锦州地区奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌分离鉴定与耐药性分析

[目的]为了清楚锦州地区奶牛子宫内膜炎的主要致病菌及耐药情况.[方法]选取锦州地区奶牛场患子宫内膜炎奶牛55头,采取子宫分泌物,对其病原菌进行分离鉴定.[结果]试验共分离出菌种52株,其中主要病原菌为链球菌、葡萄球菌、大肠杆菌,且大多数牛为单一感染.[结论]主要病原菌对氨苄青霉素、卡那霉素等药物产生了耐药性.     

奶牛子宫内膜炎的治疗方法及效果比较

奶牛产后子宫内膜炎常发生于奶牛分娩后数天之内。如治疗不及时,炎症易于扩散,引起子宫浆膜或子宫周围炎,并常转为慢性炎症,最终导致长期不孕。饲养管理不良的牛场该病发病率高达60％以上,严重影响奶牛场的经济效益。2007年5月至2008年4月,我们采取多种方法治疗子宫内膜炎病例。统计表明,采用氧氟沙星和甲硝唑联合用药进行子宫灌注和氟苯尼考注射液子宫灌注,可取得良好的效果。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎病原菌的分离鉴定及药敏试验

奶牛子宫内膜炎为奶牛产后易患的一种细菌性疾病.从子宫内膜炎患牛子宫内分离到多种细菌.目前,临床使用较多的抗生素治疗,由于治疗药物的滥用,造成子宫灌注抗生素治疗效果差,对奶牛繁育造成影响.     

脂多糖治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的研究

子宫内膜炎是引起奶牛不孕症的主要原因之一,给奶牛养殖业造成严重的经济损失.奶牛发生子宫内膜炎后,治疗方法很多,主要有子宫内灌注疗法和子宫内冲洗疗法,但对于应用这种方法治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎有很大的争议.     

鱼腥草子宫灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎的临床效果观察

为进一步评价鱼腥草子宫灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎的临床效果和安全性,在内蒙古呼和浩特和包头地区奶牛场开展了临床试验.该试验从呼和浩特和包头地区伊利、蒙牛乳业所属奶牛园区、奶牛养殖公司、奶牛联社的8家奶牛场选择377头有临床症状的子宫内膜炎患牛,对3个批次的药物进行临床药效观察.依据不同病情分为轻度、中度、重度子宫内膜炎3个治疗组,各组又用3个批次的药物进行相同给药处理,均按相同剂量60 mL/(次·头),一次性子宫内灌注药物原液,隔日给药1次,连续3次为1个疗程,给药后观察10d.统计分析鱼腥草子宫灌注液对不同程度子宫内膜炎的治疗效果及不同批次药效的差异性.结果表明,3个批次的鱼腥草子宫灌注液治疗同等程度奶牛子宫内膜炎,疗效基本相近,经x2检验,差异不显著(P >0.05),表明药物质量和药效稳定一致;鱼腥草子宫灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎的总有效率为94.7%,总显效率为86.2%;相同给药剂量和次数对轻度(卡他性子宫内膜炎)、中度(黏性脓性子宫内膜炎)、重度(脓性子宫内膜炎)的有效率分别为100%、90.1%、82.8%,显效率分别为94.5%、81.2%和63.8%,经x2检验表明,轻、重度2个病情组存在极显著差异(P<0.01).所有使用鱼腥草子宫灌注液的患牛,均未见全身或局部过敏反应及局部刺激性反应,具有较高的安全性.     

几种药物治疗奶牛产后子宫内膜炎的对比试验

奶牛产后子宫内膜炎,是奶牛子宫内膜急性炎症,常发生于分娩后的数天之内,如不及时治疗,炎症易于扩散,引起子宫输卵管炎、卵巢炎、腹膜炎等,常转为慢性炎症,最终导致长期不孕[1]。国内奶牛子宫内膜炎造成的不孕症占成年母牛不孕症的17%以上[2],给养牛业造成巨大的损失。新疆金牛生物技术股份有限公司第八分场拥有各年龄段牛约1100头,成年牛占560头,这些牛均为全年舍饲。2004年奶牛子宫内膜炎发病率高达60%以上。笔者运用比较成熟的四组处方做对比试验,试验证明,奶牛子宫内膜炎所造成的繁殖疾病用氟哌酸和甲硝哒唑联合用药进行子宫内灌注可取得良好的效果,现报告如下:     

复方杨黄灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎的药效试验

采用常规方法对奶牛子宫内膜炎进行细菌学检查;以液体培养基对倍稀释法测定复方杨黄灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎主要病原菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),并以双黄连注射液作对照,观察复方杨黄灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎的临床疗效。结果:37例患子宫内膜炎奶牛子宫中共分离到49株细菌,其中链球菌、大肠埃希氏菌和葡萄球菌分别占30.61%、28.57%和24.49%,其他菌的比例较低。复方杨黄灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎的主要病原菌均有不同程度的抑制作用,与对照药物双黄连注射液作用相仿。复方杨黄灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎的治愈率为88.06%,疗效优于对照药物(P<0.05)。     

奶牛子宫内膜炎致病菌的药敏试验

子宫内膜炎是奶牛的常发病之一,给奶牛业造成了严重的经济损失.其发病原因主要是由于病原微生物的侵入,特别是在奶牛产后抵抗力降低的时候.细菌是引起奶牛子宫内膜炎的主要病原,对本病的治疗,常用防腐消毒药或抗生素子宫内灌注疗法     

中药生化汤煎剂治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎临床效果观察

应用中药生化汤煎剂治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎,采用子宫内灌注的方法治疗患子宫内膜炎的奶牛256例,其中第1疗程治愈201头,占78.5%,第2疗程治愈49头,占19%,无效6头,占2.5%,故总治愈率为97.5%。证明该药物治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎效果明显。     

促孕灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎及胎衣不下的影响

以双黄连灌注液和澳富龙(10%土霉素子宫注入剂)为对照药物,通过临床试验观察促孕灌注液对奶牛子宫内膜炎、产后胎衣不下和屡配不孕的防治作用。选取子宫内膜炎、胎衣不下和屡配不孕自然发病的奶牛随机分组,按照100mL/d的用量给药,分别以子宫内膜炎痊愈、胎衣排出和受胎率为指标对比促孕灌注液、双黄连灌注液和澳富龙对三种疾病的治疗效果。结果表明,促孕灌注液和双黄连灌注液连续使用3d对轻度子宫内膜炎的有效率分别为94.4%和100%,对胎衣不下的有效率均为100%;连续使用4d对重度子宫内膜炎的有效率分别为70.0%和75.0%,澳富龙对重度子宫内膜炎和胎衣不下的有效率分别为100%和50.0%。促孕灌注液和双黄连灌注液均可作为治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎和胎衣不下的有效药物。     

Bacterial flora of the uterus of cows after calving on two hygienically contrasting farms.

Intrauterine swabs were obtained from cows after calving on two commercial dairy herds with contrasting hygienic environments and incidence of leucorrhea, and cultured aerobically and anaerobically. Of 26 cows with a normal calving and puerperium, eight of 14 (57 per cent) were sterile on farm B where hygiene was poor, compared with five of 12 (42 per cent) on farm A where hygiene was better. Two cows on farm B retained their placentas and subsequently developed metritis/endometritis. Actinomyces pyogenes was the commonest bacterial isolate and Fusobacterium nucleatum, Proteus mirabilis and Bacteroides melaninogenicus were also frequently observed. Similar isolates were obtained from cows on farm B with parturient or puerperal disorders. The contrasting hygienic environments had no influence on either the quantitative or qualitative uterine bacterial flora. Thus, the difference in the incidence of endometritis must have been due to factors other than hygiene.     

