不同禾本科牧草与组合秸秆混合饲料的营养特性及利用效率研究

利用体外产气技术研究了青贮玉米秸秆与稻秆组合(50∶50)与7种禾本科牧草二次组合时体外发酵特性。结果表明,不同比例组合产气量、理论最大产气量、产气速率及产气延滞时间变化趋势不同;青稻与皇竹草或黑麦草按25∶75的比例组合时的组合效应明显好于其他组合;粗蛋白及中性洗涤可溶物与产气量及产气速率间极显著(P<0.001)正相关,而中性洗涤纤维及酸性洗涤纤维则与之呈极显著(P<0.001)的负相关关系。生产实践中应针对低质粗饲料营养特性,适当添补易发酵或高蛋白牧草,提高粗饲料利用效率。     

香芹酚对绵羊瘤胃体外养分降解率和发酵特性及产气量的影响

为了研究香芹酚对绵羊瘤胃体外养分降解率、发酵特性及体外产气量的影响,在瘤胃液中分别添加0、100、250、500、1000 mg/L不同浓度的香芹酚,瘤胃发酵48 h后测定养分降解率、发酵参数及总产气量.结果表明,添加250 mg/L试验组的中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)和酸性洗涤纤维降解率(ADFD)显著高于添加50...     

蛋氨酸硒对西门塔尔牛瘤胃发酵及尿嘌呤衍生物的影响

选用4头平均体重420 kg、年龄2.5岁装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的西门塔尔牛阉牛,采用4x4拉丁方设计,以混合精料和风干玉米秸秆为基础日粮,以蛋氨酸硒为硒源,在基础日粮中分别添加硒0 mg·kg-1、0.3mg·kg-1、0.6 mg·kg-1和0.9 mg·kg-1,研究蛋氨酸硒对西门塔尔牛瘤胃pH、氨态氮、VFA、营养物质降解率及尿嘌呤衍生物浓度的影响.结果表明:不同浓度硒处理间西门塔尔牛瘤胃pH、挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)和乙酸,丙酸无显著差异(P>0.05),氨态氮浓度显著低于对照(P<0.05);0.6mg·kg-1硒处理组西门塔尔牛玉米秸秆干物质(DM)、有机物质(OM)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和豆粕DM、OM、粗蛋白质(CP)有效降解率均显著高于对照(P<0.05);0.6mg·kg-1和0.9mg·kg-1硒处理组西门塔尔牛尿囊素和尿嘌呤衍生物浓度显著高于0.3 mg·kg-1组和对照组(P<0.05);西门塔尔牛日粮以蛋氨酸硒为硒源时,硒的适宜添加浓度为0.6 mg·kg-1.     

不同原料配比对厌氧发酵过程中产气量VFA和脱氢酶活性的影响

以牛粪和小麦秸秆为发酵原料,研究了不同牛粪（M）与小麦秸秆（S）的干物质配比（牛粪与秸秆的比例为1∶1、2∶1和3∶1）对厌氧发酵产气过程的影响。结果表明,添加小麦秸秆处理的产气量显著高于秸秆与牛粪单独发酵处理（P〈0.05）,其中牛粪与秸秆的配比是1∶1的产气量为（31823.7±691.2）mL,比秸秆、牛粪以及牛粪与秸秆比例为2∶1和3∶1四个处理的产气量分别提高了208.7%、11.5%、2.8%和5.2%。因此,以M∶S=1∶1进行混合厌氧发酵效果最好。挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）与日产量间呈极显著性正相关（P〈0.01）,但脱氢酶活性与产气量相关性不显著（P〉0.05）。     

调亏微喷灌对高寒荒漠区人工草地产量、品质及水分利用的影响

为获得高寒荒漠区兼顾牧草产量和品质的较优灌水调控模式,推动微喷灌和调亏灌溉技术在人工草地生产中的应用,采用大田试验对比分析了2种种植模式(燕麦单播和燕麦+箭筈豌豆混播)与7种水分调控(拔节期轻度亏水65%～75%,拔节期中度亏水55%～65%,拔节期重度亏水45%～55%,开花期轻度亏水65%～75%,开花期中度亏水55%～65%,开花期重度亏水45%～55%,以全生育期充分灌水75%～85%为对照)对牧草产量、品质(茎叶比、粗蛋白含量与产量、酸性洗涤纤维ADF含量和中性洗涤纤维NDF含量)和水分利用效率的影响,并采用AHP层次分析法和熵权法对牧草多指标赋权,基于TOPSIS模型构建评价体系,以筛选较优水分调控模式。结果表明:(1)随水分亏缺程度的加剧,牧草产量呈降低趋势,同一灌水条件下,燕麦+箭筈豌豆混播的干草产量(7 811.1～14 490.1 kg/hm~2)高于燕麦单播(7 022.3～12 242.7 kg/hm~2)。(2)同一种植模式下,随灌水亏缺程度的提高,NDF和ADF含量呈先减小后增大的趋势,粗蛋白含量、产量和牧草WUE、IWUE呈先增大后减小的趋势。(3)综合评价得出,燕麦+箭筈豌豆混播在拔节期充分灌水+开花期中度亏水条件下可获得较优的节水增产提质效果(干草产量、粗蛋白含量、WUE和IWUE分别为14 330.2 kg/hm~2,10.66%,31.49 kg/(hm~2·mm)和80.96 kg/(hm~2·mm)),是高寒荒漠草原区微喷灌人工草地适宜的生产管理模式。     

两株侧耳属真菌对小麦秸秆化学组分及瘤胃消化率的影响

小麦秸秆木质素含量高,蛋白质等营养物质含量低,作为反刍家畜的粗饲料营养价值低,饲料化利用受到限制。通过室内小麦秸秆固态发酵试验,研究了两株侧耳属真菌Tf1（Pleurotussajor—c4u）和JG1（PleurotusCornucopiaeRoll）对小麦秸秆细胞壁化学组分的降解、瘤胃消化率和粗蛋白含量的影响。结果表明,经菌株JG1、Tf1和两菌复合发酵21d的小麦秸秆,木质素降解率分别为28．20％、30．78％和38．41％,纤维素降解率分别为19．26％、19．28％和26．65％;48h干物质瘤胃消化率分别比未发酵秸秆提高了38．62％、44．81％和55．89％,中性洗涤纤维（NDF）消化率分别提高了38．91％、49．00％和63．08％;粗蛋白含量分别比未发酵秸秆提高了58．60％、69．53％和72．22％。表明菌株JG1和Tf1在选择性降解木质素,改善瘤胃消化率,提高粗蛋白含量方面的优势,而且两菌株复合发酵具有协同作用,与单菌发酵相比,木质素降解率、瘤胃消化率和粗蛋白含量都明显提高。     

高温分解与乳酸菌分步发酵提高秸秆饲料消化率及适口性

以提高秸秆饲料的消化率和适口性为目的,该研究1)以干玉米秸秆为材料,接种木质纤维素分解菌复合系WDC2,进行高温分解发酵;2)以乳酸菌复合系SFC-2为接种物,进行乳酸菌液体发酵;3)将乳酸菌发酵液以质量体积比1∶1比例均匀喷洒到发酵秸秆中,制备发酵秸秆饲料。该研究从营养学和分子生态学角度探讨了高温分解与乳酸菌分步发酵提高秸秆饲料消化率和及适口性的可行性。结果表明,经高温分解发酵,秸秆中微生物多样性丰富,不含致病菌。以南阳黄牛为研究对象,秸秆的干物质、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维体外消化率分别提高了13.94%、22.56%和21.12%,采食量提高21.71%;部分分解的秸秆经乳酸菌发酵液吸附后,粗蛋白增加36.17%。秸秆的高温分解发酵与乳酸菌的乳酸发酵相结合的饲料制作工艺,即提高了秸秆的消化率和营养价值,也改善了秸秆的适口性。     

