生物炭颗粒在饱和多孔介质中的迁移与滞留

生物炭在实际生产实践中具有许多潜在的农业和环境效益,因此受到了越来越多的关注。生物炭在多孔介质中的迁移不仅会影响它在土壤中的归趋,还可能会影响微生物群体及土壤有机质的动态变化以及被吸附的污染物对环境的影响。实验通过柱实验研究了微米级生物炭颗粒在饱和多孔介质中的迁移和滞留特性,主要选取了四种影响生物炭迁移的潜在因素:原材料、裂解温度、背景溶液pH值和离子强度。实验结果显示微米级生物炭在饱和多孔介质中具有一定的迁移能力,但是大部分的微米级生物炭会滞留在饱和多孔介质的表面和孔隙间。生物炭的制备原材料对于生物炭的表面电势特性有较大影响,从而影响了微米级生物炭在饱和多孔介质中的迁移能力。热解温度越高,生物炭的表面电势越大,迁移能力越弱。随着背景溶液离子强度增加和pH值减小,微米级生物炭颗粒在多孔介质中滞留增加,迁移能力减弱。     

几种物理因素对四氧化三铁纳米颗粒在有机质存在条件下的饱和多孔介质中迁移持留行为的影响

近些年来,环境研究者对纳米颗粒的迁移性进行了部分研究,但是对环境稳定性低、反应活性高的金属氧化物工程纳米颗粒在多孔介质中的运移沉积行为的系统探讨还很不足,尤其是对其在有机质（NOM）存在条件下迁移行为的了解非常有限。本研究选用四氧化三铁磁纳米颗粒（MENPs）作为研究对象,采用填充柱淋溶实验法,对其在饱和多孔介质中的迁移持留行为展开探讨,其目的是考察几种主要介质环境物理因素对其在天然有机质存在条件下的纵向淋溶过程及其在介质中持留量的影响作用。结果显示,不利吸附条件下的MENPs集聚体在多孔介质中的吸附持留及迁移性能取决于多种合力的作用效果。其中,孔隙水流速增大时,MENPs在多孔介质中的迁移性增强,持留性减弱,持留MENPs在介质中的逐层分布随孔隙水流速改变而变化;而且,MENPs在多孔介质中的迁移持留性与介质颗粒的表面物理性质也有关,天然有机质的存在一定程度上可以改善石英砂表面的异质性。另外,介质颗粒粒径大小也是影响MENP-介质间持留机制的重要因子。当多孔介质颗粒粒径大小改变时,MENPs穿透曲线及持留分布曲线随之变化明显,MENPs的吸附沉积机制也相应有所不同。     

胶体颗粒对不同粒径饱和多孔介质渗透性的影响

探讨胶体颗粒在多孔介质中迁移所发生的物理、化学及生物作用过程,在许多学科中具有重要的科学意义。采用室内石英砂柱实验,开展了定水头条件下不同浓度和粒径的胶体颗粒在饱和多孔介质中的运移行为研究。共使用了3种胶体粒径、3种浓度的胶体溶液和3种粒径范围的石英砂。实验表明:多孔介质的相对渗透系数K/K0(K为各时刻计算所得的渗透系数,K0为初始渗透系数)减小程度与颗粒浓度成正比;胶体颗粒越大,越易在表层沉积,而小颗粒易向下部迁移,但总体来看粒径效应没有浓度效应明显;当胶体颗粒在不同粒径的饱和多孔介质中迁移时,粒径大的多孔介质各段K/K0均有明显降低,而粒径小的只在表层变化明显。不同条件下总体相对渗透系数与时间之间呈二次方相关关系,但当多孔介质粒径较小时,相关性不显著。介质渗流流速及砂柱不同位置胶体颗粒浓度变化与介质渗透性变化相对应。用扫描电镜(Scanning Electron Microscope,SEM)进行定性表征,进一步说明胶体颗粒会堵塞多孔介质孔隙影响其渗透性。实验中发现当输入浓度C0小于0.5 g·L–1且dp/Dp>0.018(dp为胶体颗粒粒径,Dp为石英砂算数平均粒径)时,会出现多孔介质局部K/K0增大的现象。     