Research Progress on Diagnosis Methods of Subclinical Endometritis in Dairy Cows

In the absence of clinical symptoms,dairy cows with subclinical endometritis are defined as sustainably extensive infiltration with the polymorphonuclear cells (PMN) in endometrial samples,and it often lead to dairy cow with repeated infertility.In China,the infertility proportion of dairy cows is 50.62% caused by endometritis,in which 90% is caused by subclinical endometritis.It is difficult to be observed during the early stage of subclinical endometritis,and the best treatment time is delayed in the most cases causing huge economic losses.So it has become a research hotspot to make correctly and timely diagnosis of this disease.At present,the main diagnosis methods of dairy cows subclinical endometritis are vagina endoscope method,cell brush,biopsy technology,ultrasonic diagnosis technology,leukocyte esterase method and so on.However there is no uniform criterion.Different diagnosis methods of subclinical endometritis were summarized,analyzed and discussed in this paper to provide the references for the subclinical endometritis diagnosis more accurately and earlier,and reduce the losses of dairy farms.     

Influence of time of initiation of a prostaglandin F2alpha protocol in dairy cows with puerperal endometritis

A field trial was conducted to elucidate the effect of the time of initiation of a repeated PGF2alpha-application in a 14 day interval for treatment of endometritis in dairy cows. On a commercial dairy farm in Brandenburg, Germany, a total of 494 dairy cows were examined by rectal palpation and adspection for signs of endometritis (vaginal discharge, enlarged uterus) between day 20 to 26 post partum (dpp). We performed two further examinations by rectal palpation and external adspection to monitor the puerperal phase (34.-40. dpp, 55.-61. dpp). All cows with symptoms of an endometritis were treated with PGF2alpha (0.15 mg R-Cloprostenol, Preloban, Intervet Deutschland GmbH Unterschleissheim) twice in a 14-day interval. In the group "Early" (n = 146) the first injection of Cloprostenol was administered at time of the 1st examination. In the group "Late" (n = 129) an identical treatment was administered in cows with endometritis, however it was started 14 days later (34.-40. dpp). The incidence of endometritis was 57.7% in the group "Early" and 53.5% in the group "Late" at the first time of examination. The 1st service conception rates for treated cows were 34% in the group "Early" vs. 37% in the group "Late". In the group "Early" differences were found in days open between treated cows with endometritis and untreated controls without symptoms of endometritis (99.1 d vs. 110.8 d, p > 0.05). In the group "Late", days open for treated (106.8 d) and untreated cows (108.0 d) were similar. The severity of endometritis influenced the percentage of cows pregnant at 200 dpp. Regarding cows with a severe endometritis (E2 and E3) the percentage of pregnant cows 200 dpp was higher in the group treated early (E2: 78.4%; E3: 80.0%) than in the group with the late initiation of the treatment (E2: 68.6%; E3: 54.5%, p < 0.05). Cows with a moderate endometritis (E1) had a similar percentage of pregnant cows (200 dpp) as the untreated cows without endometritis. It is concluded that application of PGF2alpha in the 4th and 6th week post partum in a 14 day interval in cases of severe endometritis is more effective than the application of the same treatment two weeks later.     

奶牛隐性子宫内膜炎诊断技术研究进展

奶牛隐性子宫内膜炎在以子宫内膜被嗜中性粒细胞(PMN)持续性的广泛浸润为主要特征,没有直观的临床症状,经常导致奶牛屡配不孕。在中国,由子宫内膜炎引起的奶牛不孕的比例达50.62%,且由隐性子宫内膜炎引起的奶牛不孕占其中的90%。由于隐性子宫内膜炎在发病初期不易被观察到,容易错过最佳治疗时间,造成巨大的经济损失,故如何对其做出正确、及时的诊断成了近年来的研究热点。目前,国内外奶牛隐性子宫内膜炎的诊断方法主要有阴道内窥镜法、细胞刷法、活体组织诊断法、超声诊断法及白血球酯酶法等,但目前这些诊断方法没有统一的判断标准。本文对几种不同的奶牛隐性子宫内膜炎的诊断方法进行了综述,为更早、更准确地诊断隐性子宫内膜炎提供依据。     

Effects of the intensity of a post partum examination on the fertility performance of high yielding dairy cows

Two methods for a scheduled post partum examination were compared on a commercial dairy farm. In Group 1, all cows (n = 601) were examined by rectal palpation between day 20 and 26 post partum for signs of endometritis (vaginal discharge, enlarged uterus). In Group 2, all cows (n = 652) were examined by external inspection for vaginal discharge as a sign for endometritis. In both groups all cows with endometritis were treated twice with prostaglandin F2 alpha (25 mg of dinoprost) in a 14-day interval. The proportion of cows with signs of endometritis was 33.3% and 17.2% in Group 1 and Group 2, respectively (p < 0.05). In Group 1, the conception rate (39.0% vs 49.3%) and the proportion of cows pregnant (60.5% vs 72.6%) were lower for cows with endometritis than for cows without endometritis. In Group 2, no significant differences were found in reproductive performance for cows with and without signs of endometritis. No significant differences in reproductive performance were found for cows with endometritis between the two groups. Also, for cows without endometritis no significant differences in reproductive performance were found between the groups. It is concluded that the post partum examination by rectal palpation was more sensitive in finding cows with endometritis. However, with regard to the reproductive performance the more sensitive method was not more effective than the method based on systematic external inspection.     

高产奶牛围产期精细化饲养日粮配制要点

高产奶牛为奶牛场带来了更多的经济效益,但也常因饲养条件不能满足自身生理需要而在围产期比其他奶牛遭遇更多问题,甚至影响高产性能的发挥和生产年限.现针对围产期高产奶牛的营养负平衡和氧化应激问题,总结精细化饲养的日粮配制要点,帮助高产奶牛在精细化饲养环境下安然度过围产期,以提高奶牛场的经济效益.     

奶牛子宫内膜炎诊疗学研究进展

子宫内膜炎是奶牛产后普遍发生的一种生殖疾病,可导致奶牛产犊间期延长、产奶量降低、淘汰率增加、治疗期间奶源废弃、管理及治疗成本增加,也是导致奶牛不孕症的重要原因之一。目前国内外防治奶牛子宫内膜炎的诊断技术和治疗方法众多,主要有阴道镜检查、Metricheck装置评估、子宫细胞学检查、抗生素疗法、中药疗法、中西医结合疗法、激素疗法、臭氧新型疗法等诊疗技术。阴道镜检查是一种可视化检查方法,利用内窥镜直观评估奶牛阴道内分泌物性状确定子宫内膜炎严重程度;Metricheck装置是根据阴道内分泌物含量和性状,设置不同评分值评估产后奶牛子宫内膜炎和繁殖性能;子宫细胞学检查通过子宫细胞刷、灌洗或活检技术确定子宫内膜细胞和中性粒细胞（PMN）的比例,设定奶牛产后不同时期PMN最佳阈值诊断子宫内膜炎;抗生素疗法通过宫内灌注、皮下注射、静脉注射抗生素等途径治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎,治疗成本低,见效快,是目前治疗奶牛临床子宫内膜炎最常用的疗法;中药疗法筛选不同组分的中药复方制剂,通过调节奶牛机体免疫系统,改善子宫内血液循环,抑制致病菌繁殖,促进子宫恢复正常生理机能;中西医结合疗法兼具中药辩证治疗的优点和西药见效快的特点,临床治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎具有广泛应用价值;激素疗法中前列腺素通过诱导黄体溶解,消除黄体酮产生和免疫抑制,刺激子宫复旧,降低产后奶牛长期子宫感染和炎症的风险;臭氧新型疗法是将臭氧制作成泡沫制剂、油制剂等产品通过宫内灌注杀灭病原菌。这些诊疗技术在治疗奶牛子宫内膜炎的过程中均取得了不同程度的效果,对评估产后奶牛繁殖性能和生产性能具有良好的指导作用。文章通过介绍这些诊疗技术在奶牛子宫内膜炎中应用的研究进展,以期为该病的防治提供参考。     

