Comparison of the immunogenicity of Newcastle disease virus strains V4, Hitchner Bl and La Sota in chickens

The immunogenicity of three Newcastle disease virus (NDV) strains--V4, Hitchner B1 and La Sota, was assessed in chickens that had varying levels of maternal antibody to the virus. Chickens were immunised at different ages by the eye drop and aerosol methods. The immune response of chickens to similar doses of the strains was affected by the presence of maternal antibody. Both the level of maternal antibody and the strain of virus used affected the result. Strain La Sota was least affected as it took higher levels of maternal antibody to depress response to it than were required to have a similar effect on Hitchner B1 and V4. Strain V4 was the strain most affected by circulating maternal antibody. The results demonstrated that strain V4 was less immunogenic than Hitchner B1 and La Sota when used in chickens with maternal antibody to NDV.     

NDV La Sota株、V4株F蛋白表位的预测

为进一步研究2种疫苗的表位,以深入探讨NDV La Sota株、V4疫苗免疫差异的根本所在。应用亲水性、可及性、抗原性、可塑性和二级结构预测等5种参数分别对新城疫病毒La Sota株和V4株F蛋白的B细胞抗原表位进行了综合预测,预测到二者的B细胞抗原表位分别有19个,这些表位中含有已经确定的5个中和表位,A1：72aa,A2：78aa,A3：79aa,A4：157aa、161aa、170aa、171aa,A5：343aa。比较发现,二者有9个预测的B细胞表位氨基酸序列存在差异。     

新城疫La Sota、V4疫苗免疫鸡和免疫攻毒鸡的特异性IgA抗体动态变化规律比较

应用间接ELISA对新城疫LaSota、V4疫苗免疫鸡及免疫攻毒鸡的IgA抗体动态变化进行了测定和比较。试验表明，LaSota和V4免疫鸡泪液中特异性IgA均在免疫后第5天出现，8天开始明显升高，与血清中IgG出现时间相似，免疫后21天达到高峰。LaSota免疫鸡的泪液IgA抗体水平略高于V4免疫鸡；而两免疫组哈德氏腺(HG)中的特异性IgA高峰出现较迟。免疫攻毒鸡泪液中的特异性IgA抗体水平均先呈短暂的升高，之后下降的趋势，而HG中的IgA则首先表现降低，之后很快升高，5天后趋于下降，两攻毒组差异不显著，对IgA回忆应答均不明显。     

Isolation of a monoclonal antibody with specificity for commonly employed vaccine strains of Newcastle disease virus

A monoclonal antibody, AVS-I, was produced from a hybridization of murine myeloma cells and splenocytes from mice immunized with the La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The hybridoma producing AVS-I, selected from 184 NDV-positive supernatants, is one of two supernatants that reacted exclusively with lentogenic strains in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AVS-I can also be assayed by hemagglutination-inhibition (HI), which was used to test selected reference avian paramyxovirus (PMV) strains of types 1 to 3. NDV vaccines La Sota and B1 and field isolates from chickens, turkeys, pigeons, and cockatoos were also used as antigens. AVS-I had a high binding affinity for all La Sota and B1 strains, including vaccines. The antibody bound with a lower titer to the Australian Queensland V4 and Ulster strains, but it did not bind to the F strain, a lentogenic strain from England. AVS-I was HI-negative against the other PMV reference strains. AVS-I may be valuable for identifying field isolates antigenically similar to La Sota and B1 and rapidly differentiate those vaccine strains from more virulent viruses.     

Selection of thermostable Newcastle disease virus progeny from reference and vaccine strains.

In a study of low-virulence Newcastle disease virus (NDV) isolates from poultry, 38% of the isolates had a more thermostable hemagglutinin than the lentogenic reference strains B1 and La Sota or live vaccines derived from those strains. Whether those strains with a more thermostable hemagglutinin are truly indigenous or whether they could have originated from vaccines used in the flocks was unknown. Seven monovalent NDV vaccines of B1 or La Sota type and reference B1 and La Sota strains were heat treated at 56 C to select variants more thermostable than the parent virus. Four thermal treatment cycles were completed, and virus propagated from the second and fourth heat treatments was assayed for changes in thermostability and antigenicity. The hemagglutinin thermostability of all vaccine and reference strain variants increased from the initial < or =10 min to > or =120 min after four treatments. Antigenic changes evaluated by hemagglutination inhibition against NDV monoclonal antibodies identified changes in only the heat-treated La Sota strains. The results demonstrate that the field isolates with a more thermostable hemagglutinin could have been derived by selection from the heterogenous NDV populations in vaccine strains and that minor antigenic changes may be a result of that selection.     