日粮精粗比对泌乳奶牛养分消化的影响

选择4头安装有永久性瘤胃、十二指肠前端和回肠末端T形瘘管的荷斯坦泌乳奶牛,按4×4拉丁方设计,分别以铬染纤维和Co-EDTA为食糜固相和液相指示剂,研究精粗比约为30∶70的“高低质粗料型”日粮、30∶70的混合型高青贮日粮、50∶50的精粗料比例相当的日粮及65∶35的高精料日粮等4种日粮对瘤胃食糜稀释率及干物质(dry matter,DM)、有机物(organic matter,OM)、中性洗涤纤维(neutraldetergent fiber,NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(acid detergent fiber,ADF)等养分进食量、十二指肠流量及消化道不同部位表观消化率的影响。结果表明:日粮精粗比显著(P<0.05)或极显著(P<0.01)影响奶牛DM、OM、NDF和ADF进食量、十二指肠流量及DM、OM和ADF瘤胃表观降解率,而对奶牛瘤胃食糜液相和固相稀释率、NDF瘤胃表观降解率及DM、OM、NDF和ADF后肠道和全消化道表观消化率没有影响(P>0.05)。     

Ca(OH)2 预处理对水稻秸秆沼气产量的影响（英）

生物质材料经碱预处理后的发酵效率和甲烷产气量明显增加。为了提高预处理技术的经济效益及简化其工艺流程,利用自行设计的可控性恒温发酵装置,以秸秆为发酵原料,研究发酵沼液以及Ca(OH)2预处理对于水稻秸秆厌氧发酵产气量的影响。结果表明,与对照相比,沼液和Ca(OH)2预处理后的水稻秸秆木质素、半纤维素和纤维素含量显著降低,产气量明显提高。其中,Ca(OH)2预处理的产气量高于沼液预处理,8%浓度的Ca(OH)2下的秸秆产气量最高,为14374mL,比对照增加100.91%。该研究认为采用Ca(OH)2预处理水稻秸秆不仅简洁方便,成本低廉,而且具有较高的沼气产量,因此,可作为提高户用沼气产气效率的方法。     

不同预处理方式对柳枝稷厌氧发酵性能的影响

以柳枝稷为原料,研究微波,蒸汽加热和NaOH预处理方法对柳枝稷的结晶度和纤维结构的影响,同时考察了预处理后的柳枝稷在中温时的厌氧发酵性能.结果显示:3种处理都可以降低原料的结晶度;微波和NaOH处理可以显著降低柳枝稷的中性洗涤纤维、酸性洗涤纤维、木质素等含量;NaOH处理会降低粗脂肪的含量;蒸汽加热处理和原料的累积产气量(28 486和28 686 mL)及产气率(453.60和456.79mL/g)接近,而NaOH预处理由于C/N较高、阳离子毒害作用和抑制物的作用使得厌氧发酵性能降低.可见预处理可以降低柳枝稷纤维含量,但是对厌氧发酵性能并无明显改善作用.     

Effects of organic solid cattle manure application on nutritive value of winter cereal forages

Nutritive value of winter cereal forages is one of interested subjects of farmers for animal feeding. Field experiments were established in 2007–2008 and 2008–2009 growing seasons in northeast Turkey to investigate the effect of organic solid cattle manure application (0, 10 and 20 Mg ha^?1 yr^?1) on nutritive value of three annual cereals for forage. The winter cereal forages were: wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oat (Avena sativa L.) and rye (Secela cereale L.). ADF (acid detergent fiber), NDF (neutral detergent fiber) CP (crude protein), nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, calcium, copper, iron, magnesium, manganese, sodium, zinc and boron (N, P, K, S, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn and B) concentrations were researched in this study. Wheat had the highest CP, N, Ca, Cu, Na and Zn concentration, whereas oat had the lowest ADF and NDF and the highest K, Fe and Mn concentrations. The greatest Mg and P concentrations were determined in rye. Organic solid cattle manure applications had no effect on N and CP contents, but it decreased ADF and NDF contents. However, in most cases it positively affected the P, B, Cu, Fe, Mg and Na concentrations, whereas it decreased K, Ca, Mn and Zn concentrations. The results showed that wheat and oat are more nutritive species than rye in terms of animal feeding and the organic solid cattle manure, in some cases increased the nutritive values of wheat, oat and rye under organic agriculture conditions.     

