桑枝栽培香菇研究进展

桑枝是蚕桑生产中一大副产物,全国年产桑枝可达1 200万t,桑枝屑与杂木屑成分相近,作为香菇生产基料开发,既是发展蚕桑产业的需要,也是发展食用菌产业及国家生态建设的需要。本文从桑枝特点、桑枝栽培香菇试验及栽培技术方面阐述了桑枝栽培香菇研究进展,提出了存在的问题及建议,为桑枝栽培香菇推广应用提供参考。     

盐边县桑枝食用菌栽培技术

桑枝条是盐边县蚕桑产业的主要副产物之一。利用桑枝条栽培食用菌具有资源充足、成本低、营养丰富、市场前景好等优势。笔者总结了盐边县桑枝食用菌的栽培技术。     

桑枝食用菌栽培技术初探

桑枝条是栽桑养蚕的主要副产物之一,是蚕桑产业的大宗资源之一。利用桑枝条栽培食用菌具有农药残留量少、生产适应性广、成本低廉的优势。本文通过不同比例桑木屑配方的生产试验,探索出了桑木屑与棉籽壳比例为2：1的高产、优质生产配方,在生产实践中总结出了桑枝食用菌的栽培技术。     

利用桑枝屑栽培平菇的研究

桑树枝条是蚕桑生产的副产物,一般作为柴火处理,经济价值极低。利用桑枝屑栽培食用菌可明显提高枝条的附加值,大大提高单位面积的经济效益,有利于蚕桑生产的可持续发展。本文报道了利用桑枝屑栽培平菇的研究,结果表明,用桑枝屑替代部分栽培料培养平菇获得了成功,其发菌情况、子实体生长和平菇产量等与棉籽壳培养料为对照的基本相同,生物转化率达76．8％,处于较高水平,因此该方法可用于平菇的生产和开发。     

桑枝茶树菇栽培技术

四川省现有桑园160万亩每年剪伐桑枝条达1000万t左右，利用其为原料生产桑枝食用菌，既可保护生态环境，又能转移农村剩余劳动力，对于稳固蚕桑产业基础，延长产业链条，提高蚕桑产业综合经济效益具有十分重要的意义。     

山西省桑枝食用菌发展现状的调查

介绍了阳城县、高平市、沁水县桑枝食用菌的开发现状,结合山西省的蚕桑产业发展形势,提出了建立桑枝食用菌示范工程,稳定蚕桑产业的意见和建议。     

桑枝食用菌废弃物的循环利用

桐乡市是浙江省蚕桑主产区,年发种量、产茧量一直位居全省首位。蚕桑产业是桐乡市的一项传统优势产业,具有深厚文化底蕴。目前,该市年饲养蚕种稳定在25万张左右,全市桑园面积8333 hm2。据统计,桑园年均生产桑枝条鲜重约800 kg/667 m2,年可产鲜桑枝10万t。在传统经济中,桑枝作为燃料,经济效益甚微;随着农村液化气、沼气的普及,以柴禾作燃料逐步减少,众多的桑枝也逐渐成为废弃物,对环境造成一定的不利影响。利用桑枝、树枝栽培食用菌，是解决农业资源循环利用的有效途径。然而一直以来，我市的食用菌生产品种、生产量仅限于供应本地市场为主，农业资源利用率低，循环利用水平不高。     

加强体系间交流合作,助力桑枝菌产业高质量发展

为促进蚕桑与食用菌产业深度融合,加快特色桑枝食用菌产业高质量发展,国家蚕桑产业技术体系机械化功能研究室主任张剑飞研究员、土肥水管理岗位科学家张建华研究员联合国家食用菌产业技术体系毛木耳和药用菌栽培岗位科学家谭伟研究员及团队组成科技攻关小组,发挥各自优势,共同研究示范推广利用桑枝木屑大规模栽培木耳等相关新技术新设备.     

桑枝蚕沙栽培食用菌

一、利用桑枝蚕沙栽培食用菌的重要意义蚕桑生产是一项综合性的生产,除了所谓主产品蚕茧可供缫丝、织绸及作绢纺原料外,在生产过程中还有十余种副产物可以进行综合利用.如桑的副产物桑枝、桑根、桑皮、冬桑叶等可制人造棉、纸浆,人造丝、医药及生产食用菌;养蚕过程中的副产物蚕沙(包括蚕粪和残余叶)可提取干酪素、活性炭、叶绿素等;制种过程中的蚕蛹、蚕蛾可提取蛹油干酪素、酪氨酸、制蛾公酒等。我国是蚕丝古国,从古代起,劳动人民就开始在农业、医药等方面进行综合利用。现在农业、压药、食品、日用化工等方面都有日益广泛的利用,随着深度     

桑枝条利用研究进展与讨论

桑枝条是蚕桑生产最大的副产物,近年来已有部分专家和试验站开展了桑枝食用菌、桑枝板材的研究和试验示范工作,取得了一定的成绩。“十三五”期间,作者承担桑枝叶加工岗位相关工作,在桑枝叶活性成分及功能研究、健康食品开发和饲料化利用方面进展较顺利,但在桑枝条产业化利用方面进展缓慢。借此机会,提出问题,开展讨论,希望各位专家提出宝贵意见和建议,加快桑枝条的产业化利用。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.