NDVLaSota、V4疫苗免疫鸡及免疫攻毒鸡的主要特异性血清抗体动态变化规律比较

本研究应用间接ELISA方法对新城疫LaSota和V4疫苗免疫SPF鸡及免疫后攻毒SPF鸡的血清中新城疫病毒（NDV）特异性HI抗体、IgM和IgG抗体水平的动态变化进行了检测。结果表明，V4较LaSota疫苗免疫鸡HI抗体提前3天左右出现，但除高峰期（1周左右）外，其HI抗体水平均低于LaSota免疫鸡。LaSota免疫鸡。LaSota疫羁免疫鸡血清中NDV特异性IgM和IgGr抗体高峰较V4免疫鸡提前约2周出现，攻毒后，LaSota免疫鸡血清中特异性IgG和IgG回忆应答显著，而V4免疫鸡IgM和IgG回忆应答不明显。     

NDV地方分离株与La Sota株抗原交叉性研究

用新城疫弱毒疫苗株La Sota阳性血清测定NDVMM,NDVLD,NDV-NH3株新城疫病毒地方分离株和标准株La Sota,F48E9的HI效价,以La Sota阳性血清对La Sota疫苗株的HI效价为参照,分析NDV地方分离株与疫苗株抗原交叉性。结果表明,NDV-MM,NDV-LD 2个野毒株HI效价与NDV-LD HI效价相近,但比La Sota HI效价低2．3个～2．7个滴度;NDV-NH与F48E9 HI效价相近,比La SotaHI效价低4．2个～4．3个滴度,提示以上3个野毒株与疫苗株之间的抗原相关性差异较大。动物免疫保护试验结果表明,经La Sota免疫（HI效价〉2^5）后攻毒保护率为80％-100％。     

Comparison of the residual virulence of Newcastle disease vaccine strains V4, Hitchner Bl and La Sota

The clinical response of 7-day-old chickens to Newcastle disease vaccine strains V4, B1 and La Sota administered by the aerosol method was used to study the residual virulence of the strains. Parameters used to assess the severity of the clinical response were the number of sneezes recorded and the weight gain of chickens in the 10 day test period. The demeanour of the chickens was also observed.
Strain V4 was less pathogenic for chickens than strain B1 which was less virulent than strain La Sota. Statistically significent differences were recorded in weight gain and the number of sneezes detected in each group. An unexpected mild respiratory disease recorded in chickens dosed with strain V4 may have been associated with administration of virus as a fine particle aerosol. Aust. vet. J. 61: 47–49     

新城疫CHR株与La Sota株2种疫苗近期免疫效力比较试验

鸡新城疫CHR 株冻干疫苗中试产品3 批以及La Sota 株冻干疫苗( 符合质量要求) , 以5 种免疫途径: 肌注、滴鼻、喷雾、饮水、拌料分别接种11 日龄雏鸡。每批疫苗每种途径接种1 组, 20 只/ 组, 共20 组。雏鸡群免疫前血凝抑制抗体(HI) 效价为1∶2-13 , 于14 d 、28 d 后再测HI抗体水平, 并分别用10 000 鸡胚半数致死量(ELD50) 新城疫标准强毒北京株攻击。从而检测2 种疫苗用5 种免疫途径免疫后在不同时间的近期免疫效力。结果表明, 近期内CHR 株疫苗HI抗体呈上升趋势, 而La Sota 株疫苗HI抗体先升高后下降; CHR 株疫苗以饮水和拌料途径效果较好, 其它3 种途径效果相似。接种后14 d 攻毒, 2 种疫苗均能较好保护强毒攻击; 28 d 后, CHR 株保护率高于La Sota 株。     

鸡新城疫不同弱毒株毒力及免疫原性研究

本研究比较了9株鸡新城疫不同弱毒株的毒力和免疫原性。结果显示,新城疫弱毒耐热B株、V4株、Ulster 2C株基本不致死鸡胚,ICPI为0,MDT/MLD大于150h;Hitchner B1株及F株7/10鸡胚致死,死胚胎儿有明显充血、出血病痕,120h活胚明显萎缩,ICPI为0.213～0.238,MDT约为120h;La Sota株、Clone30株、N79株及VG/GA株120h内鸡胚全部死亡,死胚胎儿有明显充血、出血病痕,ICPI为0.3～0.4,MDT约为103～109h。9株NDV的IVPI均为0对鸡只不致病,但免疫原性有所不同,NDVB株免疫原性较好,全部保护,NDVF株最弱。     

Effect of the Immunity Efficacy of IBD Immune Complex Vaccine on ND La Sota Vaccine

1-day-old SPF chickens and commercial Jingfen chickens were vaccinated with IBD immune complex(IC) vaccine, NDV La Sota vaccine were inoculated simultaneously every one week and every two weeks.NDV La Sota immunization alone was as the control group.At the 2nd, 3rd, 4th and 5th week post inoculation, blood samples were taken and the ND HI antibody were tested.Experimental chickens were challenged with high virulent NDV at the 5th week post inoculation, the protective rate of each group was calculated.The results showed the ND HI antibody were not significant different in the combined immunization of IBD IC vaccine priming and NDV La Sota vaccine boost and NDV La Sota vaccine alone immunization (P>0.05).The results indicated that IBD IC vaccine has no immunosuppression on NDV La Sota vaccine in SPF chickens and commercial Jingfen chickens.     