Effect of topographic and temporal (maturity) gradients on the nutritive quality of semiarid herbaceous communities

Abstract

Five slopes representative of the “dehesa”; grassland communities in the semi‐arid zones of Central‐Western Spain (province of Salamanca) were studied. Above‐ground biomass production was recorded from April to June and the NDF (neutral detergent fibre), ADF (acid detergent fibre), hemicellulose, cellulose, lignin, and digestibility were determined in the dry matter. Principal component analysis was applied to the data. The changes with time along the growth period show a parallel effect on the three positions of the slope, although the effect tended to be greater on the middle and upper zones. There were decreases in the levels of protein, cellular content, and digestibility, and an increase in cell wall components. The variability in nutritive characteristics induced by the phenology and time changes in the communities was reflected in the first factor of analysis, whereas the topographic gradient was related to the second component.     

Limited genotype- and ploidy-related variation in the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.)

Abstract

Water-soluble carbohydrates and fibre fractions are important traits that influence forage utilization by the ruminant. Little is known about the quality variation among perennial ryegrass genotypes within the same maturity group or between near-isogenic diploids and tetraploids. The current study was carried out in the form of two experiments on two successive years (2006–2007) in three sites in Northern Germany. The main aim was to investigate the variation in nutritive value that could be attributed to differences in maturity among 20 intermediate heading perennial ryegrass genotypes or to differences in ploidy between near-isogenic diploids and tetraploids. Results of the first experiment revealed significant variation among the 20 tested genotypes in the investigated quality parameters that were consistent with the discovered variation in the maturity of the genotypes determined in terms of their Mean Stage by Count (MSC). In the second experiment, few but consistent significant differences were detected between near-isogenic diploids and tetraploids. The tetraploid derivatives had always significantly higher water-soluble carbohydrate content and lower neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and acid detergent lignin (ADL) than their near-isogenic diploid parents.     

EFFECT OF NITROGEN SOURCES AND RATES ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF SILAGE CORN

The objective of this study was to determine the effect of nitrogen (N) application source and rate on silage corn (Zea mays L.). Urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate were compared at 50, 100, 150, and 200 kg N ha^?1. The application of ammonium sulfate produced the highest plant height, leaf area index (LAI), total yield, and stem, leaf, and ear dry matter, followed by ammonium nitrate and urea. However, nitrogen sources had no marked effects on the content of protein, ash, oil, soluble carbohydrates, acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). As the rate of nitrogen increased plant height, LAI, total yield, and stem, leaf, tassel, and ear dry matters, and protein, ash and oil contents increased while soluble carbohydrates, ADF, and NDF contents decreased. Ammonium sulfate was the most effective N source on production and 200 kg N ha^?1 was the most effective N rate on corn yield and quality.     

Quick Fiber Process: Effect of Mash Temperature,Dry Solids,and Residual Germ on Fiber Yield and Purity

Preliminary calculations showed that recovery of fiber before fermentation in the dry grind ethanol facilities known as the Quick Fiber process increases fermenter capacity and reduces ethanol production cost by as much as 4 ¢/gal. The objective of the current research was to evaluate the effect of mash temperature, dry solids, and residual germ on fiber yield and purity when using the quick fiber process. Fiber was recovered by flotation and skimming, while maintaining a specified temperature, dry solids, and residual germ in the mash. Varying temperature and dry solids in the mash resulted in a statistically significant effect on the fiber yield, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content, and weight of NDF/100 g of dry corn. Varying residual germ in the mash resulted in statistically significant differences for NDF through dilution and the weight of NDF/100 g of dry corn. The highest fiber yield was 10.9% at 45°C, 23% dry solids, and 15% residual germ; the highest NDF was 50.9% at 30°C, 21% dry solids, and 0% residual germ. The highest weight of NDF/100 g of dry corn was observed at 45°C, 23% dry solids, and 0% residual germ.     

New NIRS calibrations for fiber fractions reveal broad genetic variation in Brassica napus seed quality

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) calibrations were developed for the estimation of neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), and acid detergent lignin (ADL) in intact seeds of oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ). A set of 338 diverse winter oilseed rape genotypes showing broad variation for seed color was used as a basis for the new calibrations. Different calibrations were generated for 10 or 1 mL seed volumes, respectively. In both seed volumes good coefficients of determination for external validation (R(2)) of the calibrations were obtained for ADL, the major antinutritional fiber fraction in oilseed rape meal, and adequate calibrations for NDF and ADF. Evaluation of diverse B. napus germplasm with the new calibrations revealed a surprisingly broad variation in contents of ADL in dark-seeded oilseed rape. The ability to use NIRS for efficient selection of low-fiber genotypes, irrespective of seed color, represents an important breakthrough in breeding for improved nutritional quality of seed extraction meals from oilseed rape.     

Evaluation of nutritive value of Aspilia africana: Preliminary studies

Abstract

Digestibility trials were conducted by total collection method on Aspilia africana hay as complete feed for castrated goats. The goats had average weight of 22.5±0.58 kg and age of 18.0±0.57 months, respectively. The prepared Aspilia africana hay had a chemical composition of 10.56% crude protein, 28.3% acid detergent fibre, 31.8% neutral detergent fibre, and digestible energy of 3.45 kcal/g DM. The digestibility coefficients for feed dry matter, crude protein, acid detergent fibre, neutral detergent fibre, and gross energy were 62.5±4.7, 78.85±4.59, 59.44±2.17, 63.3±1.44, and 66.47±2.54, respectively. The implications of these finding with regard to small ruminant production in West Africa are discussed.     

秸秆批式和半连续式发酵物料浓度对沼气产率的影响

为比较秸秆批式发酵和半连续发酵工艺的产沼气效果,以水稻秸秆为单一发酵底物,开展了室内中温批式发酵和半连续发酵对比试验,以容积产气率和原料产气率为特征指标,研究不同料液浓度对秸秆批式和半连续发酵产沼气的影响,以期获得秸秆沼气工程适宜的运行参数。结果表明,批式发酵容积产气率随着TS浓度的增加而增加,但增幅逐渐减少;与静态批式发酵相比,间歇搅拌有助于提高批式发酵容积产气率,特别对高TS浓度处理容积产气率的提升效果更加明显;而半连续进料条件下更有利于高TS浓度处理容积产气率的提高,但各处理原料产气率均随着固物滞留时间(solid retention time,SRT)缩短而逐渐降低。综合考虑产气情况及工程应用实际,建议秸秆批式发酵底物质量分数不超过8%,而半连续发酵TS质量分数8%时SRT设计为20 d(容积产气率1.00 m3/(m3·d)),若发酵TS质量分数6%时,SRT设计为15 d,容积产气率0.75 m3/(m3·d),该运行参数为秸秆沼气工程发展提供了理论依据。     

Winter annual small grain forage potential. II. Quantification of nutritive characteristics of four small grain species at six growth stages

Abstract

Four small grain species, barley, oat, rye, and wheat were harvested at six growth stages to investigate their nutritive quality as a possible replacement for corn silage. Crude protein (CP), in vitro dry matter disappearance (IVDMD), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin contents were measured on fresh and ensiled samples. The IVDMD, an estimate of forage ruminant digestibility, of all species generally decreased from the vegetative (765–854 g kg^‐1) through the milk stage (505–662 g kg^‐1) and then remained unchanged or increased slightly through hard dough with the exception of oats which often decreased during later stages of growth. The IVDMD of rye was usually lower than the other species from the milk to hard dough stage. The IVDMD of barley was generally higher than the other species at the soft and hard dough stages. The NDF, ADF, and lignin fractions usually increased from the vegetative to milk stages and remained unchanged or increased slightly through the hard dough stage. The ADF and lignin are negatively associated with forage digestibility while NDF values are negatively related to dry matter intake. The ADF of rye was generally higher than the other species at the milk and soft dough stages. Rye and barley contained more lignin than the other species from the heading through hard dough stage. Crude protein content generally decreased from the vegetative through milk stages and then leveled off or decreased slightly through the hard dough stage. Crude protein of oats was lower than other species at the vegetative stage, while rye generally contained more crude protein than the other species at the vegetative and boot stages. These data in combination with forage yield data reported in an associated paper suggest that small grains can offer a nutritious source of animal feed for farmers in the southeastern United States. Rye tended to stand out among the species at the early stages of growth (vegetative to boot) as a highly digestible green chop or grazing crop that is also high in protein. Barley and wheat stand out as excellent high yielding, nutritious silage choices at the soft dough stage.