Immune responses during the peripartum period in dairy cows with postpartum endometritis

Determining the immune responses to the development of endometritis during the peripartum period may assist in the development of more efficient reproductive management regimens for dairy herds. In this study, we compared the peripartum immune responses of dairy cows that develop endometritis by 4 weeks postpartum (n = 11) to cows that did not develop this disease (n = 19). Blood samples were collected 1 week before calving, just after or during calving, and then at weeks 1, 2, 3, and 4 postpartum. Cows that developed endometriris had significantly higher total leukocyte, neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts than the control cows (P < 0.05) at all time points. The leukocytes from cows that developed endometritis were significantly less phagocytic than those from control cows at all sampling time points (P < 0.01). The serum TNFalpha concentrations of the control cows decreased linearly from the prepartum time point (P = 0.0029), but the endometritis cows showed a different profile (P > 0.05). As a result, the serum TNFalpha concentrations were greater in the endometritis group (P < 0.01) than in the control group during the third and fourth weeks postpartum. The greater total leukocyte numbers and neutrophil, lymphocyte and monocyte counts, and the maintenance of elevated serum TNFalpha levels in the cows with endometritis may be due to infection in the postpartum period. Furthermore, the decreased phagocytic capacity of leukocytes during the peripartum period, including at the prepartum time point, makes cows more susceptible to postpartum endometritis.     

Association of endometritis and ovarian follicular cyst with mastitis in dairy cows

The occurrence of multiple metabolic and inflammatory diseases in dairy cows is higher during the periparturient period, which may be triggered by bacterial components, but not a viable bacterium. This study aimed to determine the association of endometritis and ovarian follicular cyst (OFC) with mastitis in dairy cows. Ninety-eight Holstein dairy cows were clinically examined for endometritis and OFC approximately 30–50 days after calving. Blood and milk samples were collected for the determination of milk somatic cell count (SCC); milk interleukin-1β (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), and interleukin-8 (IL-8) concentrations; and plasma haptoglobin (Hp) and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP) concentrations. Of the 98 dairy cows included in this study, 12 were diagnosed with endometritis and 37 cows were identified as OFC-positive, whereas the remaining 49 cows were healthy (without endometritis or OFC). The average and maximum SCCs and plasma Hp and LBP concentrations were not significantly different between the healthy cows and those with endometritis or OFC. However, when the maximum SCC was classified as <300, 300–1,000, or >1,000 × 10³ cells/ml, the percentage of cows with the maximum SCC <300 × 10³ cells/ml was significantly lower in the endometritis and OFC-positive groups than in the healthy group. These results suggested that cows with endometritis and OFC during the postpartum period exhibit high SCC, indicating that some bacterial components can be transferred between organs.     

Effect of three programmes for the treatment of endometritis on the reproductive performance of a dairy herd

Three management programmes to improve the reproductive performance of a dairy herd were compared in a prospective controlled field study on one commercial farm. A total of 542 cows were examined for endometritis 22 to 28 days postpartum and assigned to one of three treatment groups: in group 1 the cows with signs of endometritis were treated with an intrauterine infusion of 100 ml of a 2 per cent polycondensated m-cresolsulphuric acid formaldehyde solution; in group 2 the cows with signs of endometritis were treated with an intrauterine infusion of 125 ml of a 20 per cent eucalyptus compositum solution; and in group 3 all the cows were injected intramuscularly with 0.75 mg of tiaprost, an analogue of prostaglandin F2alpha (PGF2alpha) at two-week intervals, starting on day 43, until they were inseminated. Thirty-four per cent of the cows showed signs of endometritis. In group 3, oestrus detection efficiency was significantly higher than in groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05), the interval to first service was shorter, and the cows had fewer days open than the cows in groups 1 and 2 (P<0.05). The results indicate that management programmes based on the strategic use of PGF2alpha are an effective alternative to traditional programmes based on rectal palpations and intrauterine infusions to control endometritis at a herd level.