砂质多孔介质中土壤颗粒的迁移

通过室内模拟试验,研究了不同土壤悬液浓度和不同多孔介质组成条件下土壤颗粒在砂质多孔介质中的截留和迁出特征,以揭示土壤颗粒在砂质多孔介质中的迁移特征。结果表明,土壤颗粒在砂质多孔介质中迁移时会受到土壤颗粒粒级、浓度和介质组成的影响。截留作用在土壤颗粒通过砂质多孔介质时起主导作用,土壤颗粒截留比例随着土壤颗粒浓度的增大逐渐增加;而随着多孔介质中粗砂比例的增大,其逐渐降低。土壤总颗粒、50μm和1~50μm土壤颗粒迁出量分别与该粒级相应投入量呈幂函数增加趋势,而1μm土壤颗粒的迁出量与其投入量呈线性增加趋势。土壤总颗粒迁出量与介质中粗砂比例之间存在线性增加关系。因此,多孔介质组成、颗粒粒径和浓度在土壤颗粒迁移过程中起着重要作用,在多孔介质中土壤颗粒和污染物迁移研究方面需要充分考虑这些因素。     

二氧化钛纳米颗粒对铜在土壤中运移的影响

采用柱淋溶实验方法研究了二氧化钛纳米颗粒对铜在不同土壤中运移的影响。结果表明,在有机质含量较低的灰褐土和潮土中,二氧化钛纳米颗粒的存在使铜在这两种土壤中迁移能力分别增强了8 432倍和32倍,二氧化钛纳米颗粒结合态铜是铜在土壤中运移的主要形态。然而这一现象在具有较高有机质含量的褐土和黑土中变得不明显。在褐土中只有1.35%的铜以二氧化钛纳米颗粒结合态运移;而在黑土中,几乎没有二氧化钛纳米颗粒结合态运移的铜,二氧化钛纳米颗粒不作为铜离子运移的载体。在运移过程中,铜能部分或完全地从二氧化钛纳米颗粒上解吸下来。土壤有机质是引起二氧化钛纳米颗粒吸附态铜解吸的重要因素,铜从二氧化钛纳米颗粒上解吸比率随着土壤有机质含量的增加而增加。土壤有机质对铜离子具有强烈的络合作用,土壤有机质越高,越容易从二氧化钛纳米颗粒上竞争吸附铜离子,从而增加铜的解吸比率。     

非水相流体在多孔介质中迁移的研究进展

从非水相流体（NAPLs）在多孔介质中的持留特性、渗透特征、迁移的数学模型以及试验方法和技术等方面综述了非水相流体在多孔介质中迁移理论的研究进展。在分析国内外研究现状的基础上，指出了今后非水相流体在多孔介质中迁移理论研究的方向和发展趋势，提出了需要进一步研究的关键性问题。     

饱和多孔介质中高岭石胶体和SiO2胶体运移行为比较

胶体在多孔介质中的运移行为不仅取决于胶体本身的性质,同时还受到溶液离子强度、孔隙水流速等物理、化学因素的影响。本文通过室内饱和石英砂柱出流实验,探讨了高岭石胶体(Kaolinite胶体)和SiO2胶体在不同离子强度(0.001 5,0.01和0.03 mol L-1)和平均孔隙流速(约20和5 cm h-1)作用下的迁移行为。结果表明,随溶液离子强度增加,Kaolinite胶体和SiO2胶体的沉淀量增加;平均孔隙水流速的增加则会促进Kaolinite胶体和SiO2胶体的运移。同时还表明,离子强度和流速变化对粒径较大的Kaolinite胶体运移的影响要显著大于SiO2胶体。研究结果有助于加深胶体对污染物运移的促进机制的理解,同时对全面、客观评价地下环境的污染风险具有一定的指导意义。     

非饱和含湿多孔介质在考虑毛细滞后影响时的传热传质理论

本文通过在液体渗流中引入毛细滞后的影响，采用液相运动的最小梯度假设，导出了非饱和含湿多孔介质的含湿饱和度方程，能量方程和气相总压力方程，从而建立了非饱和含湿多孔介质在受毛细滞后影响时传热质的较普遍理论。     

