Basic composition and amino acid contents of mushrooms cultivated in Finland

The basic composition (moisture, total carbohydrates, dietary fiber, crude fat, ash, nitrogen, and protein) and amino acid contents were determined in the cultivated mushrooms Agaricus bisporus/white, Agaricus bisporus/brown, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus ostreatus. In addition, nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were calculated for each species by dividing the sums of amino acid residues with total (Kjeldahl) nitrogen contents. The dry matter contents of mushrooms varied from 7.7% to 8.4%. The dry matter of mushrooms contained large amounts of carbohydrates, from 4.5 (A. bisporus/white) to 5.8 g/100 g fresh weight (L. edodes). L. edodes proved to be an especially good source of dietary fiber (3.3 g/100 g fresh weight); the other mushrooms contained 1.5-2.4 g/100 g fresh weight. Crude fat, ash, and protein (based on amino acid analysis) contents of the mushrooms varied 0.31-0.35, 0.49-0.78, and 1.8-2.09 g/100 g fresh weight, respectively. Mushrooms proved to be good sources of almost all essential amino acids when compared with common vegetables. The mean nitrogen-to-protein conversion factor analyzed in the present study was 4.7 +/- 0.21. When using this factor, a very good estimation of protein contents could be obtained for the main species of mushrooms cultivated in Finland.     

Genotype and environment effects on the contents of vitamins B1, B2, B3, and B6 in wheat grain

The total contents of thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (B2), and pyridoxine (B6) and the bioavailable forms of niacin (B3) were determined on wholemeal flours of 24 winter wheat varieties grown on four sites (United Kingdom, Poland, France, and Hungary) in 2007 and of two spring varieties grown on the same sites with the exception of Poland. The contents of vitamins B1 (5.53-13.55 μg/g dw), B2 (0.77-1.40 μg/g dw), and B6 (1.27-2.97 μg/g dw) were within the ranges reported previously, while the content of bioavailable vitamin B3 (0.16-1.74 μg/g dw) was about 10-15% of the total contents of vitamin B3 reported in previous studies. Strong correlations were observed between the contents of vitamins B1, B3, and B6, and partitioning of the variance in the contents of these three B vitamins showed that between 48 and 70% was accounted for by the environment. By contrast, the content of vitamin B2 was not correlated with the contents of other B vitamins, and 73% of the variance was ascribed to the error term, which suggests that this trait may be influenced by genotype × environment interactions. Whereas the contents of vitamins B1, B3, and B6 were correlated positively with the mean temperature from heading to harvest (r > 0.8), the content of vitamin B2 was positively correlated with precipitation during the 3 months prior to heading. These results are discussed in relation to the development of new wheat varieties with enhanced health benefits.     

Phenolic compound concentration and antioxidant activities of edible and medicinal mushrooms from Korea

A study was conducted to determine the content of phenolic compounds and the antioxidative activity of five edible and five medicinal mushrooms commonly cultivated in Korea. Phenolic compounds were analyzed using high performance liquid chromatography, and antioxidant activity was evaluated by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and superoxide dismutase activity. A total of 28 phenolic compounds were detected in the mushrooms studied. The average total concentration of phenolic compounds was 326 microg/g, the average being of 174 microg/g in edible mushrooms and 477 microg/g in medicinal mushrooms. The average total flavonoids concentration was 49 microg/g, with averages of 22 and 76 microg/g in edible and medicinal mushrooms, respectively. The DPPH radical scavenging activities ranged between 15 (Pleurotus eryngii) and 70% (Ganoderma lucidum) when reaction time was for 1 min. When reaction time was 30 min, the values ranged between 5 (Pleurotus eryngii) and 78% (Agaricus bisporus). The SOD activity averaged 28% among the 10 mushroom species, averages for edible and medicinal mushrooms being comparable. DPPH activities was significantly correlated (p < 0.01) with total content of phenolic compounds in edible mushrooms, while in medicinal mushrooms there was a significant correlation (p < 0.01) between SOD activity and total concentration of phenolic compounds. Numerous significant positive correlations were observed between phenolic compounds detected and antioxidative potential.     

