基于电子膨胀阀开度的直膨式太阳能热泵过热度智能控制

针对直膨式太阳能热泵系统的运行控制问题,提出了一种基于电子膨胀阀开度的过热度控制策略,主要包括电子膨胀阀初始开度算法和过热度控制算法,通过对试验数据进行拟合,得到了电子膨胀阀初始开度与太阳辐射强度和环境温度的函数关系。设计并搭建了以制冷剂R134a为工质的直膨式太阳能热泵热水器试验平台,主要由裸板式太阳能集热/蒸发器、滚动转子式压缩机、微通道冷凝器、蓄热水箱和电子膨胀阀等组成。控制系统采用单片机作为主控制器,单片机与数据采集控制器之间采用RS485总线方式通讯。在此平台上,对提出的过热度控制策略进行了全工况测试。试验结果表明:在系统开机后的25 min内,过热度有效控制在目标范围5~10℃内;在系统正常运行阶段,过热度控制平稳,最大超调量小于4℃。所提出的全工况过热度控制策略有助于系统稳定高效运行。     

R410A直膨式太阳能热泵热水器制冷剂分布特性

为了研究制冷剂在直膨式太阳能热泵系统中的分布和迁移特性,在建立太阳能集热/蒸发器和冷凝器的均相流动模型、压缩机和电子膨胀阀的集总参数模型和系统制冷剂充注量模型的基础上,编制了以R410A(二氟甲烷和五氟乙烷的混合物)为工质的直膨式太阳能热泵热水器系统性能模拟程序。将以R22(二氟一氯甲烷)为工质的直膨式太阳能热泵热水系统理论计算值与试验数据进行了对比分析,验证了系统数学模型的可靠性。在维持太阳能集热/蒸发器出口过热度不变的条件下,模拟分析了水箱水温、系统制冷剂充注量、压缩机转速等运行参数和太阳辐射强度、环境温度等环境参数对系统内部制冷剂分布的影响特性。模拟结果表明:制冷剂主要存在于冷凝器和太阳能集热/蒸发器内部,占系统制冷剂充注量的70%~90%;运行参数和环境参数的变化对冷凝器和太阳能集热/蒸发器内部的制冷剂分布有很大影响,而对压缩机和管道内部的制冷剂分布影响很小。研究结论可以为优化系统性能和减少系统制冷剂充注量提供科学依据。     

太阳能―天然气分户式供暖系统的运行及节能效果

太阳能-天然气分户式供暖将家用太阳能热水系统的储热水箱串联于壁挂炉供暖回路中,利用储热水加热供暖回水。为了分析上述联合供暖系统的运行规律和能量转换过程,利用太阳辐射标准监测仪和太阳能热水系统热性能测试仪对呼和浩特市某用户进行了试验研究。实际测量了太阳能热水系统能量贡献、壁挂炉天然气消耗、供暖回水温度等性能参数,结果表明太阳能热水系统参与壁挂炉供暖互补性强、运行稳定,太阳能热水系统对供暖的有效能量贡献为3493.4MJ,节约天然气101 m3,同时联合供暖系统存在供暖回水加热储热水现象,造成一定的能量损失。该文可为分户式太阳能-天然气联合供暖的组合和运行提供参考。     

全玻璃真空管太阳能阵列供暖系统性能试验

为了研究实际工况下全玻璃真空管太阳能集热器系统的动态供暖性能,通过试验研究和理论分析得出了储热水箱总热损系数、太阳能集热器阵列集热效率的回归方程以及系统太阳能利用率的计算公式,结果表明:2015年11月24日至2015年12月5日,储热水箱总热损系数为25.82~31.53 W/℃,全玻璃真空管太阳能集热器阵列的集热效率为38%~72%。以2015年11月30日为例,系统的太阳能利用率为37.1%,太阳能集热器所收集的热量仅有54.6%被利用,系统热损过大。通过对比系统供热量和建筑逐时耗热量发现:在供暖期间,系统所提供的热量远大于该段时间的建筑耗热量,特别是在供暖初期,供热量达到了该时段建筑耗热量的10倍以上,供热量和供暖时间过于集中;针对此问题提出了单户太阳能供暖系统运行策略的改进建议。     

太阳能蓄热水箱运行工况优化

为寻求适应乌鲁木齐地区太阳能资源实际情况的最优蓄热水箱结构并确定不同时段的最佳运行工况,该研究对25种不同工况下太阳能蓄热水箱内的流动与传热过程进行数值分析。结果表明:球顶结构的水箱热分层效果最好,平顶结构的水箱热分层效果最差。在11:30、13:00、15:00、16:20和18:00,冷水入口流速0.42、0.42、0.1、0.18和0.26 m/s时,球顶结构的蓄热水箱无量纲[火用]值最小,分别为0.879、0.873、0.879、0.881和0.874,水箱的热分层效果最好。以蓄热水箱的瞬时换热效率作为评价指标,对考察的5个时刻,球顶结构的水箱的瞬时换热效率均在冷水入口流速0.1 m/s时达到最大值,蓄热效率最高。如果只采用蓄热水箱供暖,水箱的冷水入口流速下限值为0.26 m/s;对于冷水入口流速低于0.26 m/s的工况,可采用水箱并联或者水箱与电加热锅炉联合运行模式。研究结果可为不同气候条件下太阳能热水利用系统的优化运行提供参考。     

基于热平衡模型的温室地表水源热泵系统供暖设计与试验

为降低长江三角洲温室冬季供暖能耗,提出一种采用温室运行热负荷预测技术进行开放式温室地表水源热泵供暖系统（surface water-source heat hump system,SWSHPS）的供暖设计方法。结合温室的工程运行实际和各种环境因素,建立了温室热平衡预测模型。并采用MATLAB/SIMULINK模块进行了8种温室环境条件下的能量数值模拟,计算了温室不同覆盖材料和保温幕状态的能耗,当室外空气温度为0℃时,纳米掺锑二氧化锡涂膜玻璃温室比普通浮法玻璃温室可减少能耗23%,夜间开启保温幕比收拢可减少能耗22%。最后进行了温室冬季供暖试验,试验结果表明：室内空气温度垂直分布较均匀,能够满足设计要求,1月份系统平均制热性能系数（coefficient of performance,COP）值为2.3。基于热平衡预测模型设计的温室地表水水源热泵供暖系统是可行的。     

太阳能水纯化热水一体化装置性能分析与试验

为了提高太阳能水纯化热水一体化的集热性能及产水率,该文介绍了系统的工作原理,建立太阳能水纯化热水一体化能量转化和传递模型。采用双真空热管集热,设计了蒸发、冷凝水箱及蓄热水箱,建造了Φ58 mm×1.8 m×24玻璃双真空热管集热试验装置。运用软件Matlab数值运算与试验对比,结果表明:蓄热温度从50℃到70℃,系统产水率及性能系数先随着蓄热温度升高而增大,至60℃左右最大,然后随着蓄热温度升高而减小。60℃定温蓄热比60℃定量蓄热日产水量高847.9 mL,总性能系数增加0.102,产水率增加0.056。此外试验研究了不蓄热工况的系统性能,产水量为5 978.4 mL,系统总性能系数1.2498,产水率0.468,比60℃定温蓄热工况下性能系数低0.3979,产水率减小0.219。该文的研究为太阳能热水系统与海水淡化相结合具有参考和利用价值。     

蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器的热性能

太阳能集热器是太阳能热泵系统的核心部件.该文设计了一种蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器,将其应用于蓄能型太阳能热泵系统中,可根据太阳辐射强度切换工作模式,实现太阳能分季节全天候利用,能提高系统热力性能.搭建了蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器热性能测试试验台,对振荡热管换热器内充灌不同工质(R134a、乙醇/水、丙酮/水)、集热管内分别利用空气显热蓄能或者石蜡潜热蓄能的蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器在白天和夜间工况下的热性能开展了试验研究.结果表明:振荡热管换热器内充灌R134a的集热器,白天工况下集热效率最高,平均集热效率在0.45以上,利用石蜡蓄热时最高达到了0.90;日有用得热量最大,最低可达到7.14 MJ/(m2·d);夜间工况下供热水水温最高.无论利用空气和石蜡蓄能,白天工况下集热器瞬时集热效率均与太阳辐射强度的变化规律相反.真空管内利用石蜡蓄能的蓄能型振荡热管太阳能集热器,阴雨天其集热效率远高于利用空气蓄能的集热器,平均提高64.0％,夜间供水水温均能保持在50℃以上,高于利用空气蓄热的集热器.该研究可为蓄能型太阳能热泵的推广应用提供参考依据.     

太阳能蓄热联合空气源热泵的温室加热试验

针对日光温室被动采光蓄热的特点,该文在2014年1-2月期间,针对西安地区-6~10℃冬季气温条件下,开展了太阳能蓄热联合空气源热泵温室加热试验研究,通过对比太阳能蓄热联合空气源热泵系统改善温室内的空气温度、湿度及土壤温度等环境因素,分析评价太阳能联合空气源热泵系统在日光温室冬季应用的性能,结果表明:太阳能蓄热联合空气源热泵加热系统不仅明显提高了温室内的空气温度和土壤温度,也有效降低了温室内的湿度;在试验天气条件下,热泵单独供热时,系统的性能系数COP(coefficient of performance)在2.09~2.45之间;太阳能联合空气源热泵供热时,系统的COP在3.45~5.56之间;相比于其他天气工况,晴天条件下,太阳能蓄热供热时间较长,热泵补充供热时间缩短,系统的COP较高;采用地暖联合风机盘管作为末端供热方式,能够维持较高的室内气温和土壤温度,降低室内相对湿度。该文为今后进一步简化温室结构和降低建设成本,实现日光温室主动采光蓄热,奠定前期研究基础。     

太阳能辅助闭式热源塔热泵系统冬季制热性能

热源塔热泵系统以空气为冷热源,在冬季制热时其性能会随环境温度的降低而降低。为此研发了可应用陕南地区农村建筑的太阳能辅助闭式热源塔热泵系统,试验研究了冬季工况下系统的制热性能,初步分析了太阳热能与空气热能的互补机理。研究结果表明:系统制热量范围为12.1～15.2 k W,热泵机组性能系数范围为2.3～3.5,系统能效比范围为1.5～2.4,供热温度高于41℃;冷却水温度对压缩机耗电量的影响程度大于防冻溶液温度,冷却水平均温度每升高1℃,压缩要耗电量增加98.1 W,而防冻溶液平均温度每升高1℃,压缩机耗电量减小9.5 W;太阳能辅助热源塔热泵制热模式下,热泵机组通过改变防冻溶液与空气和集热工质换热温差的方法来改变防冻溶液从空气和集热水箱中的吸热量,以实现空气热能与太阳热能的互补。建议在实际应用中应避免供热温度过高以减小压缩机耗电;在集热水箱温度较高时通过降低风机频率减小风机耗电以提高系统综合能效,但应避免风机低频率工作可能给机组安全运行带来的隐患。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.