对多孔介质物体孔隙度-蜡封法改进的探讨——以土壤团聚体为例

应用阿基米德原理 ,在以前蜡封法的基础上进行改进 ,提出一种简单、快速而准确的测多孔介质物体孔隙度的方法。该方法突破了原有方法实验装置难的问题 ,在一般实验室就可以建起来。     

容重对土壤饱和水分运动参数的影响

通过石蜡固定容重方法测定了4种土壤不同容重下的饱和重量含水量与饱和导水率，分析了容重对这两个土壤饱和水分运动参数的影响。结果表明：饱和重量含水量随容重的增加而减小，与容重成反比关系．饱和导水率随着容重的增加呈现幂函数形式递减。这些结果将为构建变容重土壤水分运动创新性理论体系提供适当的定量关系，有利于实现土壤水资源的合理利用。     

腐殖酸-高岭石胶体对铀(VI)在饱和多孔介质中迁移过程的影响

为探讨可溶性有机质存在条件下黏土矿物胶体对铀（VI）在饱和多孔介质中迁移的影响,选取2种石英砂（细砂和粗砂）分别构建均质构型的石英砂柱,研究了饱和水流条件下腐殖酸存在时高岭石胶体对铀在2种不同粒径石英砂中迁移的影响。结果表明,示踪溶质在2种均质石英砂柱中的穿透曲线相似且分布对称。当在石英砂柱中只通入铀（VI）溶液时,铀（VI）在2种粒径石英砂柱中的穿透量均较小（<25%）,此时大量的铀（VI）通过络合作用吸附在石英砂表面上。当通入溶液中存在腐殖酸和高岭石胶体时,铀（VI）在2种石英砂柱中的穿透量增加,且在600~850 μm石英砂中（58.36%）比250~425 μm石英砂中（42.68%）穿透量更多。这充分表明腐殖酸—高岭石胶体和石英砂粒径是影响铀（VI）在地下环境中迁移的重要因素。     

Transport of Explosive Residue Surrogates in Saturated Porous Media

Department of Defense operational ranges may become contaminated by particles of explosives residues (ER) as a result of low-order detonations of munitions. The goal of this study was to determine the extent to which particles of ER could migrate through columns of sandy sediment, representing model aquifer materials. Transport experiments were conducted in saturated columns (2?×?20?cm) packed with different grain sizes of clean sand or glass beads. Fine particles (approximately 2 to 50?μm) of 2,6-dinitrotoluene (DNT) were used as a surrogate for ER. DNT particles were applied to the top 1?cm of sand or beads in the columns, and the columns were subsequently leached with artificial groundwater solutions. DNT migration occurred as both dissolved and particulate phases. Concentration differences between unfiltered and filtered samples indicate that particulate DNT accounted for up to 41% of the mass recovered in effluent samples. Proportionally, more particulate than dissolved DNT was recovered in effluent solutions from columns with larger grain sizes, while total concentrations of DNT in effluent were inversely related to grain size. Of the total DNT mass applied to the uppermost layer of the column, <3% was recovered in the effluent with the bulk remaining in the top 2?cm of the column. Our results suggest there is some potential for subsurface migration of ER particles and that most of the particles will be retained over relatively short transport distances.     

孔隙水流速对胶体在饱和多孔介质中运移的影响

采用室内石英砂柱出流实验和数学模型,研究了流速对自然土壤胶体、蒙脱石胶体和腐殖酸钠胶体在饱和多孔介质中运移的影响。结果表明:孔隙水流速影响着胶体在多孔介质中的运移过程,流速的提高可加速土壤胶体的出流过程,减小蒙脱石胶体和腐殖酸钠胶体的沉积率。胶体的运移过程除受孔隙水流速的影响外,胶体特性的不同亦决定着胶体运移过程的差异,由于胶体表面性质不同,与介质之间的作用力不同,决定了胶体运移过程中的沉积和释放。     

Processes in Pathogenic Biocolloidal Contaminants Transport in Saturated and Unsaturated Porous Media: A Review

