作物根系吸水率模型的试验研究

以土壤水动力学理论为基础 ,通过取土水洗法测定了有效根量 ,考虑了目前大多用一维根系吸水率模型而忽视的一些因素 ,建立了有效根量密度分布函数。由理论分析和计算 ,得到了较为切合实际的二维根系吸水率模型。     

作物根系吸水率模型的试验研究

以土壤水动力学理论为基础,通过取土水洗法测定了有效根量,考虑了目前大多用一给根系吸水率模型而忽视的一些因素,建立了有效根量密度分布函数。由理论分析和计算,得到了较为切合实际的二维根系吸水率模型。     

基于Feddes模型的干旱区滴灌幼龄枣树根系特征数值模拟

研究滴灌幼龄枣树根系密度分布与吸水特征,能够为制定枣树灌溉制度、提出丰产与节水相协调的田间水分管理模式提供重要参考。以幼龄期滴灌枣树根系为研究对象,采用剖面挖掘和分层取样法采集枣树根系,利用Delta-tcan软件对枣树吸收根的根长进行分析。结果表明:实测根系密度函数与线性函数的拟合度最优,模型相关系数为0.907,通过了显著性水平为0.01的相关性检验,平均相对误差为8.32%,均方根误差为0.206mm/cm3;线性函数下的土壤水分模拟值和实测值的误差值也相对较小,其最大相对误差为2.85%,平均相对误差为1.83%,均方根误差为0.238。     

不同灌溉方式对棉花根系分布的影响研究

设置痕量灌、逐日地下滴灌、膜下滴灌、常规地下滴灌和棉花地面灌(对照)等5种灌溉方式,研究不同灌溉条件下棉花根系的空间分布规律。结果表明:逐日地下滴灌、痕量灌对棉花根系干物质量积累的影响显著高于膜下滴灌、常规地下滴灌等滴灌方式,其中逐日地下滴灌处理根系干物质累积量大,水平分布均匀,更有利于根系生长。各处理棉花根系垂向分布范围在0～50 cm,主要聚集范围为0～20 cm、占总根重73.80%～76.91%,土层30～50 cm随着深度的增加根重占比逐渐减小,逐日灌水处理土壤横向剖面含水率相对其他处理变幅较小。根系水平方向范围在0～70 cm,各处理呈显著的向水性分布,且集中分布于膜下窄行与膜间,窄行根重占比相对膜间更大,但逐日地下滴灌处理水平方向分布较为均匀。综上所述采用逐日地下滴灌节水方式对棉花根系干物质积累更有利,根系水平分布更为均匀。     

不同灌溉处理条件下苗期冬小麦土柱中的硝态氮运移模拟

应用反求方法通过迭代求解硝态氮运移方程(CDE方程)来估算其源汇项的平均分布,并进一步优化获得源汇项中难以直接测定的参数——根系吸氮因子,从而建立了室内砂培土柱实验中冬小麦的根系吸氮模型。应用该模型模拟冬小麦砂培土柱实验中不同灌溉处理条件下土壤硝态氮动态的变化过程,结果表明,冬小麦各生长阶段土壤硝态氮浓度剖面的模拟值与实测值吻合较好,冬小麦根系吸氮总量模拟值与实测值之间的相对误差均在10%以内。     

基于微分L-系统的水稻根系三维生长模型研究

植物根系结构是其根系的空间构型,水稻根系结构表现出高度的多样性。为了探明水稻根系结构和分布规律,利用水培法开展试验,测定不同生长时期的根系三维空间坐标和形态参数,对水稻根系结构进行高精度的测量。统计分析所测试验数据,确定了根节点的初始位置、各级枝根的生长方向以及根系的生长函数。通过整合水稻根系的拓扑结构,量化其生物学特征,提出基于微分L-系统的水稻根系三维生长模型,以描述水稻根系生长规律,并检验该模型输出结果的精度。借助Visual C++和Open GL标准图形库实现了水稻根系三维生长可视化模拟系统,直观再现了水稻根系动态的生长过程。对比分析表明,系统对总根长、根表面积和根体积的平均模拟拟合度分别为96. 82%、95. 86%和93. 96%。     

盆栽番茄根系三维生长模型构建与实现

为探明负压地下灌溉条件下的盆栽番茄根系分布规律,通过试验测定不同生长时期的盆栽番茄根系三维空间坐标和生长参数.统计分析所测试验数据,明确了番茄各级根长生长函数、分根点分布及其侧生概率和侧生方向.基于番茄根系拓扑结构和实际生长规律,提出利用微分L系统构建番茄根系三维生长模型以描述盆栽番茄根系生长规律及其边界条件.文中以所构建的盆栽番茄根系三维生长模型为算法基础,利用OpenGL技术实现盆栽番茄根系三维生长可视化模拟系统,直观地再现了负压地下灌溉条件下盆栽番茄根系在不同生长时期的空间分布和生长情况.通过与试验数据对比分析,对于幼苗期的盆栽番茄根系分布平均模拟拟合度约为83%,而对于结果期的根系分布平均模拟拟合度约为91%.因此所建模型能够有效模拟盆栽番茄的根系生长情况.基于微分L系统的盆栽番茄根系三维生长模型可以表达不同生长时期番茄根系的形态特征和生长规律,为进一步研究土壤水分与根系生长的互作用奠定基础.     

控制性隔沟交替灌溉玉米根系吸水模型的试验研究

以影响根系吸水强度的三大要素即作物蒸腾强度、土壤含水率和根系分布密度为影响因子,结合土壤水动力学理论得到的根系吸水率,建立了控制性隔沟交替灌溉条件下玉米的二维根系吸水模型,并进行验证得到较好的结果。模型对预报控制性交替灌溉具有重要的理论及实用价值。     

水盐胁迫下根系提水作用对土壤盐分与番茄产量的影响

为探究水盐胁迫下番茄根系发生提水作用的可能性及其对土壤盐分分布和番茄产量的影响,利用上下桶分根装置,设定上桶不同水分(W1、W2、W3表示土壤含水率为田间持水率的60%～70%、50%～60%、40%～50%)和盐分条件(S0、S1、S2表示Na Cl添加量分别为干土质量的0、0.2%、0.4%),监测分析了水盐胁迫下根系提水量、上桶盐分分布及番茄产量。结果表明:随着生育期的推进,根系提水量呈现先增加后减小的趋势,其中盐分对番茄根系提水量影响显著,在相同水分处理条件下,盐分含量越高,根系提水量越大;水盐胁迫下,上桶盐分含量与根系提水量呈线性正相关,除W1S0处理外,上桶土壤电导率在提水量达到最大时有所增加;与对照处理W1S0相比,水盐抑制了根系生长,使根系活性显著下降,同一水分处理下,随着盐分的增加,根长、根表面积及根体积减小;盐分对番茄水分生产率有显著影响,在相同水分条件下,盐分越大,水分生产率越大,7种处理中W2S2水分生产率达到最大,而其产量较对照并未显著减小,生育期提水量占需水量的17.73%。本研究对进一步理解作物在"上干下湿"的土壤水盐胁迫下充分利用土壤剖面深层水分来维持上层根系生存和提高水分生产率具有科学价值。     

水分调控对冬小麦根系生长及抗旱性的影响

为了研究干旱半干旱地区土壤剖面深层水分对冬小麦根系生长及抗旱性的影响,采用PVC管土柱法进行冬小麦生长水分调控试验,设计了4个处理,即处理Ⅰ为地面灌溉、处理Ⅱ为计划湿润层取根系分布深度的60%、处理Ⅲ为计划湿润层取根系分布深度的75%、处理Ⅳ为计划湿润层取根系分布深度的90%,测定了冬小麦各生育期根系形态指标和地上部分植株体干重的变化,结果表明:灌水总量一定,改变灌水方式、考虑计划湿润层的深层灌溉,能够促进冬小麦根系深扎,至成熟期,处理Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ的根长比处理Ⅰ长27~37 cm,总根干重均增加,但根冠比减小,产量增加。适宜的根冠比能更好地协调冬小麦地上部分与地下部分之间生长关系,提高抗旱能力。处理Ⅱ和处理Ⅲ是冬小麦根冠层生长协调、提高抗旱能力较适宜的灌溉方案,可为我国北方地区冬小麦节水灌溉提供参考。     

Modeling water uptake by roots

Summary Most current models of the water uptake by plant roots from the soil profile solve the equation for flow of water in unsaturated soils. The boundary condition at the root-soil interface is represented, whether explicitly or implicitly by some kind of root distribution function. Such models have sufficient number of parameters so that they can be fitted to data reasonably well. Most water uptake patterns, when normalized with respect to root zone depth and plant extractable water reveal, remarkable similarities regardless of soil texture, plant species, or root distribution. This similarity is not predictable with current models. A model based upon non-linear behavior of the root membranes and described by a distributed sink moving downward through the soil profile adequately represents the uptake process. The shape of the sink function is not critical and only two parameters, a root depth parameter, and an extractable water parameter are needed.     

Effect of irrigation methods on root development and profile soil water uptake in winter wheat

The 2-year field experiments were carried out to research the effect of different irrigation methods, namely border irrigation, sprinkler irrigation, and surface drip irrigation, on root development and profile water uptake in winter wheat. Results showed that the main root distribution zone moved upward under sprinkler and surface drip irrigation when compared to the traditional border irrigation. Profile root distribution pattern changed with irrigation methods. Soil profile water uptake was correlated to the root system and soil water dynamics. Due to the appropriate soil water and higher root density in the surface soil layer under sprinkler and surface drip irrigation, the main water uptake zone was concentrated in the upper layer. Because of the water deficit in the surface layer under border irrigation, water uptake in 50–100 cm depth was stimulated, which caused the main uptake zone downward. The amount and pattern of root water uptake varied with irrigation methods. This may provide valuable information on the aspect of agricultural management.     

Modelling soil water and salt dynamics under pulsed and continuous surface drip irrigation of almond and implications of system design

The HYDRUS-2D model was experimentally verified for water and salinity distribution during the profile establishment stage (33?days) of almond under pulsed and continuous drip irrigation. The model simulated values of water content obtained at different lateral distances (0, 20, 40, 60, 100?cm) from a dripper at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 140 and 160?cm soil depths at different times (5, 12, 19, 26 and 33?days of profile establishment) were compared with neutron probe measured values under both irrigation scenarios. The model closely predicted water content distribution at all distances, times and soil depths as RMSE values ranged between 0.017 and 0.049. The measured mean soil water salinity (ECsw) at 25?cm from the dripper at 30, 60, 90 and 150?cm soil depth also matched well with the predicted values. A correlation of 0.97 in pulsed and 0.98 in continuous drip systems with measured values indicated the model closely predicted total salts in the root zone. Thus, HYDRUS-2D successfully simulated the change in soil water content and soil water salinity in both the wetting pattern and in the flow domain. The initial mean ECsw below the dripper in pulsed (5.25?dSm^?1) and continuous (6.07?dSm^?1) irrigations decreased to 1.31 and 1.36?dSm^?1, respectively, showing a respective 75.1 and 77.6% decrease in the initial salinity. The power function [y?=?ax ^?b ] best described the mathematical relationship between salt removal from the soil profile as a function of irrigation time under both irrigation scenarios. Contrary to other studies, higher leaching fraction (6.4–43.1%) was recorded in pulsed than continuous (1.1–35.1%) irrigation with the same amount of applied water which was brought about by the variation in initial soil water content and time of irrigation application. It was pertinent to note that a small (0.012) increase in mean antecedent water content (θ _i ) brought about 8.25–9.06% increase in the leaching fraction during the profile establishment irrespective of the emitter geometry, discharge rate, and irrigation scenario. Under similar θ _i , water applied at a higher discharge rate (3.876?Lh^?1) has resulted in slightly higher leaching fraction than at a low discharge rate (1.91?Lh^?1) under pulsing only owing to the variation in time of irrigation application. The influence of pulsing on soil water content, salinity distribution, and drainage flux vanished completely when irrigation was applied daily on the basis of crop evapotranspiration (ETc) with a suitable leaching fraction. Therefore, antecedent soil water content and scheduling or duration of water application play a significant role in the design of drip irrigation systems for light textured soils. These factors are the major driving force to move water and solutes within the soil profile and may influence the off-site impacts such as drainage flux and pollution of the groundwater.     

黄土丘陵区红枣经济林根系分布与土壤水分关系研究

为明确半干旱黄土丘陵区不同年龄无灌溉旱作矮化修剪密植枣林的根系分布范围与其土壤水分的空间关系,利用根钻法测定枣林株间不同深度的根系分布、枣树主干就近位置的根系量,并采用土钻取土和中子仪定位测定结合了解不同年龄的枣林10 m深度的土壤水分。结果表明:随着树龄增加,1、3、5、12 a枣树根系最大深度年平均增值在减小,12 a枣林垂直根系达520 cm。枣树株间100 cm处向下的根系深度较浅,枣林的垂直根系最大和最小值之差先增加后减小,12 a枣林垂直根系之差只有180 cm。研究区枣树株间水平根系在枣林3 a时开始交汇,枣树水平根系延伸无法确定,所得到的水平方向根系实际是枣林多株树汇集的根系。枣林垂直根系对土壤水分的垂直变化作用显著,但矮化修剪密植枣林株间根系深度差异并没有造成土壤水分因此而波动。随着枣树树龄的增加根系深度和土壤水分干层均增加,0~2 m土层的土壤水分年内变化幅度也增加,而且根层范围的土壤水分随着树龄增加在降低,但是土壤干层深度稍大于测得的根系深度。     

On quantifying soil water deficit of a partially wetted root zone by the response of canopy or leaf conductance

Quantifying the soil water deficit (SWD) and its relation to canopy or leaf conductance is essential for application of the Penman–Monteith equation to water-stressed plants. As the water uptake of a single root depends on the water content of the soil in its immediate vicinity, the non-uniform distribution of water and roots in the soil profile does not allow simple quantification of SWD from soil-based measurements. Using measurements of stem sap flux (with a heat pulse technique), soil evaporation (with micro-lysimeters) and meteorological parameters the canopy conductance was obtained through inversion of the Penman–Monteith equation. SWD was evaluated by averaging the soil water content profile of the root zone (monitored by layers with the TDR sensors) weighted by root distribution of the layers. The average canopy conductance at midday (11:00–15:00, Israel Summer Time), denoted as G_noon, was computed for each day of the experimental period. Stable summer weather, typical of the Mediterranean region, and the fully developed crop canopy, made water stress the only plausible cause of a G_noon decline. However, the daily decline of G_noon did not occur at the same weighted average soil water content during the successive drying cycles. For the cycle with less irrigation, the decline in G_noon occurred at higher soil moisture levels. Alternatively, when SWD was determined from the water balance, i.e., by defining water deficit as irrigation minus accumulated evapotranspiration, the G_noon decline occurred at the same value of water deficit for all irrigation cycles. We conclude that a climate-based soil water balance model is a better means of quantifying SWD than a solely soil-based measurement.     

涌泉根灌多点源交汇入渗湿润体试验研究

在米脂山地微灌枣树示范基地进行原状土涌泉根灌入渗试验,研究了多点源交汇入渗条件下涌泉根灌湿润体特征值的变化规律.结果表明,涌泉根灌多点源交汇入渗孔洞处和交汇面处的湿润锋运移距离与入渗时间均符合幂函数关系,交汇面处的湿润锋运移速度比孔洞处的快,最终交汇入渗湿润土体沿孔洞布置方向的剖面形状近似带状;在孔洞底部周围的中间区域...     

Patterns of water withdrawal beneath an irrigated peach orchard on a red-brown earth

Summary Water withdrawal from the soil beneath an irrigated peach orchard is described over depth and time after irrigation for a red-brown earth where the hydraulic properties vary with depth. Relationships between water uptake by roots, root concentration and soil-water suction were explored over protracted drying cycles. In the early stages of drying water uptake by roots was well correlated with root concentration over the profile but, over time, water uptake was redistributed over the root system. Theoretical analysis suggests that poor utilization of water from depth on this soil was associated mainly with low root concentrations and low root (radial) conductance. Practical considerations for improved water management in the root zone of peach orchards on shallow soils are discussed.     

Roots in irrigated clay soils: Measurement techniques and responses to rootzone conditions

Summary This paper reviews research carried out at the Griffith Laboratory in Australia over the last decade on techniques for, and results of, observations of roots in irrigated clay soils. Our results emphasise the adaptability of root systems to rootzone conditions. Experiences with techniques for observing roots non-destructively in the field and both non-destructively and destructively in lysimeters are described. We concluded that the minirhizotron technique, applied in the field, was unreliable under our conditions. Horizontal root observation tubes were used in lysimeters to measure root length density (RLD) and to assess whether roots were clumped together or randomly distributed. Destructive sampling and measurement of RLD was used to establish a theoretical relationship between root intercept counts along the tubes and RLD. The application of image analysis to both destructive and non-destructive sampling in the lysimeters is outlined. The non-destructive lysimeter studies showed that roots were significantly clumped. Analysis of root intercept and root hole counts on the faces of sample cubes taken from the lysimeters showed root distribution was anisotropic over the whole soil profile for both safflower and wheat. There were many more roots and root holes present in the sampled soil cubes than was indicated by independent sampling for washed out RLD. Safflower appeared to have a faster turnover of roots than did wheat or maize. Lysimeters, equipped with horizontal root observation tubes, enabled studies to be made of many factors affecting root growth. Soils affect where and how fast roots grow, although there is also a strong species interaction. For example, soybean roots proliferated above a fresh water table in one soil but not in another; wheat had little tendency to proliferate above the water table in either soil. In wet soils, roots cease to grow once soil oxygen levels decrease below 10 mg O₂ l _soil ^-1 . This level should form the basis for soil drainage criteria. In drying soils, roots will grow successively into soil regions containing soil water: the level of adaptation being determined by soil conditions, crop growth stage and level of evaporative demand. The methods of root observation used in our studies have given quantitative assessment of root distribution. However, further research is needed to link horizontal and vertical root distribution and root adaptation more strongly to crop development and soil conditions.     

Seasonal water use by winter wheat grown under shallow water table conditions

Techniques for estimating seasonal water use from soil profile water depletion frequently do not account for flux below the root zone. A method using tensiometers for obtaining evapotranspiration losses from the root zone and water movement below it is discussed. Soil water flux below the root zone is approached by a sequence of pseudo steady state solutions of the flow equation. Upward soil water flux contributed 36 to 73% to the total water requirement of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) whereas soil water depletion accounted for 11 to 19% only. Water use efficiency with one irrigation during an early stage of plant development is greater than with no or three irrigations. This is the result of both decrease of resistance due to soil moistening and better root development. Tensiometer readings were also interpreted to estimate root zones, water table depths and soil moisture contents. Methods described in this paper can be used in determining seasonal water use by growing crops, replacing or supplementing lysimeter or meteorology approaches to this problem.     

Crop root system response to irrigation

Summary In the field, root systems develop in response to both endogenous plant design and soil environment. Downward penetration of root systems results primarily from the growth of monocot axes or of dicot taproots; root proliferation at a given depth results from the growth of laterals at that depth. Root length densities generally decline exponentially with depth under well-watered conditions. Root growth rates are partially controlled by soil conditions. Under irrigation, the most critical soil properties for root growth are oxygen diffusion rate, water content and soil strength and all of these properties are inter-related. Under excess irrigation, especially in heavy soils, root growth may be limited by oxygen diffusion rate. Under limited irrigation, root growth may be limited by lack of water or high soil strength. When irrigation maintains wet surface soils, most of the root system is found in the upper part of the profile where the majority of the water is also taken up.