Characterization of phytase activity from cultivated edible mushrooms and their production substrates

Phytase is used commercially to maximize phytic acid degradation and to decrease phosphorus levels in poultry and swine manure. To determine phytase content in edible mushrooms, basidiomata of Agaricus bisporus and three specialty mushrooms (Grifola frondosa, Lentinula edodes, and Pleurotus cornucopiae) and spent mushroom substrate (SMS) were surveyed. Enzyme activity ranged from 0.046 to 0.074 unit/g of tissue for four A. bisporus types (closed and open whites and closed and open browns) grown at The Pennsylvania State University's Mushroom Test Demonstration Facility (MTDF). The addition of various nutrient supplements to phase II mushroom production substrate did not alter phytase activity in A. bisporus. Portabella mushrooms (open brown) obtained from a commercial farm had significantly higher levels of phytase activity (0.211 unit/g of tissue) compared to A. bisporus grown at the MTDF. Of the specialty mushrooms surveyed, maitake (G. frondosa) had 20% higher phytase activity (0.287 unit/g of tissue) than commercial portabella mushrooms. The yellow oyster mushroom (P. cornucopiae) ranked second in level of phytase activity (0.213 unit/g of tissue). Shiitake (L. edodes) contained the least amount of phytase in basidiomata (0.107 unit/g of tissue). Post-crop steam treatment (60 degrees C, 24 h) of SMS reduced phytase activity from 0.074 to 0.018 unit/g. Phytase was partially purified from commercially grown portabella basidiomata 314-fold with an estimated molecular mass of 531 kDa by gel filtration chromatography. The optimum pH for activity was 5.5, but appreciable phytase activity was observed over the range of pH 5.0-8.0. Partially purified A. bisporus phytase was inactivated following a 10-min incubation at > or =60 degrees C.     

Vitamin D mushrooms: comparison of the composition of button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) treated postharvest with UVB light or sunlight

This study compared the compositional changes in mushrooms exposed to sunlight with those occurring after commercial ultraviolet (UV) light processing. Button mushrooms (75 kg) were processed in the presence or absence of UVB light; a third group was exposed to direct sunlight. Mushroom composition was evaluated using chemical analyses. Vitamin D concentrations were 5, 410, and 374 μg/100 g (dw) in control, UVB, and sunlight groups, respectively. On a dry weight basis, no significant changes in vitamin C, folate, vitamins B(6), vitamin B(5), riboflavin, niacin, amino acids, fatty acids, ergosterol, or agaritine were observed following UVB processing. Sunlight exposure resulted in a 26% loss of riboflavin, evidence of folate oxidation, and unexplained increases in ergosterol (9.5%). It was concluded that compositional effects of UVB light are limited to changes in vitamin D and show no detrimental changes relative to natural sunlight exposure and, therefore, provide important information relevant to the suitability and safety of UVB light technology for vitamin D enhanced mushrooms.     

Effects of stage of maturity and cooking on the chemical composition of select mushroom varieties

Select mushrooms were analyzed for proximate constituents and carbohydrate profiles either raw or cooked and at different stages of maturity. White button mushrooms (Agaricus biporus) contained high concentrations of ash (12.5 and 11.9% for immature and mature mushrooms, respectively). Starch and total dietary fiber (TDF) concentrations were higher in maitake (Grifola frondosa) and shiitake (Lentinus edodes) mushrooms. Crude protein (CP) and acid-hydrolyzed fat (AHF) were highest in crimini (Agaricus bisporus) and white button and maitake mushrooms, respectively. Chitin concentrations were highest in portabella (Agaricus bisporus) and enoki (Flammulina velutipes) mushrooms (8.0 and 7.7%, respectively). Oligosaccharides were found in low concentrations in some mushrooms. CP and TDF accounted for 86.4 and 49.3% of mushroom organic matter. Cooking increased starch, TDF, and AHF but decreased CP and chitin concentrations. The chitin concentration increased with mushroom maturity. These results detail the complete carbohydrate profile of several important mushroom varieties.     

不同压块模式对双孢菇生产的影响

中国双孢菇栽培工艺较为传统,产量不高,为了促进以牛粪和麦秸为主要原料的食用菌基质化利用效率,开展了双孢菇栽培基质压块工艺的试验研究。本试验采用传统工艺(方案1)和2种基质压块工艺(方案2:紧实度400 kg/m3,方案3:紧实度500 kg/m3)的双孢菇栽培效果进行对比。结果表明,方案1出菇时间为36 d,方案2和方案3出菇时间为38 d,压块工艺使出菇时间延长2 d但并不会影响双孢菇的正常生产;方案1、2、3的双孢菇单产分别为0.198、0.205和0.279 kg/kg,方案3提升最为显著,单产提高了40.9%;方案1、2、3的双孢菇栽培实际面积分别为5.4 m2、4.7 m2和3.8 m2,随着压块工艺紧实度的增加节约栽培占地面积越多;方案1、2、3的双孢菇总产量分别为22.5 kg、23.3 kg和31.7 kg。综合以上结果,本研究认为方案3为最优基质压块工艺,有效的提高了双孢菇产量、节约了栽培面积、降低了成本,该研究为基质压块工艺的实际应用奠定了理论基础。     

Cadmium contents of oats (Avena sativa L.) in official variety,organic cultivation,and nitrogen fertilization trials during 1997-1999

The cadmium (Cd) contents of oats (Avena sativa L.) in Finland were examined over a 3 year period in three types of trials: official variety, organic vs conventional cultivation, and nitrogen fertilization trials. Large seasonal and regional variations were found in the Cd concentrations. In official variety trials, the mean Cd contents in 1997, 1998, and 1999 were 0.046, 0.029, and 0.052 mg kg(-1) dry weight (dw), respectively, ranging from 0.008 to 0.120 mg kg(-1) dw. The concentrations were generally well below the maximum permitted level of 0.100 mg kg(-1) fresh weight. No significant differences were found between the organic and the conventional cultivation techniques. Nitrogen (N) fertilization increased the Cd contents of oats especially at high nitrogen rates (160 kg N hectare(-1) (ha)). Significant cultivar differences (p < 0.001) were determined in all trials. Cultivars Salo and Kolbu had consistently higher contents, and Belinda and Roope had lower Cd contents among the different growing conditions. Hence, it is possible to cultivate and develop oat cultivars less likely to accumulate Cd.     

Mercaptan-capturing properties of mushrooms.

Mercaptan-capturing properties of 33 kinds of mushrooms were measured. The mushrooms having a high capturing ability toward methyl mercaptan (MeSH) were Agaricus bisporus, A. campestris, Boletus fraternus, B. subvelutipes, Gyrodon lividus, Leccinum scabrum, Suillus grevillei, Morchella esculenta, Russula nigricans, Hypholoma sublateritium, and Lyophyllum sykosporum. These are liable to change their color when injured. The mixture of their acetone powders, which contain polyphenol oxidases, and phenolic compounds such as tyrosine, gamma-L-glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene (GHB), DOPA, variegatic acid, grevillin B and C, and pigments, and fluorescent compounds from H. sublateritium also showed high MeSH-capturing properties. 2,5-Bis(methylthio)-DOPA was isolated from the reaction mixture of tyrosine and MeSH with tyrosinase, and the existence of 2- and 5-methylthio-DOPAs was also suggested. Furthermore, acetone powders from fruits and vegetables oxidized the above diphenolic compounds to bind MeSH.     

Kinetic study of the oxidation of gamma-L-glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene catalyzed by mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) tyrosinase.

Despite the importance of the substrate gamma-L-glutaminyl-4-hydroxybenzene (GHB) in the melanin biosynthesis pathway in mushrooms Agaricus bisporus, the kinetics of its oxidation catalyzed by tyrosinase has never been properly characterized. For this purpose GHB and its corresponding o-diphenol (GDHB) were isolated and purified from A. bisporus mushrooms. The kinetic constants that characterize the action of tyrosinase on GHB and GDHB are = 2.10 +/- 0.10 microM/min, = 0.30 +/- 0.03 mM, = 210.0 +/- 7.3 microM/min, and = 7.80 +/- 0.41 mM. The oxygen kinetic constants for tyrosinase in the presence of these compounds are = 3. 20 +/- 0.21 microM/min, = 1.50 +/- 0.12 microM, = 200.2 +/- 8.1 microM/min, and = 100.2 +/- 8.2 microM. These values were compared to those obtained for the pair L-tyrosine/L-DOPA. The kinetic and structural reaction mechanisms of tyrosinase were corroborated for these physiological phenolic compounds.     

Autolysis of lentinan, an antitumor polysaccharide, during storage of Lentinus edodes, shiitake mushroom

The lentinan contents in the Lentinus edodes fruit body during storage were examined by ELISA method using anti-lentinan antibodies. The lentinan content (12.8 mg.g(-)(1) dw) before storage decreased to 3.7 mg.g(-)(1) dw over 7 days at 20 degrees C. However, it only slightly decreased at 1 degrees C and only decreased to 9.3 mg. g(-)(1) dw at 5 degrees C. Glucanase activity, which seems to be associated with lentinan degradation, increased more during storage of L. edodes at 20 degrees C than it did at lower temperatures. In addition, only glucose was detected as a degraded product from lentinan by the glucanase. This suggested that this enzyme would fit the profile of an exo-type glucanase. Also, polyphenol oxidase activity, known as an index of freshness reduction in the mushroom, increased approximately 2.7-fold (to 61.5 units.mg(-)(1)) over 7 days during storage at 20 degrees C. However, its activity changed little during storage at lower temperatures. These results indicate that the reduction during storage of the quality of L. edodes as a functional food is accompanied by the decrease of lentinan, and by browning, and that exo-glucanase plays an important role in the decrease of lentinan content.     

Vitamin D and sterol composition of 10 types of mushrooms from retail suppliers in the United States

Vitamin D(2) (ergocalciferol) and sterols were analyzed in mushrooms sampled nationwide in the United States to update the USDA Nutrient Database for Standard Reference. Vitamin D(2) was assayed using HPLC with [(3)H]-vitamin D(3) internal standard and sterols by GC-FID mass spectrometric (MS) confirmation. Vitamin D(2) was low (0.1-0.3 μg/100 g) in Agaricus bisporus (white button, crimini, portabella) and enoki, moderate in shiitake and oyster (0.4-0.7 μg/100 g), and high in morel, chanterelle, maitake (5.2-28.1 μg/100 g) and UV-treated portabella (3.4-20.9 μg/100 g), with significant variability among composites for some types. Ergosterol (mg/100 g) was highest in maitake and shiitake (79.2, 84.9) and lowest in morel and enoki (26.3, 35.5); the range was <10 mg/100 g among white button composites but 12-50 mg/100 g among samples of other types. All mushrooms contained ergosta-5,7-dienol (22,23-dihydroergosterol) (3.53-18.0 mg/100 g) and (except morel) ergosta-7-enol. Only morel contained brassicasterol (28.6 mg/100 g) and campesterol (1.23-4.54 mg/100 g) and no ergosta-7,22-dienol. MS was critical in distinguishing campesterol from ergosta-7,22-dienol.     

电子束辐照对双孢菇采后品质的影响

以1.0,2.0,3.0和4.0kGy剂量的电子束辐照双孢菇,4℃下储藏保鲜,研究辐照对双孢菇外观品质、水溶性维生素含量等的影响.结果表明,辐照对双孢菇中水溶性糖、氨基酸、VB1、VB2、烟酸含量无显著影响,Vc对辐照比较敏感,当剂量为4.0kGy时,其含量较对照组显著降低了31.1%(P<0.01).2.0kGy辐照...     

基于机器视觉的双孢蘑菇在线自动分级系统设计与试验

针对双孢蘑菇工厂化生产中人工分级劳动量大、生产效率低、标准不统一等问题,该文研究设计了一套基于机器视觉的双孢蘑菇精选分级系统,提出基于分水岭、Canny算子、闭运算等处理的双孢蘑菇图像大小分级算法,设计了基于传送速度、距离、触发时间与算法处理时间的精确控制策略,开发了基于Open CV 2.4.10和visual studio 2010的系统分析与控制软件,在最大限度减少破损情况下,实现双孢蘑菇实时在线精选分级。基于研发的双孢蘑菇自动精选分级系统样机,对新鲜双孢蘑菇进行了分级性能及分级效果的测试。试验结果表明,在输送速度12.7 m/min、相机行频1 900 Hz下,自动分级系统的平均分级速度是102.41个/min、平均准确率97.42%、破损率0.05%、漏检率0.96%,相对于人工分级效率提高38.86%,准确率提高6.84%,破损率降低0.13%,可以连续稳定工作。对于长时间分级,由于人容易疲劳,自动分级的优势更加明显。     

双孢蘑菇工厂化生产关键配套装置设计与试验

针对双孢蘑菇工厂化生产过程中有关二次发酵培养料装盘-码盘,托盘在育菇床架收布及双孢蘑菇采摘3个关键作业环节,分别设计了与各环节相配套的培养料连续装盘-码盘装置、培养料托盘机械化收布装置及与机械式育菇床架配合使用的移动式采菇滑车等作业装置,结合双孢蘑菇栽培技术要求确定了该配套装置各关键部件设计参数,并进行了作业性能测试。装置性能试验结果表明:设计的相关作业环节配套装置运行可靠、稳定,培养料压实厚度保持在269.8~281.5 mm,紧实度均值达到491.4 kg/m3,压实均匀性保持在97.38%~99.62%之间,压实效果满足双孢蘑菇后续工厂化生产需求;涉及3个工段的装置基本运行生产时间不超过5 min,提高了双孢蘑菇工厂化生产效率;设计装置产量效应显著,配套装置栽培双孢蘑菇的小区产量均值可达17.61 kg/m2,较传统人工栽培提高了5.79 kg/m2。研究结果将为双孢蘑菇工厂化生产配套装置的设计研发提供参考。     

On the chemical composition and nutritional value of pleurotus taxa growing on umbelliferous plants (apiaceae)

Unpublished data on the chemical composition and nutritional value of Pleurotus mushrooms, growing on Umbelliferous plants (Apiaceae), are here reported. Cultivated basidiomata of four different Pleurotus taxa were analyzed in order to evaluate the composition in lipids, sugars, nitrogen, water, vitamins, ashes, and energetic values. The results showed that Pleurotus mushrooms are suitable in every type of diet thanks to their low caloric content, gastronomic value, vitamins, and mineral salt contents. The presence of a high content of vitamin B(12) and riboflavin in Pleurotus nebrodensis is noteworthy.     

Effects of postharvest pulsed UV light treatment of white button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus) on vitamin D2 content and quality attributes

Pulsed UV light (PUV) was investigated as a means to rapidly increase vitamin D(2) (D(2)) content in fresh button mushrooms (Agaricus bisporus). D(2) was found to increase to over 100% RDA/serving following 3 pulses (1 s). Following 12 pulses, D(2) began to approach a maximum concentration of 27 μg/g DW. The D(2) produced with 3 pulses decreased from 11.9 to 9.05 μg/g DW after 3 days of storage; however, D(2) levels remained nearly constant after this point throughout an 11-day shelf life study. PUV treated sliced mushrooms produced significantly more D(2) than whole mushrooms, and it was also observed that brown buttons generated significantly less D(2) than white buttons. Several quality attributes were assessed, and no significant differences between control and PUV treated mushrooms were observed. These findings suggest that PUV treatment is a viable method for rapidly increasing the D(2) content of fresh mushrooms without adversely affecting quality parameters.     

Identification and quantification of caffeoylquinic acids and flavonoids from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) heads, juice, and pomace by HPLC-DAD-ESI/MS(n)

A method for the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds from artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) heads, juice, and pomace by HPLC with diode array and mass spectrometric detection was developed. Among the 22 major compounds, 11 caffeoylquinic acids and 8 flavonoids were detected. Quantification of individual compounds was carried out by external calibration. Apigenin 7-O-glucuronide was found to be the major flavonoid in all samples investigated. 1,5-Di-O-caffeoylquinic acid represented the major hydroxycinnamic acid, with 3890 mg/kg in artichoke heads and 3269 mg/kg in the pomace, whereas in the juice 1,3-di-O-caffeoylquinic acid (cynarin) was predominant, due to the isomerization during processing. Total phenolic contents of approximately 12 g/kg on a dry matter basis revealed that artichoke pomace is a promising source of phenolic compounds that might be recovered and used as natural antioxidants or functional food ingredients.     

Contents of phenolic acids, alkyl- and alkenylresorcinols, and avenanthramides in commercial grain products

The contents of free and total phenolic acids and alk(en)ylresorcinols were analyzed in commercial products of eight grains: oat (Avena sativa), wheat (Triticum spp.), rye (Secale cerale), barley (Hordeum vulgare), buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum), millet (Panicum miliaceum), rice (Oryza sativa), and corn (Zea mays). Avenanthramides were determined in three oat products. Free phenolic acids, alk(en)ylresorcinols, and avenanthramides were extracted with methanolic acetic acid, 100% methanol, and 80% methanol, respectively, and quantified by HPLC. The contents of total phenolic acids were quantified by HPLC analysis after alkaline and acid hydrolyses. The highest contents of total phenolic acids were in brans of wheat (4527 mg/kg) and rye (4190 mg/kg) and in whole-grain flours of these grains (1342 and 1366 mg/kg, respectively). In other products, the contents varied from 111 mg/kg (white wheat bread) to 765 mg/kg (whole-grain rye bread). Common phenolic acids found in the grain products were ferulic acid (most abundant), ferulic acid dehydrodimers, sinapic acid, and p-coumaric acid. The grain products were found to contain either none or only low amounts of free phenolic acids. The content of avenanthramides in oat flakes (26-27 mg/kg) was about double that found in oat bran (13 mg/kg). The highest contents of alk(en)ylresorcinols were observed in brans of rye (4108 mg/kg) and wheat (3225 mg/kg). In addition, whole-grain rye products (rye bread, rye flour, and whole-wheat flour) contained considerable levels of alk(en)ylresorcinols (524, 927, and 759 mg/kg, respectively).     

电喷雾纳米涂膜工艺优化及其对双孢蘑菇保鲜效果

为了使涂膜技术更有效地应用于果蔬采后保鲜,该文通过电喷雾技术将纳米SiO_2/马铃薯淀粉膜液喷涂在新鲜的双孢蘑菇上,研究了在(4±1)℃贮藏期间双孢蘑菇生理品质的变化,筛选出适于电喷雾涂膜的最佳膜液浓度,且对电喷雾形成涂层的性能(透水率、透O_2率、透CO_2率、水溶性、溶胀度、拉伸强度)和微观结构(scanning electron microscopy,SEM、X-ray diffraction,XRD、fourier transform infrared spectroscopy,FTIR)进行一定的研究。结果表明,适合双孢蘑菇电喷雾技术纳米涂膜保鲜的最佳膜液0配比为纳米SiO_2质量分数0.4%、马铃薯淀粉质量分数4%、甘油质量分数3%,其透水率、透O_2率、透CO_2率分别为514.35、126.84、778.06 g/(m2×d)、拉伸强度24.50 MPa、水溶性54.76%、溶胀度85.75%。电喷雾因液滴带同种电荷,形成的涂层比较均匀,纳米SiO_2分散性更好,分子间作用力较强,且涂层的性能更优。在贮藏保鲜期间电喷雾处理的双孢蘑菇相对普通喷雾处理组能保持较好(P0.05)的感官品质及生理品质,研究结果为电喷雾技术在食用菌采后保鲜的应用上提供参考。