鸽Ⅰ型副粘病毒F基因的序列分析

本研究采用RT-PCR方法成功地获得了3个鸽I型副粘病毒广东分离株(P4、P5和P7的F基因片段。经测序表明，基因片段长度均为1290bp；经序列分析发现，毒株P4与NDV标准株La Sota和C30的同源性最高，达到99．4％；而毒P5、P7与La Sota和C30的同源性相对较低，为83％。从建立的系统发育树可看出，毒株P4与NDV标准株La Sota和C30有很近的亲缘关系，而毒株P5、P7与NDV标准株La Sota和C30的亲缘关系相对较远。     

新城疫病毒classⅠ和classⅡ微型基因组的构建及其复制效率差异性的比较

为研究新城疫病毒(NDV)微型基因组的复制效率,本实验分别以NDV 9a5b(ClassⅠ)病毒株和La Sota(ClassⅡ)病毒株基因组骨架为平台,插入绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)作为报告基因替代病毒的整个编码区,只保留与病毒复制、转录和病毒包装相关的调控区域Leader和Trailer,构建获得的微型基因组DNA片段反向插入反向遗传载体TVT(0.0)中,从而构建了两株病毒的微型基因组质粒。同时,将相应病毒株的NP、P和L 3个基因分别克隆至pCI-neo载体中,构建3个辅助质粒的真核表达系统。通过将微型基因组和辅助质粒共转染BSR T7/5T7-5细胞,表明在相同转染条件下,无论使用哪一种辅助质粒,ClassⅡ型微型基因组的报告基因的表达效率均高于ClassⅠ型微型基因组。实验结果显示ClassⅠNDV转录复制系统的运行效率明显低于ClassⅡNDV。     

鸡新城疫病毒分离株与La Sota株灭活疫苗效力比较试验

用NDV分离株及La Sota株为抗源液，经福尔马林灭活后，与油佐剂混合，分别制成分离株灭活苗、La Sota株灭活苗及分离株与La Sota株二价灭活苗。将这三种灭活疫苗分别免疫SPF鸡后，均获得100%抵抗NDV分离株及F48株强毒攻击的保护力；而用这3种灭活苗与La Sota活苗单独或联合使用，免疫带有ND母源抗体的普通鸡后，3种灭活苗的免疫效力不同，分离株灭活苗与价灭活苗对NDV分离株攻击的免疫保护效力明显优于La Sota灭活苗；灭活苗与活苗同时使用，其免疫效力明显优于单独使用灭活苗或活苗。     

Tracheal mucus transport rate and bacterial clearance in turkeys exposed by aerosol to La Sota strain of Newcastle disease virus

Tracheal mucus transport rate (TMTR) and quantitative clearance of aerosolized Escherichia coli from the trachea, lung, and air sac were measured in healthy unanesthetized turkeys and in turkeys exposed by aerosol to a La Sota vaccine strain of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The TMTR of uninfected turkeys was 42.4 +/- 14.7 cm/min. The TMTR of NDV-infected turkeys was depressed on days 3 through 7 postexposure (PE); depression was significant (P less than or equal to 0.05) on day 7 PE. Tracheal E. coli clearance in NDV-infected turkeys was reduced on days 4 through 9 PE, significantly so on day 5 PE (P less than or equal to 0.01). Depression of TMTR and tracheal E. coli clearance were associated histologically with replacement of normal pseudostratified columnar epithelium by 3 to 8 layers of immature nonciliated cells. E. coli clearance by the lung and air sac of NDV-infected turkeys was depressed on days 5 through 9 PE.     

新城疫La Sota疫苗对山东分离株的免疫保护试验

用标准疫苗株La Sota活疫苗在隔离器中接种SPF鸡,进行免疫保护试验.免疫后,每7 d采血监测NDV抗体,免疫后2周,利用经过鉴定的新城疫病毒(NDV)潍坊毒SGM01、昌乐毒SCL03、东营毒HY、日照毒SRZ03、莘县毒SSX03和标准强度F48E9分别进行攻毒试验,同时设SPF鸡对照.每天观察,及时剖检发病鸡,检查鸡群病变,确定疫苗的保护性.结果表明,La Sota疫苗能对除SGM01和HY以外的病毒攻击的SPF鸡提供较好的保护.     

