陇东旱塬区饲用甜高粱品种的农艺性状比较

以筛选适宜在陇东旱塬区种植的高产饲用甜高粱品种为目的,引进6个饲用甜高粱品种,比较不同品种的农艺性状以及刈割次数的影响。结果表明:6个参试甜高粱品种的农艺性状间存在极显著差异(P0.01),其中大力士鲜草产量以最高,与大卡以外的其他4个品种间存在极显著差异(P0.01),鲜草产量排序为大力士(80.27 t/hm~2)大卡(71.37 t/hm~2)牛魔王(64.53 t/hm~2)海牛(64.42 t/hm~2)绝佳(47.28 t/hm~2)蒙农青饲4号(46.45 t/hm~2);干物质产量尽管差异较大,但没有达到显著水平(P0.05)。刈割次数对干物质产量有显著影响(P0.05),刈割1次的产量(21.58 t/hm~2)高于刈割2次的产量(12.12 t/hm~2);刈割次数间鲜草产量的变化不显著(P0.05);刈割次数与品种间具有交互作用,其鲜草产量和干物质产量均有极显著差异(P0.01),其中大力士刈割1次的鲜草产量为85.50 t/hm~2,干物质产量为30.99 t/hm~2,均高于其他品种刈割1次和2次的产量。综合分析,6个参试品种中草产量以大力士在刈割1次时表现最好,最适宜在陇东旱塬区种植与推广。     

光敏型高丹草复种穴播高效栽培模式研究

为了探讨光敏型高丹草夏播复种的高效栽培模式,在陇东旱塬麦茬后用免耕露地、翻耕露地和翻耕覆膜3种穴播方式复种了海牛、BJM和大卡(褐色中脉、BMR)3个光敏型高丹草品种,观察比较了各品种的物候期和农艺性状,测定分析了不同品种和穴播方式下刈割1茬和2茬的草产量。结果表明,在刈割1茬(早霜前1周刈割)条件下,各品种间在株高、茎粗、节间数、叶片数、单株鲜重、单株叶重、单株茎重和分蘖数性状上差异极显著(P<0.01),穴播方式对各品种株高和节间数影响显著(P<0.05),对叶片数、单株鲜重、单株叶重、单株茎重和分蘖数影响极显著(P<0.01),品种和穴播方式互作仅对单株叶重影响显著(P<0.05)。以65%含水量标准鲜草产量为指标,3个品种刈割1茬的产量均高于刈割2茬之和的产量,前者平均产草量是后者的3.21倍;品种在刈割2茬第1次、第2次和两次之和的产量之间均差异极显著(P<0.01),而在刈割1茬的产量间差异显著(P<0.05);穴播方式间刈割1茬、刈割2茬第1次和两次之和的产量均差异极显著(P<0.01);品种和穴播互作对刈割1茬、刈割2茬第1次和2次之和的产量影响极显著(P<0.01)。在刈割1茬时,3个品种的标准鲜草产量表现为翻耕覆膜比免耕露地平均增产62.21%、比翻耕露地增产36.45%、翻耕露地比免耕露地增产21.08%。在本试验条件下,在陇东旱塬地区麦茬后夏播复种高丹草以翻耕覆膜穴播、刈割1茬(早霜前1周刈割)和BJM 品种相组合的生产模式为最优;但种植者如选择多次刈割,则以海牛品种结合翻耕覆膜穴播的种植模式为佳。     

紫花苜蓿不同刈割期产量比较

为了确定紫花苜蓿(Medicago satiua)最佳刈割利用时期,在有限的耕地中获得较高的产量和效益,采用小区试验的方法研究了3种不同刈割高度对苜蓿IS - 1085、Maximus、IS - 1075、07 01399 ALFALFA、CA - 0504 ALFALFA、WL903HQ等6个品种草产量的影响.结果表明:刈割高度对苜蓿鲜草产量和风干草产量有较大的影响.6个品种孕蕾期刈割的鲜草产量和风干草产量平均为7.41kg/m2和1.73 kg/m2,比30 cm高刈割平均产量5.75 kg/m2、1.28 kg/m2增产28.87％和35.17％；比45 cm高刈割平均产量5.93 kg/m2、1.35 kg/m2增产24.96％和28.15％,差异均极显著(P＜0.01),30 cm与45 cm高刈割的产量和6个品种同一刈割高度产量间差异不显著.     

