生长期牦牛能量代谢和瘤胃代谢的研究

用闭路式呼吸面具法和永久性瘤胃瘘管法及相应的代谢、饲养试验对1—3岁牦牛在海拔高度2300—4300m处作绝食能量代谢和瘤胃消化代谢测定,结果表明:牦牛在该高度范围内绝食产热值稳定不变;牦牛的等热区为8—14℃,并从—20℃起才随气温下降而增加产热;牦牛瘤胃发酵时,在挥发性脂肪酸中丙酸、丁酸比例较其他牛种高,并且当饲料质量下降时,高效酸仍保持较高比例;在较低海拔高度(2300m)时,牦牛的FHP=302.13kJ/kgW~(0.75),MEm为458kJ/kgW~(0.75),Km为0.66,这些数值与国内外对其他牛种研究结果接近,只是在高海拔条件下才显示差异。     

生长牦牛绝食期等热区及区外产热变化规律的研究

采用呼吸测热与体温、呼吸频率及心率测定相结合的方法,在海拔高度3250m处对1—3岁12头绝食牦牛等热区进行研究。结果表明,生长牦牛等热区为8—14℃;高于14℃时试牛的心率、呼吸频率及体温剧增,绝食产热增加,每升高1℃,日产热增加10.5kJ/kgW~(0.52);低于8℃时,心率及呼吸频率无明显变化,但体温降低,绝食产热减少,每下降1℃,日产热减少14.6kJ/kgW~(0.52);低于-20℃时,每下降1℃,日产热增加18.4kJ/kgW~(0.52)。     

黑白花生长母牛绝食代谢和不同运动量的能量代谢研究

为了研究我国黑白花生长母牛的能量代谢规律和探讨运动对奶牛能量代谢的影响,笔者用传统开路式面具装置对6、9、12、15、18月龄(各3头)的青年母牛在中立温度区内进行了绝食代谢试验,并对3头22月龄青年母牛运动状态下的产热量进行了测定。结果表明,黑白花青年母牛中立温度区内的绝食代谢产热量FHP(kcal/24hr)=277.5w~(0.653);不同速度水平行走的能量消耗分别为0.3316±0.0101cal/kgm(V=0.95±0.04米/秒)和0.4625±0.0462cal/kgm(V=1.54±0.03米/秒)。     

环境温度对生长育肥猪绝食代谢的影响

本研究应用密闭式呼吸测热器对生长肥育猪分两个体重阶段(前期30—40公斤;后期70—80公斤)进行了10℃、20℃和30℃环境条件下的饥饿代谢试验。得出绝食产热量(FHP)与环境温度(T)的回归方程:前期为FHP(千卡/公斤~(0.75)·天)=165.38-2.41T(r=-0.81,n=15),后期为FHP(千卡公斤~(0.75)天)=142.63-2.14T(r=-0.76,n=15)。在10℃、20℃、和30℃环境中,体蛋白分解量(克/公斤~(0.75)天),前期分别为2.77±0.35、3.45±1.46、3.06±1.14;后期分别为3.02±1.0、2.88±1.04、3.06±1.15。在10℃和20℃环境中,呼吸商为0.76—0.81;但30℃时,呼吸商偏高,其值为0.80—0.98。     

24月龄生长母水牛绝食代谢的研究

用传统开路式牛用呼吸面具对24月龄母水牛绝食产热(Fasting heat production,FHP)进行研究。结果表明:①24月龄母水牛FHP为306.013kJ/kgW0.75·d;每天排出内源尿氮(EUN)为39.66g;单位代谢体重每天排出EUN为0.48g;蛋白分解产热占总产热量为17.13%;EUN与FHP比值为1.60mg/kJ。②24月龄母水牛维持净能需要:NEm=397.817kJ/W0.75·d。     

18月龄生长母水牛绝食代谢的研究

用传统开路式牛用呼吸面具对 18 月龄母水牛绝食产热(FHP)进行研究。结果表明:①18 月龄母水牛 FHP 为328 55 kJ/(kgW0 75·d);每天排出EUN为33 19 g;单位代谢体重每天排出EUN为0 46 g;蛋白分解产热占总产热量为16 46%;尿氮(EUN)与FHP比值为1 46 mg/kJ。②18月龄母水牛维持净能需要:NEm=410 69 kJ/(kgW0 75·d)。     

