花生F4:5家系产量性状配合力分析

以8个花生品系配制的4 ×4不完全双列杂交组合的F4:5家系为材料,研究了单株果重、仁重、结果数、饱果数、百果重、百仁重和出仁率等7个产量性状的配合力.结果表明,这些产量性状都是以加性效应为主,多数性状还存在非加性效应;母本963-4-1的单株果重、单株仁重、单株果数、单株饱果数和出仁率的一般配合力(GCA)均最高,特殊配合力(SCA)方差则是904-79最高;父本中花8号单株果重和单株仁重最高,综合表现较好;组合904-79×中花8号的产量具有较高的SCA;大多数的优良F4:5家系来自上述3个亲本间的组合.亲本在F4:5家系表现出的GCA与早世代不一致,花生家系品种的选育应考虑亲本GCA在多个世代的综合表现.     

天府花生主要经济性状遗传规律研究初报

经对8个“天府”型花生杂交组合及相应亲本材料7个性状的遗传规律研究表明:(1)亲本对杂种后代的影响较大,各性状中亲值(双亲均数,后同)对F1—3代的平均遗传力为58.34～87.66%;(2)除单株产量和总果数外,其余株高、总分枝数、百果重、百仁重,出仁率5个性状在世代间的遗传力都高,一般在50%以上,最高达96.28%;(3)F2—4代单株产量的遗传力、以及各性状对产量的相关遗传力都很低或不稳定,进行直接单株选择或间接单株选择均无意义。     

花生抗青枯病品种经济性状的遗传参数

用６个抗青枯病花生品种，分析了株高、总分枝数、总果数、饱果数、百果重、百仁重、出仁率、荚果产量等８个性状的遗传变异系数和遗传力，各性状对产量的遗传相关系数和相关选择效果。多数性状的遗传变异较小，选择效果不大．各性状的单株遗传力普遍低，群体遗传力则相对较高。因此，以高产为目标的抗病育种应以集团选择为主。     

啤酒大麦F_1和F_2代主穗性状间的遗传变异研究

用GriffingⅡ（1965）等对6个啤酒大麦亲本及其配制15个组合的F1、F2代主穗性状进行遗传变异、配合力及相关分析表明：（1）主穗性状的遗传力F1代明显高于F2代，亲本性状的遗传力、遗传变异系数与F2呈高度正相关，但与F1相关系数相对较小。（2）株高、实粒数、穗粒重，主要受基因加性效应控制，但其间的差异F1大于F2。各性状的配合力因亲本、组合、世代而异，同亲本F1与F2间的一般配合力呈高度正相关，但特殊配合力偏低；澳、欧、亚洲型品种杂交的F1性状特殊配合力较高，F2亚洲型品种间也存在高配合力组合。（3）F2代实粒数与穗粒重的变异系数明显高于F1，但株高相近。     

陆地棉F2代产量及形态性状的遗传分析

按3×5不完全双列杂交设计,对3个母本和5个父本的F2代进行遗传力及配合力分析,F2代衣分、子指、衣指、株高、单铃重遗传力高,而单铃子数、单株铃数、节数遗传力较低,爱字棉Sij各性状一般配合力较好,而吉尔吉斯×爱字棉Sij各性状表现较好的特殊配合力,是一个优势较强的组合.     

花生春秋播主要性状的遗传变异

以珍珠豆型花生为材料,研究春秋播条件下主要性状的遗传变异。结果表明,秋播条件下单株果数、果重,开花至成熟日数变异率较小,遗传变异系数高于春播,遗传力高于或与春播相近,遗传进度也高于春播,与春播单株果重呈正相关或显著正相关。秋播花生的百果重、百仁重、出仁率变异率小;百果重、百仁重与春播单株果重呈显著正相关;出仁率春秋播的遗传参数相近。在秋播条件下,可对上述这些性状进行严格选择。     

花生主要经济性状遗传参数对单株产量的选择效果

本文估算了花生11个性状的遗传进度和选择指数等遗传参数。结果表明,性状间遗传力存在较大差异,应据此掌握各世代不同性状的选择标准。对单株产量的直接选择很重要,单株结果数是相关选择的关键性状,选择饱果数多、侧枝长的材料对单株产量也有一定的改良效果,选择时应予以重视,而百果重、百仁重不是产量的限制因素。花生育种应用选择指数方法进行综合选择比对单株产量单一性状直接选择的效率提高23.22％,应用前景广泛。     

国内报刊花生文摘

花生主要性状的遗传/王玉莹,唐桂英…∥中国油料.-1987,(4).-12-16 分析10个花生品种16个性状的变异系数,广义遗传力、性状间的相关性和性状的遗传进度的结果表明:(1)花生主要性状在不同品种中表现出很大的差异,这是由遗传基础和环境影响引起的。因而进行花生数量性状的改良是可行的。(2)花生各性状的广义遗传力具有较大的差异。总果数、饱果数、单株生产力、小区产量的广义遗传力相对较低、育种中需要进行多次选择;百果重、百仁重的遗传力     

河南省花生品种产量性状的遗传改良

选用近二十年在河南省推广的12个花生品种为试验材料,对花生品种主要性状的遗传改良进行了研究。结果表明,品种的产量及其构成因素得到了明显的改良。2000年以后审定的近期品种产量水平有较大提高,比早期（1994年以前）和中期（1995-1999年）的品种平均增产540kg／hm^2,增产幅度达6．8％。近期品种在单株果重、单株饱果数、百果重和单株有效果数上比中期和早期有极显著地增加,500g仁数显著降低,产量性状中只有出仁率和500g果数变化较小。近期品种的脂肪含量比早期品种有显著和极显著地提高,近期品种的蛋白质含量比中期品种有所下降,比早期品种都有极显著地提高,而且幅度较大。近期品种的株高较中期品种降低4．9cm,侧枝长减少4．33cm,总分枝数比前期和中期减少了2个左右,但结果枝数变化不大。生育期明显缩短,由前期的135～140d缩短到近期的120d左右。近期审定推广的珍珠豆型品种远杂9307与早期品种鲁花12号相比,大多数性状得到了明显地改良。从各性状的遗传变异系数和改良潜力看,单株有效果数、单株饱果数和单株果重的改良幅度较大,出仁率、蛋白质含量和脂肪含量较小。     

花生主要农艺性状的配合力分析

随机选用3个珍珠豆型和3个普通型花生品种,采用Griffing 双列杂交方法Ⅰ,分析9个农艺性状的配合力.结果表明:(1)主茎高和侧枝长的遗传是加性效应和非加性效应并存,且以加性效应为主;总分枝数和结果枝数的遗传为加性效应和非加性效应并重;饱果数、秕果数和出仁率为加性遗传;单株果重为加性、非加性和正反交效应共同控制;籽仁重也同时受加性、非加性和正反交效应共同控制,但以加性效应为主.(2)远杂9102是一个饱果率高、出仁率高、丰产性好、遗传基础丰富、配合力高的的优良亲本;狮头企等农家品种也有其特殊的利用价值,且作母本更优.(3)以加性遗传或以加性为主遗传的主茎高、侧枝长、饱果数、秕果数和出仁率等性状可在早代开始选择,其它性状可在中高世代进行选择,并讨论了供试亲本的利用价值和后代选择的有关问题.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).