There are several classes of subsurface colloids, abiotic and biotic. Basically, small particles of inorganic, organic and pathogenic biocolloids variety exist in natural subsurface system. Transport of these pathogenic biocolloidal contaminants (Viruses, bacteria and protozoa) pose a great risk in water resources and have caused large outbreaks of waterborne diseases. Biocolloid transport processes through saturated and unsaturated porous media is of significant interest, from the perspective of protection of groundwater supplies from contamination, assessment of risk from pathogens in groundwater and for the design of better water treatment systems to remove biocolloids from drinking water supplies This paper has reviewed the large volume of work that has already been done and the progress that has been made towards understanding the various basic multi-processes to predicting the biocolloid transport in saturated and unsaturated porous media. There are several basic processes such as physical, chemical and biological processes which are important in biocolloid transport. The physical processes such as advection, dispersion, diffusion, straining and physical filtration, adsorption and biological processes such as growth/decay processes and include active adhesion/detachment, survival and chemotaxis are strongly affected on biocolloid transport in saturated and unsaturated porous media. The unsaturated zone may play an important role in protecting aquifers from biocolloidal contamination by retaining them in the solid phase during their transport through the zone. Finally, author here highlighted the future research direction based on his critical review on biocolloid transport in saturated and unsaturated porous media.     

Tracking the Transport of Silver Nanoparticles in Soil: a Saturated Column Experiment

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) can enter the environment when released from products containing them. As AgNPs enter soil, they are often retained in the soil profile and/or leached to the groundwater. This research assessed the transport of AgNPs in their “particle form” through the soil profile using a series of columns. Three soil types were put into soil columns: LSH (loam with high organic matter (OM)), LSL (loam with low OM), and Sand (no OM). The results showed that AgNP transport and retention in soil as well as particle size changes are affected by soil organic matter (OM) and the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of soil. OM affected the transport and retention of AgNPs. This was evident in the LSH columns where the OM concentration was the highest and the AgNP content the lowest in the soil layers and in the effluent water. The highest transported AgNP content was detected in the Sand columns where OM was the lowest. CEC had an impact on the particle size of the AgNPs that were retained in the soil layers. This was clear in columns packed with high CEC-containing soils (LSL and LSH) where AgNP particle size decreased more substantially than in the columns packed with sand. However, the decrease in AgNP sizes in the effluent water was less than the decrease in particle size of AgNPs transported through but retained in the soil. This means that the AgNPs that reached the effluent were transported directly from the first layer through the soil macropores. This work highlights the ability to track AgNPs at low concentrations (50 μg kg^?1) and monitor the changes in particle size potential as the particles leach through soil all of which increases our knowledge about AgNP transport mechanisms in porous media.     

不同土水比土壤浸提液与饱和泥浆电导率的比较研究

针对饱和泥浆调制时饱和点的不确定性及其电导率测定的不稳定性等问题,为了统一和准确地表征暗管改碱的盐碱土盐渍化程度,采用室内化验与统计分析的方法,系统比较研究了饱和泥浆所需水量与饱和土壤溶液所需水量及其电导率和全盐与土水比1︰5、1︰2.5、1︰1、1︰0.5系列的相关和换算关系。研究结果表明:在黄河三角洲盐碱土(氯化物类型)区,可采用通过计算土壤孔隙度得到的饱和土壤溶液含水量来定量确定原来定性判定饱和点的饱和泥浆含水量,以饱和土壤溶液电导率可完全代替饱和泥浆电导率;饱和泥浆电导率数值和全盐含量均不是土水比1︰5、1︰2.5、1︰1、1︰0.5系列中的最高值,但均与其存在极显著的相关关系,饱和泥浆电导率与土水比1︰5土壤浸提液的电导率、饱和泥浆全盐含量与土水比1︰0.5全盐含量相关性最高,可分别用最佳拟合回归函数模型进行换算:一元线性函数模型Ece=2.042 8×EC1︰5+0.089 5、一元二次函数模型Tse=0.064 1×(TS1︰0.5)2?0.059×TS1︰0.5+0.397 9。