicatechin, catechin, quercitrin and rutin) were analysed together with their total phenolic content (TPC). ‘Golden Delicious’ was the cultivar with the lowest TPC whereas ‘Rubinola’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Goldrush’ had the highest level of TPC in the pulp. Peels showed a 2–9 times higher phenolic content than the pulp. ‘Goldrush’ had the highest content of TPC in its peel. The total antioxidant capacity of peels was about 2–5 times higher than respective pulps. Scab resistant apple cultivars had significantly higher content of some single and total phenolic contents in comparison with the scab susceptible, especially the pulp.     

苹果K~+转运蛋白基因家族鉴定及表达分析

利用苹果基因组筛选K~+转运蛋白基因,分析其系统发育关系,通过q RT-PCR检测它们在平邑甜茶各器官组织和不同发育阶段果实的表达特征。结果表明,在苹果中存在65个K~+转运蛋白基因,包括CHX家族(33个)、HAK家族(24个)、HKT家族(1个)和KEA家族(7个),它们与拟南芥K~+转运蛋白基因高度同源,其基因结构相对保守,并且不均匀地分布在13条染色体上。定量表达分析发现,K~+转运蛋白基因具有不同的表达模式,其中在根中高度表达的32个,在叶片中高度表达的12个,在茎尖中高度表达的11个,在果实中高度表达的19个。研究结果为揭示苹果K~+转运蛋白基因的功能提供了基础资料。     

Expression and functional role of p38 MAPK in the kidney after unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats

AIM: To investigate the expression and functional role of p38MAPK in the kidney after unilateral ureteral obstruction in rats. METHODS: Unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) models were induced by ligating the left ureter. Rats were sacrificed at 1 h, 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 1, 3, 5, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after UUO was initiated. p38MAPK activity was assayed by immunohistochemical staining and specific substrate phosphorylation with immunoprecipitation and Western blotting. TGFβ mRNA and protein expression were analyzed with in situ hybridization and immunohistochemical stainning. RESULTS: A basic p38MAPK activity was detectable in the normal kidney(0.22±0.06).p38MAPK pathway was rapidly act ivated at 1 hour(0.45±0.14 vs control,P<0.05)and this was steadily in creased by 12 hours(0.91±0.07 vs control,P<0.01)after UUO.Afterwards,the activity of p38MAPK reduced grad ually,then increased again from 3 days and this was steadily increased by 7 days(0.93±0.06 vs control,P<0.01). Upregulation of TGFβ₁ was markedly tested at 3 days(13.55±6.33 vs control,P<0.05)and this was steadily in creased by 7 days(26.78 8.77 vs control,P<0.01).The activation of p38MAPK preceded markedly the expression of TGF 1.The early activity of p38 MAPK was positively related to the amount of TGFβ₁ expression.The amount of TGFβ₁ expressed in obstructed kidney also related significant ly to the late activity of p38MAPK(r=0.84,P<0.01). CONCLUSION: The activity of p38MAPK is increased significantly in the obstructed kidney, which may cause renal fibrosis via inducing the expression of TGFβ₁.