《“十三五”期间年森林采伐限额编制方案》出台，目标——确保森林资源越采越多越采越好

国务院批准的“十二五”期间年森林采伐限额将于2015年底到期,2016年至2020年将执行“十三五”期间年森林采伐限额。国家林业局近日出台《“十三亓”期间年森林采伐限额编制方案》,明确“十三无”限额编制的指导思想、基本原则、基本单位、管理范围,统一合理年伐量测算和采伐限额确定的技术方法和基本要求,为各地科学编制“十三五”限额和按期上报国务院审批奠定了基础。     

曲靖市“十二五”期间年森林采伐限额编制方法与成果分析

指出了森林采伐限额是《森林法》确定的一项法律制度,是控制森林资源消耗的有效手段。以曲靖市“十二五”期间年度森林采伐限额编制为例,介绍了采伐限额编制的原则、方法及特点,并对编限结果进行了分析,以期为即将编制的“十三五”期间年森林采伐限额编制提供参考。     

“十二五”期间年森林采伐限额编制方法与技术

森林采伐是调整森林结构、改善森林质量、增加森林总量、提高森林整体功能的关键措施。实行森林限额采伐管理是《森林法》确立的一项重要法律制度。介绍了"十二五"期间年森林采伐限额编制的原则、方法与技术,以期为森林资源采伐管理工作提供借鉴。     

国家林业局办公室关于印发《“十二五”期间年森林采伐限额编制技术规定》的通知

各省、自治区、直辖市林业厅（局）,内蒙古、吉林、龙江、大兴安岭森工（林业）集团公司,新疆生产建设兵团林业局,中国林科院,中国国有林场开发公司： 现将《“十二五”期间年森林采伐限额编制技术规定》印发给你们,请认真贯彻执行,并按照《国家林业局关于印发〈“十二五”期间年森林采伐限额编制工作方案〉的通知》（林资发[2009]160号）要求,结合本地实际,做好“十二五”期间年森林采伐限额编制工作。     

基于灰色关联度分析的灰色综合评估法在森林采伐限额编制中的使用

文章论述了辽宁省"十二五"期间年森林采伐限额的编制中,采用灰色关联度分析的灰色综合评估法对核减指标进行综合评估,从而确定影响采伐限额的核减指标关联程度,获得影响采伐限额的核减指标关联度排序,对采伐限额的具体编制具有现实的指导意义。     

内蒙古自治区 "十二五"期间年森林采伐限额编制方法

文章叙述了内蒙古自治区"十二五"期间年森林采伐限额编制方法.供森林资源部门的技术人员参考.     

“九五”限额编制回顾与“十五”限额编制意见

论述了“九五”期间年森林采伐限额编制过程和特点,提出“十五”期间年森林采伐限额编制的意见和建议。     

以科学发展观指导“十一五”期间年森林采伐限额编制工作

在充分认识实行森林采伐限额制度重要意义的基础上,论述了树立和落实科学发展观就是要在"十一五"期间年森林采伐限额编制中,坚持生态优先,注重森林资源的经济、社会、环境三大效益的协调发挥,立足于森林资源的实际,根据经济规律、林学规律和社会发展的客观规律,科学、合理地编制森林采伐限额。阐明了"十一五"期间年森林采伐限额编制在指导思想、编制原则、编制范围、编制方法等方面的新进展、新变化、新特点及其对具体编限工作的指导意义。分析了在涉及采伐限额数量、采伐类型和可采资源、出材率、保护区禁伐等具体问题时应如何正确理解、准确把握《"十一五"期间年森林采伐限额编制方案》中的有关要求,并详细讲解了具体操作方法。全文对正确理解、准确把握、认真落实《关于编制"十一五"期间年森林采伐限额工作的通知》精神,切实做好"十一五"期间年森林采伐限额编制工作具有参考价值。     

肇庆市“十三五”期间森林采伐限额编制研究

针对肇庆市"十三五"期间年森林采伐限额编制工作以及"十二五"期间森林采伐限额执行过程中存在的问题,从森林资源保护和发展的角度,提出了一些完善森林采伐限额制度的意见建议。     

辽宁省“十二五”期间年森林采伐限额编制方法与技术

森林采伐是调整森林结构、改善森林质量、增加森林总量、提高森林整体功能的关键措施。本文介绍了辽宁省“十二五”期间年森林采伐限额编制的原则、范围、单位、方法与技术，以期为森林资源采伐管理工作提供借鉴。     

运材汽车最佳更新期确定方法的探讨

探讨了运材汽车最佳更新期确定的两种方法：低劣化数值法和边际效益法，可供木材运输企业（个人）在决策时参考。并指出了影响运材汽车最佳更新期确定的主要因素：汽车型号、生产条件、管理水平、年运输周转量等。     