种植及收获因子对紫花苜蓿干草产量和茎叶比的影响

本文研究了苜蓿品种及播种量、行间距、 播种深度、刈割高度等栽培因子对苜蓿干草产量及茎叶比的影响。结果表明,行距对产量的影响最大,前三茬及年总干草产量中,行距的产量贡献率均最大。而苜蓿品种及刈割高度对茎叶比的影响较大。不同的行距处理中,苜蓿产量以20 cm行距最高,显著高于50 cm,随着行距的加大,干草产量逐渐下降,但与30 cm行距的产量无显著差异。第4茬干草产量在不同品种之间差异较大,新疆大叶和金皇后苜蓿品种产量较高。而播种深度、播种量、刈割高度各水平之间无显著差异。苜蓿的茎叶比在苜蓿品种之间均存在显著差异,中苜1号苜蓿茎叶比最小,金皇后茎叶比最大。茎叶比在行距、播种量和播种深度不同水平之间无显著差异。     

洞庭湖区5个紫花苜蓿品种高温期刈割后的表现

为探讨洞庭湖区紫花苜蓿(Medicago sativa)在夏季高温刈割后的生长状态及再生产量及品质的品种间差异,对种植一年的5个紫花苜蓿品种于2015年8月1日进行全年第5茬刈割测产,9月21日进行第6茬刈割测产。研究结果发现,秋眠级较高的苜蓿品种WL656、WL903第5茬刈割后再生植株长势和第5茬刈割鲜草产量显著优于秋眠级低的苜蓿品种WL363(P0.05)。第6茬刈割WL903的鲜草产量显著高于其它品种,粗蛋白、中性洗涤纤维和酸性洗涤纤维含量在品种间存在显著差异,但没有明显变化规律。高秋眠级的WL903和WL712综合表现较好,是可进一步研究的耐热型苜蓿品种。     

刈割周期、施肥量对坚尼草产草量和质量的影响

16个月的研究结果表明,每次刈割后追施氮肥可显著提高坚尼草的干草产量和粗蛋白质含量。刈割周期以40-60d为宜。刈次间干草产量差异不显著,但粗蛋白质含量随着刈割周期的延长而显著下降。参试的3个坚尼草品种干草产量之间差异极显著,但粗蛋白质含量间差异不显著。     

紫花苜蓿建植期四种刈割频次下的产量、品质及再生性研究

收获制度是苜蓿生产管理的关键环节。为明确不同刈割制度下建植期苜蓿生长规律,本研究利用盆栽试验,通过人工控制苜蓿生长温度、水肥条件,完善测定指标体系,进行苜蓿刈割频次的研究,分析连续生产情况下不同收获制度对不同类型苜蓿建植期产量、品质、再生能力及持续生产力的影响。研究结果表明,高频刈割会显著降低苜蓿的生产力和持久性。连续高频刈割后延长收获间隔可以恢复苜蓿茎密度和再生能力,但不能恢复到适宜刈割频次的水平。不同品种间生育期、耐刈性与再生性、产量分布以及营养价值存在显著差异,并导致相同收获频次下饲草产量、饲草品质以及持续生产力的差异。在建植期及低龄草地,维克多(Vector)和得龙(Durango)2个国外引进品种适于间隔为25~35 d高频度刈割;我国东北地区育成低休眠级苜蓿品种公农1号适于间隔为35~45 d的刈割频度。     

贵州几种野生止泻草药人工栽培试验

为了探索贵州几种野生止泻草药人工栽培的可能性和基本栽培技术,试验采用3因素2水平设计,对施肥、刈割和去花穗的效果进行方差分析,结果表明：去花穗能明显提高拳参和天青地白产量;地榆种植当年收获以分根栽培产量最高,且不耐刈割,以秋末一次性收获产量最高;刈割对拳参和天青地白的产量没有影响,可随时刈割利用,对多叶勾儿茶产量提高显著;追肥作用不大,肥力中等的黄壤栽培时每穴施50g复合肥即可满足生长需要;这4种草药都能人工栽培。     

不同苜蓿品种再生特性的研究

对4个苜蓿品种进行不同频次的刈割处理,结果表明,在我国北方地区,黄花苜蓿和杂花苜蓿每年适合刈割2次,此时,地上生物量和粗蛋白质产量均达到最大值;而紫花苜蓿刈割2或3次均可,地上生物量和粗蛋白质产量在刈割2和3次之间差别不大,但明显高于刈割1和4次处理;不同苜蓿品种的粗蛋白质含量与形态发育阶段之间均呈极显著的二次相关,均表现为先下降后上升的趋势。此外,通常认为的黄花苜蓿比紫花苜蓿粗蛋白质含量高,并非是由物种的差异引起的,而主要是由收获时生育阶段的差异引起的。     

不同刈割期对多花黑麦草饲草产量及品质的影响

为探讨不同刈割时间对多花黑麦草饲草产量及品质的影响,以自选品系和育成品种为材料,采用2种不同的刈割方案分别测定不同品种的饲草产量,粗蛋白、可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量以及干物质体外消化率(IVDMD)。结果表明,同4月1日开始刈割相比较,4月16日开始刈割单位面积饲草总产量极显著增加(P＜0.01),不同品种单位面积干物质产量提高16.0%～50.2%。相同刈割茬次的饲草品质相比较,饲草中粗蛋白含量以早刈割高于晚刈割,单位面积粗蛋白产量存在品种差异;WSC、ADF、NDF的含量均以早刈割的低于晚刈割。饲草干物质体外消化率总的变化趋势趋于一致,第1次刈割＞第2次刈割＞第3次刈割。在不同刈割方案中以4月1日开始刈割的各刈割茬次饲草IVDMD均高于4月16日开始刈割。综合考虑饲草产量和品质,适当推迟首次刈割时间有利于提高单位面积饲草产量和可消化干物质产量。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein