油菜远缘杂交的遗传育种研究Ⅱ．甘蓝型油菜与芥菜型油菜杂交的亲和性及其杂种一代

甘蓝型油菜与芥菜型油菜杂交亲和性的研究结果表明，影响杂交亲和性的因素有杂交亲本、杂交组合方式和生态环境，芥菜型油菜作母本杂交亲和性高于甘蓝型油菜作母本的组合，昆明夏繁配组的甘芥杂交亲和性比长沙春季配组显著提高。芥甘杂种一代形态发育特性和种子油中主要脂肪酸含量多介于双亲之间，株高、分枝数、花期、棕榈酸和花生烯酸含量有超亲优势。芥甘杂种一代自交结荚结实差，作母本与甘蓝型油菜回交结荚率约２５％，与自由授粉相当，但平均每荚粒数比自由授粉增加约５０％；与芥菜型油菜回交和白菜型油菜杂交的结实性不如与甘蓝型油菜回交。     

油菜雌性不育突变体FS-M1的生物学特性研究

对甘蓝型油菜雌性不育突变体FS-M1的研究结果表明，FS-M1天然授粉、人工授粉自交、自交套袋隔离、兄妹互交、剥蕾自交结角率均为3％左右，平均每角粒数1．3-1．8粒，表明雌性不育性稳定。用FS-M1花粉授予正常油菜品种，杂交结实率正常，F1植株自然授粉结实正常，F1植株自交结角率为97％，平均每角2l粒，雌性不育花粉对F1育性无异常影响。电镜扫描发现：FS-M1柱头乳突细胞扁平干瘪，发育畸形，可能是形成FS-M1雌性不育的主要原因。     

蓝花子自交、远缘杂交结实率和集团选择效果的研究

10个蓝花子品种单株套袋自交均表现自交不亲和性,结实率为0;7个蓝花子品种群体套帐自交或品种内杂交,均有不同程度的结实株率和单株结角率。外地品种高州白花与云南8个地方品种正反交,全部获得较高的结实率,正反交间差异不大;与10个甘蓝型油菜品种正反交,结实率≈0;此外与5个白莱型油菜品种、5个芥菜型油菜品种和4个其它类型品种正反交,全部未获得角果。蓝花子的育种以集团选育方法效果为最佳,已选育出5个品系(型)。     

提高杂交水稻制种异交结实率技术

（一）异文结实率的构成杂交水稻制种的目的是获取通过异交结实的母本籽粒。在高产苗穗结构已形成，父母本花期相通理想的前提条件下，制种田的产量能否上去，主要取决于母本的异交结实率。母本异交结实率的构成，一是开花当天柱头接受花粉受精结实，它包含非柱头外露结实和柱头外露结实，二是开花当天以后通过往头外露来接受花粉受精结实。据测定，开花当天非柱头外露的结实籽粒数约占总异交结实粒数的10％～4O％，依靠柱头外露结实的籽粒数约占总异交结实粒数的6O％～90％，后者是当前制种生产上异交结实的主体，具有极为重要的作用（表1…     

油菜远缘杂交的遗传育种研究：Ⅲ.甘蓝型油菜与芸薹属植物远缘杂交亲和性

为了转育芸薹属植物核、质基因组编码的有利性状到甘蓝型油菜中，用６个甘蓝型油菜品种作父本，与Ａ、ＡＢ、Ｂｃ和Ｃ细胞群１４个品种及４份新疆野生油菜杂交，研究远缘杂交亲和性。结果表明杂交亲和性以甘蓝型油菜作父本与ＡＢ细胞群杂交最强，亲利指数平均达３．２７，与Ｃ细胞群和新疆野油菜最弱，亲和指数分别为０和０．０１杂交亲本尤其是母本品种对杂交亲和性有明显影响。杂交不亲和的原因有三：不结角、不受精和胚败育。还对克服油菜远缘杂交不亲和的方法进行了讨论。     

