透明草金鱼的皮肤转录组分析

采用Illumina HiSeq技术对体长(45.00±5.42)mm的透明草金鱼和不透明草金鱼皮肤组织透明性状相关基因进行转录组测序.6个组织共产生309364078条过滤序列,组装后获得72083个unigene,平均长度为1321 bp.DESeq分析共筛选出181个差异表达基因(DEGs),其中上调基因66个、...     

β-葡聚糖对亚东鲑幼鱼存活及生长的影响

在水温13～14℃下,将平均体质量(1.07±0.3)g的亚东鲑幼鱼养在100 cm×100 cm×60 cm圆形玻璃缸循环水系统中,密度为159尾/m3,水深约40 cm,投喂添加0％、0.1％、0.2％、0.5％、1.0％、1.5％和2.0％β-葡聚糖的饲料饲养60 d,研究β-葡聚糖对亚东鲑幼鱼存活及生长的影响....     

斑马鱼雄核发育技术研究

为探索人工诱导斑马鱼雄核发育二倍体克隆鱼的途径和方法,运用紫外线照射卵子使其遗传物质失活,利用斑马鱼体表花纹形态作为遗传标记,使用热休克技术阻止受精卵的第一次卵裂加倍染色体。试验结果表明总辐射剂量为120mJ cm2紫外线照射斑马鱼卵可以使雌核遗传物质完全失活;体表花纹为豹斑花纹被证实是由纯合隐性基因控制的性状,可以作为雄核发育遗传标记;遗传失活卵受精后经2min,(41 5±0 5)℃的热休克后出现两个染色体加倍的高峰期,分别为受精后的11min和23min,且后一时期效果优于前一时期,最高二倍体诱导率达46 15%;经遗传分析,共获得正常存活的雄核发育二倍体克隆鱼19尾,说明经过优化的紫外线结合热休克等染色体操作技术,可以成为诱导雄核发育二倍体克隆鱼的有效手段。     

水深和盐度对河蟹苗种培育成活率的影响

通过对河蟹苗种(豆蟹)放养期间不同水深梯度和不同盐度梯度的对比试验,分析了水深与盐度对蟹苗成活率的影响。试验结果表明:在四个水深梯度(30cm、60cm、90cm、120cm)中,水深保持在60cm的池塘蟹苗成活率相对较高,为52.6%;水深保持在30cm的池塘蟹苗成活率相对较小,为34.4%。在四个盐度梯度(6‰、4‰、2‰、0‰)中,盐度为2‰的池塘蟹苗成活率相对较高,为53.6%;盐度为6‰的池塘蟹苗成活率相对较低,为22.6%。通过分析认为蟹苗放养的水深控制在60~90cm,盐度控制在3‰以内为宜。     

水深对黄鳝最大摄食率和饲料选择性的影响

室内研究了不同水深条件下黄鳝的最大摄食率以及黄鳝对沉性饲料和浮性饲料的选择性。在水温相同(24℃)和6 d静水无土养殖的条件下,水深对初始体质量(9.93±1.16)g/尾黄鳝的最大摄食率有极显著的影响,不同水深组最大摄食率从高到低顺序为:10 cm>15、5 cm>20、25、30 cm。水深为10.45 cm时黄鳝食欲最佳。黄鳝摄食沉性饲料的比例明显高于浮性饲料。摄食浮性饲料的比例极显著受水深的影响,从高到低水深组的顺序为:5~10 cm>15 cm>20~25 cm。     

不同家系中华绒螯蟹幼蟹在室外和室内的生长

2015年6月上旬,将3个家系中华绒螯蟹大眼幼体分别饲养在面积为40m2(6.50m×6.15m)的稻田围隔中,每个围隔约2500尾。2015年7月中下旬,随机从中选取各3个家系的幼蟹,放入室内300L的养殖缸(30只/缸)中对比养殖。2015年8—10月连续测量了幼蟹的头胸甲宽、头胸甲长、体质量,用多重方差分析了环境、家系及生长阶段的性状参数。试验结果表明,养殖环境对A家系幼蟹生长性状的影响不显著(P0.05),对B家系则极显著(P0.01),对C家系,除了初始的生长性状影响不显著外(P0.05),其余均存在显著影响(P0.05),表明A家系具有一定的环境适应性。家系因素对幼蟹生长性状参数均存在显著影响(P0.05),表明遗传对于幼蟹的生长具有重要作用。相关分析表明,蟹种的头胸甲宽、头胸甲长在两种养殖环境中均呈极显著正相关(P0.01),相关系数分别为0.314、0.305;体质量呈不显著正相关(r=0.146,P0.05),表明以头胸甲宽、头胸甲长为选育指标得到的后代对两种养殖环境有一定的适应性。     

用切除眼柄来加速螯虾生长

加拿大渔业环境部渔业海洋中心进行切除螯虾(Homarus americanlls)眼柄的试验，以观察能否加速螯虾的生产率(试验螯虾壳长为6．3～8．1cm)，并观察眼柄的切除对蜕壳的影响。试验同时还进行了如下比较试验：单个容器与群养的比较；用15℃与用0～10℃的饲养比较；雌虾与雄虾的生长和成活比较；二种饵料配方饲养比较。     

光照强度对人工养殖的山女鳟幼鱼生长性能的影响

在水温12.1～13.9°C下和直径80 cm、高60 cm,水深40 cm的圆形选育缸中研究了不同光照强度(1200lx、600 lx和300 lx)对平均体质量为10.10±0.8g的山女鳟(Oncorhynchus masou masou)幼鱼生长和存活的影响。结果表明,光照强度显著影响山女鳟幼鱼特定生长率(SGR)、肥满度(CF)和变异系数(CV)(P<0.01),高光照强度组SGR和CF值显著高于两个低光照强度组,而CV值则是高光照强度组显著低于两个低光照强度组;高光照强度组摄食率(FI)明显高于两个低光照强度组。实验表明,适度增强光照强度有利于山女鳟幼鱼的生长,这对于优化山女鳟幼鱼培育条件具有指导意义。     

非离子态氨对金鱼鱼种的急性毒性试验

采用常规生物急性毒性试验方法,研究了非离子态氨对体长(5.0±0.61)cm,质量为(12.17±1.57)g的金鱼鱼种的急性毒性试验。结果表明,非离子态氨对金鱼鱼种24、48 h的半致死质量浓度(LC50)及95%置信区间分别为0.454(0.393~0.515)mg/L和0.267(0.213~0.322)mg/L,安全质量浓度为0.028 mg/L。非离子氨对金鱼鱼种具有较低的耐受力。     

不同规格中华绒螯蟹亲本子一代在扣蟹阶段养殖性能的比较研究

为探究中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)亲本规格对其子代在扣蟹阶段养殖性能的影响,本试验在相同的养殖环境下将4种规格河蟹亲本(规格I:雌90~110 g、雄140~160 g;规格Ⅱ:雌115~135 g、雄160~180 g;规格Ⅲ:雌140~160 g、雄220~240 g;规格Ⅳ:雌190~210 g、雄290~310 g)所产的大眼幼体养殖至扣蟹,并比较各组扣蟹的体质量、增重率、特定生长率、成活率及最终产量差异。试验结果显示:(1)不同规格的河蟹亲本,其子一代在大眼幼体至豆蟹阶段的平均体质量、成活率以及增重倍数均无明显差异(P>0.05);(2)在豆蟹至扣蟹养殖阶段,各组幼蟹的生长速度差异大体上与其亲本规格的差异相一致,其中Ⅰ组幼蟹在8—10月期间的平均体质量均显著低于Ⅳ组(P<0.05);(3)养殖效果方面,各组扣蟹平均规格和最终产量均随着亲本规格的提高而提高,其中Ⅳ组扣蟹的最终平均体质量显著高于Ⅰ组扣蟹(P<0.05);(4)就规格分布而言,Ⅳ组扣蟹2.00~3.99 g规格的比例显著低于另外3组,而≥6.00 g规格的比例显著高于另外3组(P<0.05)。结果表明,中华绒螯蟹亲本规格对其后代的养殖性能存在影响,大规格河蟹亲本子一代在扣蟹生产阶段生长速度快、养殖效果好,因此建议在生产上选择大规格亲本的后代用于扣蟹养殖。     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Evaluation of a Fast Method Based on the Presence of Two Restriction Sites in the Mitochondrial ND5 (mt ND5) Gene for the Identification of Scomber Species

The purpose of this work was to evaluate the suitability of a method based on the presence of two restriction sites (for Hae III and Hindf I) in the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 5 (mt ND5) gene to identify Scomber species. The evaluation was performed on 144 reference and market samples by sequencing of the entire 505-bp fragment of the mt ND5 gene and of a 464-bp fragment of the Kocher fragment of the cytochrome b gene (mt Cytb). Sequence analysis of any of the two fragments allows the identification of each of the four Scomber species, but S. japonicus and S. colias had the same restriction sites at the ND5 amplicon and would not have been differentiated by this analysis. Similarly, loss of the Hae III site in some S. scombrus individuals would have misidentified them as not being Scomber. All the market products were correctly labeled except one acquired in Spain labeled as originating in the Atlantic and containing S. japonicus.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.     

Effect of iodophor disinfection of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs on their bacterial and fungus load

This study investigated the efficiency of iodophor disinfection (135 ppm active iodine for 15–30 min) of non‐hardened Salmo trutta eggs against different groups of bacteria and against fungus. Egg samples were taken from non‐disinfected and from disinfected eggs, microorganisms were cultured on specific nutrient media and their mass was measured by turbidimetric methods. Bacteria and fungus mass of non‐hardened eggs could be reduced but not eliminated by iodophor disinfection with 135 ppm active iodine for 15 min. The extent of reduction was 47–65% (Experiment 1). The efficiency of disinfection increased with disinfection time as the reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was 40–55% after 15 min and 58–74% after 30 min (Experiment 2). Disinfection efficiency of iodophor solution diluted in water (reduction 49–57%) and of iodophor solution diluted in sodium chloride solution iso‐osmolar to the oocytes (reduction 52–61%) was similar (Experiment 3). The reduction in bacteria and fungus mass was persistent as it was 39–72% lower in embryos deriving from disinfected eggs than in embryos deriving from non‐disinfected ones (Experiment 4). In conclusion, the tested disinfection method is inadequate to eliminate pathogens completely but it could positively influence immune defence of eggs and embryos.     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.