Long-term response of living forest biomass to extensive logging in subtropical China

Forest disturbance and recovery are critical ecosystem processes,but the temporal patterns of disturbance have not been studied in subtropical China.Using a tree-ring analysis approach,we studied post-logging above-ground(ABG)biomass recovery dynamics over a 26-year period in four plots with different degrees of logging disturbance.Before logging,the ABG biomass ranged from 291 to 309 t ha-1.Soon after logging,the plots in primary forest,secondary forest,mixed forest and singlespecies forest had lost 33,91,90 and 100%of their initial ABG biomass,respectively.Twenty-six years after logging,the plots had regained 147,62,80 and 92%of their original ABG biomass,respectively.Over the 26 years following logging,the mean CAI(Current annual increment)were 10.1,5.5,6.4 and 10.8 t ha^-1 a^-1 and the average MAI(Mean annual increment)8.7,2.5,5.6 and 7.8 t ha^-1 a^-1 for the four forest types,respectively.The results indicate that subtropical forests subjected to moderate logging or disturbances do not require intensive management and single-species plantings can rapidly restore the above-ground biomass to levels prior to heavy logging.     

Estimating the annual supply potential and availability of timber and logging residue using forest management records of the Tochigi prefecture, Japan

We used forest management records to estimate the annual supply potential and availability of timber and logging residue from profitable subcompartments for all the cities and towns in the Tochigi prefecture. Five log markets and three factories in the Tochigi prefecture were assumed to be the destination of timber and logging residue, and the forest operation systems were set on the basis of interviews with forestry cooperative officials. The results showed that the annual supply potential of timber and logging residue was 450,304 m³ and 549,957 tons, of which 6 % (26,304 m³) and 37 % (204,122 tons) were from precommercial thinning operations, 61 % (276,180 m³) and 50 % (276,276 tons) were from commercial thinning operations, and 33 % (147,820 m³) and 13 % (69,559 tons) were from final-felling operations, respectively. When the unit price of the logging residue was 10,000 yen/ton, the annual logging residue availability from profitable subcompartments could almost cover the annual demand of the three facilities that we considered in this study. Introduction of feed-in tariffs had a significant impact. However, the ratios of the availability to supply potential with unit prices of logging residue of 3,000, 6,000, and 10,000 yen/ton were estimated to be only 1.67, 2.06, and 4.09 %, respectively. Considering the subsidies, the ratios respectively increased to 5.79, 7.35, and 13.09 %. Furthermore, the annual logging residue availability with subsidy could meet 70 % of the annual woody biomass demand of the large-scale factory in Sano city, which is 100,000 tons.     

大雪山自然保护区森林生态功能及价值评估初探

大雪山自然保护区森林面积为15310．6hm^2，森林覆盖率为87．28％；分析了大雪山自然保护区的森林资源特点，根据森林资源的特点及主要的生态功能作用，从涵养水源、防止水土流失、养护土壤肥力、粮食增产和净化空气等5个功能指标，估算出该自然保护区生态功能的年价值为12742．4万元，为其立木经济价值的8．67倍。     

Management criteria for Ficus insipida Willd. (Moraceae) in Amazonian white-water floodplain forests defined by tree-ring analysis

Ficus insipida Willd. (Moraceae) is a fast growing tree species of early successional stages in the Amazonian nutrient-rich white-water floodplains (várzea). The species is one of the most economically important low-density wood species in the community-based forest management project in the Mamirauá Sustainable Development Reserve (MSDR) in Central Amazonia, where timber species are managed using a polycyclic selection system with a minimum logging diameter (MLD) of 50 cm and a cutting cycle of 25 years. In this study we analyze the floristic composition, stand structure and forest regeneration of a natural 20 year-old stand at an early successional stage and we model tree growth of diameter, height and volume of F. inspida based on tree-ring analysis to define management criteria. The volume growth model indicates that the preferred period for logging should be at a tree age of 17 years when the current annual volume increment peaks. This age corresponds to a diameter of 55 cm, which would be an appropriate MLD.     

Management strategies for a large-scale mountain pine beetle outbreak: Modelling impacts on American martens

We assessed the effectiveness of alternative forest management strategies for maintaining American martens (Martes americana) in a sub-boreal landscape subject to an extensive mountain pine beetle (Dendroctonus ponderosae) outbreak, associated salvage logging, and climate change in north-central British Columbia, Canada. We structured the analysis in a Bayesian network (BN) meta-model that incorporated the results of spatially explicit modelling of landscape conditions (natural and logging disturbance, habitat quality, number of potential territories, and connectedness of territories) with analytical population modelling. The BN meta-model was then used to examine habitat and population size responses (adult females only are presented) to management scenarios, in the context of uncertainty of model parameters, management objectives, and climate change. Status quo management is dominantly clear-cutting with 3–20% of each harvest unit retained as mature patches, with reforestation by planting in the remainder. Management options we examined were: (1) the status quo, (2) varying the total annual timber harvest on the landscape (100%, 80% or 50% of current long-term sustained yield estimates), (3) the protection of understory trees during logging, and (4) 30–70% retention of overstory (partial cutting in distinct patches <1 ha in size) in each harvest unit, for 33% or 50% of the annual timber harvest. We found that marten habitat and population size declined substantively with the beetle outbreak and associated salvage cutting. The choice of management strategy then had a long-term effect on the potential for marten recovery after the beetle outbreak. Partial cutting scenarios had the greatest average long-term marten population levels, followed in order by reduced harvest rates, understory protection, and the status quo. Management scenarios with the best chance of meeting conservation goals without over-protecting habitat (and thus unnecessarily constraining timber management) varied with the population objective chosen. The choice of management strategy will depend on the weighting of marten outcomes against the economic desirability of timber harvest strategies, willingness to gamble on climate change, and the time-frame of interest.     

伊春地区人工长白落叶松生长过程分析

对长白落叶松林木生长过程进行了分析,研究表明:人工长白落叶松胸径的连年生长量的峰值出现在16~19a,平均生长量的峰值出现在8~10a,二者在16~18a时相交;树高的连年生长量在14~17a时达到生长高峰,在18~20a时与平均生长量相交;落叶松材积的连年生长量在25~30a时出现其最大值,之后逐年下降,预计与平均生长量在28~33a时相交,可以在18a左右考虑对人工长白落叶松林进行抚育间伐,结合当地的经营目标考虑在28~33a左右进行主伐。同时,研究结果显示:随着径阶的增大,林木胸径、树高和材积的生长规律都基本趋于正常稳定。胸径最优生长方程为:y=1.254 6e0.124 7x;树高最优生长方程:y=1.418 7e0.119 3x;材积最优生长方程:y=0.000 09e0.364 4x。     

Logging within protected areas: Spatial evaluation of the monarch butterfly biosphere reserve, Mexico

Depending on the particular sociopolitical situation of a country or region, as well as the degree of dependence that a population has on its vegetation resources, both forest management or designating protected areas may serve as effective policies to protect highly valuable forest areas in the long term. Biosphere Reserves, where forest management is allowed in buffer zones but completely restricted in core zones, are an important category in this regard. They are of special importance in developing countries where a high dependency on natural resources as source of subsistence is still prevalent. This paper analyzes the effectiveness of authorized logging versus strict protection in preserving the forest cover within the Monarch Butterfly Biosphere Reserve (MBBR), in its portion in Michoacán state, México. This protected area is crucial for the preservation of the migratory monarch butterfly, and has been negatively impacted by logging and other activities. Data on logging permits from 1993 to 2006 were extracted and spatially digitized from all the officially approved Forest Management Programs (FMP) of the MBBR’s communities. Based on the delimitation of authorized logging areas, an analysis of the processes of change in forest cover was made, by means of spatial and statistical comparisons among land tenure units (LTU) with and without FMP. Statistical analyses found no significant differences of loss rates of conserved canopy cover forest between LTU with and without FMP, nor with other change processes such as recovery and re-vegetation. However, deforestation due to land use changes was significantly greater in LTU lacking FMP, although this involved a relatively small area. Spatial analyses clearly showed where the forest disturbance is concentrated, and that it is mostly caused by illegal logging and by inadequate management (extraction of timber beyond the authorized period, and forest fragmentation led by individual use of communal land). The results show that the total disturbance observed from 1993 to 2006 (5239 ha) is explained in 61% by illegal logging, 33% by extemporaneous authorized extractions and only 6% by authorized logging during the scheduled period. Thus FMP are an effective option for maintaining the forest cover in the reserve. The procedure used in the present analysis can be an effective and accessible monitoring tool, which can be used by officials responsible for forest use to supervise the strict application of logging licenses, and to give support to decision making when renewing, redesigning or revoking logging licenses.     

新西兰森林采伐管理制度与借鉴

森林采伐管理是森林资源管理的核心内容之一。在计划经济条件下制定的中国森林采伐管理制度对于森林资源保护起到了重要作用。但是, 随着市场经济不断完善、集体林权制度改革不断深入, 这种管理制度已经不适应现代林业发展的需要, 亟待完善。分析了新西兰在森林采伐方面实施的分类采伐管理、森林可持续经营计划、森林可持续经营许可证、年度采伐计划等管理措施, 期望能为完善中国森林采伐管理制度提供参考模式和经验借鉴。