芸薹属作物远缘杂种优势研究

以芸薹属作物甘蓝型油菜、红菜薹和小白菜的细胞质雄性不育系及相应的保持系为试验材料,研究三者之间的杂交亲和性和远缘杂种优势。杂交亲和性的调查结果表明,3种作物之间远缘杂交均具有一定的杂交亲和性,各组合的母本结实率在52.34%~92.46%之间,杂交亲和指数在3.41~7.85之间,且母本结实率与杂交亲和指数之间具有高度一致性。比较不同作物间的杂交亲和性,以甘蓝型油菜作母本的组合平均亲和指数最高。而在父本相同的情况下,以不育系作母本的组合比以相应的保持系作母本的组合,其杂交亲和性要高。在参与品种比较试验的各材料中,有3个组合的地上营养体产量比对照增产,其中组合:608A×RH03B和608A×JH01B比对照增产极显著,结合杂交亲和性的调查结果,这两个组合可考虑作菜用或饲用。     

3个国外水仙花品种杂交结实情况报告

对3个洋水仙品种:‘白雪公主’、‘多花水仙’、‘喇叭水仙’开展交配试验,结果发现,3个洋水仙品种自交或是杂交,结实率、平均单果结籽数、籽粒千粒质量均存在一定差异。‘白雪公主’为母本或是父本,杂交亲和性较低。‘喇叭水仙’与其他水仙品种杂交,结实率、平均单果结籽数较高,杂交亲和性较好。以‘多花水仙’为母本与其他两个水仙品种杂交,结实率、平均单果结籽数、籽粒千粒质量等均最高,表现出较好杂交亲和性。     

水稻不育系花时和受粉时间与异交结实率的关系

2001-2002年在2个地点分别以杂交水稻汕优63、汕优72制种田的亲本为材料,对母本每天不同开花时段的颖花及受粉持续时间与异交结实率的关系进行了试验.结果表明:母本花时对柱头非外露颖花异交结实率影响很大,但对柱头外露颖花异交结实率影响很小;母本仅开花当日授粉,异交结实率下降50%左右;而依靠柱头外露颖花开花当日以后接受花粉异交结实,约占总实粒数的一半;柱头外露颖花异交结实能力接近非外露颖花的3倍,但在开花当日前者只比后者高21%;改善母本花时可以提高异交结实率,克服花时分散比单纯提早花时作用更大;花时对异交结实的影响与柱头外露率密切相关,在提高柱头外露率基础上改善花时,才能稳定和提高异交结实率.     

油研一号

品种来源 油研一号(原名8507)由贵州省油料科学研究所用我省常规推广种黔油九号作母本、低芥酸品系82089作父本,经人工有性杂交,后经单株连续自交定向培育而成的低芥酸甘蓝型油菜新品种。1990年7月贵州省农作物审定委员会审定通过并命名,建议在我省大面积推广。     

不同茶梅品种杂交亲和性分析

为了解茶梅品种间杂交亲和性并为其亲本选择选配提供理论依据，以 12 个茶梅品种为材料，采用不规则配组法共配对 72 个组合，开展了花粉活力比较及杂交亲和性试验。结果表明，有 66 个杂交组合能结实（91.7%），每个组合平均结实率为28.63%，其中 14 对组合杂交亲和性强（结实率在 50%以上），并以‘晚霞’ב银元’的杂交亲和性最好（结实率达 100%），43 对组合杂交亲和性较强（结实率在 10.0%~46.2%），9 对组合的杂交亲和性较差（结实率低于 10%）；另有 6 对杂交组合无法获得杂交果实（8.3%）；花粉活力对杂交亲和性有一定的影响，但杂交亲和性与花粉活力没有必然的因果关系。供试茶梅品种中，‘有希’作为杂交父本或母本的亲和性均表现较强，‘乙女’、‘秋芍药’、‘昭和之荣’作为杂交母本的结实性较强，‘东红牡丹’、‘丹玉’、‘银元’、‘堪次郎’作杂交父本可增强母本结实性，‘晚霞’具有适合作杂交母本的单一偏向性。     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.