1株基因Ⅶ型新城疫病毒的生物学特性研究及全基因组序列分析

为研究当前流行的新城疫病毒（Newcastle disease virus,NDV）基因型、致病性及其与传统新城疫病毒疫苗株（La Sota等）的核苷酸差异,试验从某发病鸡场病死鸡体内分离到1株疑似NDV毒株,经红细胞凝集试验（HA）和红细胞凝集抑制试验（HI）初步确定为鸡源NDV。参照GenBank公布的NDV F基因部分片段（登录号：JF950510.1）设计1对引物,通过RT-PCR技术扩增分离株的F基因并克隆、测序,测序结果与NCBI中NDV F基因序列进行比对,构建系统进化树并分析其基因型;通过测定鸡胚平均致死时间（MDT）、1日龄鸡脑内致病指数（ICPI）和6周龄鸡静脉致病指数（IVPI）判断病毒致病性;参照GenBank公布的NDV全基因组序列（登录号：JF950510.1）设计9对引物对分离株进行全基因组序列测定,并分析其基因组结构。结果表明,RT-PCR扩增得到F基因长约500 bp,基于F基因构建的系统进化树显示分离株为基因Ⅶ型NDV;MDT、ICPI和IVPI分别为52.8 h、1.675和2.46,表明分离株属于强毒株。全基因组序列分析显示,分离株全基因组全长15 192 bp,与传统La Sota株基因组相比,序列多出6个碱基,核苷酸序列同源性82.8%。本研究成功分离到1株基因Ⅶ型NDV强毒株,且与传统疫苗毒株La Sota的核苷酸序列同源性差异较大。     

新城疫病毒接种鸡血清中IgM、IgG的动态变化

将１６只ＳＰＦ鸡分成４组，每组４只，分别接种新城疫油乳剂苗，新城疫、传染性支气管炎、传染性法氏囊病三联油乳剂苗，ＬａＳｏｔａ弱毒苗和Ｍｕｋｔｅｓｗｅｒ苗。接种后每隔２ｄ采血１次，用ＥＬＩＳＡ测定新城疫特异性ＩｇＭ和ＩｇＧ抗体。结果：油乳剂灭活苗接种组均无特异性ＩｇＭ抗体出现，特异性ＩｇＧ抗体高峰期出现在接种后２２ｄ，ＬａＳｏｔａ弱毒苗和Ｍｕｋｔｅｓｗｅｒ苗接种组均有特异性ＩｇＭ抗体出现，高峰期为接种后第９ｄ。各接种组经强毒攻击后，均出现ＩｇＭ反应，ＩｂＧ呈典型的回忆反应。进一步试验用ＬａＳｏｔａ灭活苗经肌肉、静脉接种和加氢氧化铝胶佐剂后肌肉接种，经测定，接种鸡均无或仅有很低水平的特异性ＩｇＭ抗体产生。     

鸡新城疫流行毒株与标准毒株的交叉免疫保护试验

用新城疫(ND)分离强毒油佐剂灭活苗和NDV La Sota油佐剂灭活苗分别免疫母源抗体平均为2 log2的12日龄公雏。免疫后每隔1周采集血清，用微量血凝抑制试验检测HI抗体。免疫后21 d抗体水平达到峰值，抗体水平在6log2以上，维持30 d以上。免疫40 d后，用ND分离强毒株和NDVF48E9分别进行攻毒试验，2种疫苗的保护率均为100％，攻毒结果表明，ND分离强毒株和NDVF48E9株的免疫原性差异不显著。     

新城疫复合物疫苗对1日龄雏鸡免疫效果的研究

用新城疫病毒La Sota株作为复合物疫苗抗原,与新城疫特异性中和抗体混匀配制成4种不同比例的复合物疫苗,用1日龄普通雏鸡进行免疫效果对比试验。试验1~4组分别为免疫复合物疫苗1~4,试验5组免疫常规新城疫活苗,试验6组为空白对照组。免疫后3周采血测定HI抗体效价,同时用新城疫强毒北京株F48E9攻击。试验结果显示,试验1~6组HI抗体效价分别为3.2log2、3.1log2、3.3log2、3.2log2、3.1log2、2.9log2;攻毒后,试验1~6组鸡的死亡率分别为15%、20%、0%、35%、30%、50%。因此,新城疫病毒La Sota株与新城疫特异性抗体制备成复合物疫苗,能保持疫苗中抗原的免疫原性,并可减轻疫苗的毒副作用,提高疫苗的安全性,其免疫效果比常规活苗好。