乳肉兼用水牛不同生长阶段绝食代谢的研究

用传统开路式牛用呼吸面具对12,18和24月龄乳肉兼用水牛绝食产热(FHP)进行研究。结果表明:12,18和24月龄乳肉兼用水牛FHP分别为334.03,328.55和306.01KJ/(kgW0.75·d);每天每头排出内源尿氮(EUN)分别为31.06,35.62和39.66g;单位代谢体重每天排出EUN分别为0.53,0.50和0.48g;蛋白分解产热占总产热量分别为17.99%,17.35%和17.98%;EUN与FHP比值分别为1.60,1.54和1.60mg/KJ。乳肉兼用生长水牛维持净能需要量:NEm=402.152KJ/(kgW0.75·d)。绝食代谢与体重指数关系为:FHP[KJ/(kgW0.75·d)]=877.864W0.57,(n=15,r=0.7075)。乳肉兼用生长水牛代谢体重为W0.57kg。     

黑白花成年母牛绝食代谢的研究

为了研究我国黑白花奶牛的能量代谢规律,本试验用传统开路式呼吸面具装置对4头空怀干奶的成年黑白花母牛不同季节的绝食代谢产热量进行了4次测定,结果表明,我国黑白花空怀干奶成年母牛在中立温度区附近的绝食代谢产热量为72.052Kcal/kgw~(0.75)24hr.,在中立温度区以外,随气温的升高和降低绝食代谢产热量都有不同程度的增加,基本与国外黑白花奶牛的能量代谢规律一致,与我国奶牛饲养标准中的参数相符。     

不同海拔梯度大通牦牛心肌组织低氧适应的组织学特点

为了进一步研究大通牦牛心肌对高原低氧适应的组织学特点,选取2个海拔高度(海拔3 700,3 200m)成年大通牦牛作为研究对象,并选取同海拔高度的泽库地区成年牦牛(海拔3 700m)和海晏地区成年牦牛(海拔3 200 m)作为对照,利用组织学、免疫组织化和电镜技术对心肌组织的显微和超微结构进行观测与分析,结果显示:海拔3 700m牦牛,其心肌纤维直径细于海拔3 200m牦牛,表面积密度大于海拔3 200m牦牛,差异显著(P0.05);海拔3 700m牦牛血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)和微血管密度(MVD)均大于海拔3 200m牦牛,差异显著(P0.05);海拔3 700m牦牛平均体积和体密度大于海拔3 200m牦牛,差异显著(P0.05);而面数密度(NA)小于海拔3 200m牦牛,差异显著(P0.05)。大通牦牛心肌适应高原低氧环境的组织学特点主要表现为:肌纤维直径细、表面积密度大、VEGF和MVD均较高的特点,心肌肌线粒体平均体积相对较小、NA相对较大,而体密度大的特点。     

环境温度和饲粮营养浓度对生长期母兔代谢能利用率的影响

选用6只9周龄新西兰母兔,评定环境温度和饲粮营养浓度对生长期母兔代谢能利用率的影响。试验在密闭式的小动物呼吸测热柜中进行。分别对处于环境温度为20±2℃和30±2℃,采食两种不同营养浓度的试兔进行测试。饲粮营养水平实测值,分别为12.22kJ ME/g和13.49kJ ME/g;粗蛋白质(CP)分别为17.3％和21.6％;中性洗涤纤维(NDF)分别为23.7％和16.5％。结果表明:环境温度影响试兔的能量平衡,它与采食量间存在着显著的相关。20±2℃时,相关系数r=0.798;30±2℃时,相关系数r=0.875。在本试验设计范围内,饲粮营养浓度并不影响代谢能食入量(ME_I),热增耗(HP)和能量平衡(EB)。当环境温度为20±2℃和30±2℃时,表观代谢能转化率(NE/ME)分别为51％和71％;每天每兔每千克代谢体重代谢能维持需要分别为396 kJ和361 kJ。试验结果认为:环境温度影响营养物质消化率(P相似文献   

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein