保水剂、抗旱剂试验研究

用不同类型的保水剂和抗旱剂处理作物种子观察抗旱增产效果。在种苗筛选、盆栽试验、小区试验的基础上,1989年在宁夏的彭阳、固原两县进行了大田示范。试验表明:保水剂和抗旱剂在中等干旱条件具有一定的增产作用,其中保水剂用于胡麻,抗旱剂2号用于小麦效益最优。这一结果为化学制剂应用于半干旱地区旱农生产实践的可能性提供了新资料。     

土壤保水剂与作物抗旱剂配施效果

土壤保水剂与作物抗旱剂配合施用是现代旱作农业中防旱抗旱的一条有效措施。在旱作农业生产中，春小麦繁亩用０．４ｋｇ，蚕豆每亩用０．２３ｋｇ作物抗旱剂一号拌种，再分别配施土壤保水剂０．７８ｋｇ、０．７３ｋｇ，春小麦增产３４．６％；蚕豆增产３８．９％     

山坡地节水农业的物理化学方法和蓄水耕作法研究概述

在查阅大量文献的基础上,较为详细地论述了化学试剂浸种,抗蒸腾剂,抗旱剂,保水剂及土壤改良与作物抗旱力的关系,通过对水土保持复合耕作法,蓄水覆盖耕作法,截流蓄水沟耕作法及集水深蓄耕作法的概述与分析,以期为黄土高原节水农业的持续发展提供切实可行的耕作措施。     

抗蒸腾剂研究及其在农业中的应用

作物应对干旱胁迫时,气孔在协调蒸腾和光合作用方面起到了关键作用。越来越多的研究者们开始关注气孔行为与植物抗旱能力之间的关系。在农业生产上,研究者们通过不同方式调节气孔运动和改善气孔微环境,在提高作物抗旱性的同时促进作物产量形成。其中提高作物抗旱能力的一种有效方式就是使用抗蒸腾剂。本文介绍了近些年研究较多的成膜型抗蒸腾剂和代谢型抗蒸腾剂的作用机理,并对两类抗蒸腾剂的应用效果进行了比较。最后提出了抗蒸腾剂研究新动向,一是数学模型在抗蒸腾剂研究中的应用,将抗蒸腾剂对植物作用分解为环境因子变化并引入光合作用-蒸腾作用-气孔导度耦合模型,从而建立抗蒸腾剂新品种快速筛选与适用性评估机制的可能性;二是通过红外测温法评估抗蒸腾剂效果,红外测温法能够快速获得大面积植被蒸腾瞬时信息且测温仪便于携带,在田间试验中可用于喷施抗蒸腾剂后作用效果连续观察,并且基于测定数据计算作物水分亏缺指数(CWSI)在抗蒸腾剂改变作物抗旱能力研究方面具有较高应用价值。最后指出未来抗蒸腾剂研究应针对作物不同生育阶段特点与生产要求,建立包括多种抗蒸腾剂品种在内的组合使用方法,进一步扩大抗蒸腾剂应用范围,优化其使用效果。     

农用液态膜系列防旱增产效果显著

<正> 中国农科院气象室科技人员承担“七五”国家旱地农业攻关课题,在山西省屯留县将农用液态膜制剂系列引入晋东南地区,大力试验推广农业气象实用技术—农业化学,取得良好结果,受到长治市、屯留县政府的肯定和农民群众的欢迎.农用液态膜系列包括保水剂、抗旱剂和保鲜剂,它们主要针对干旱,充分发挥每种液态膜制剂对水分的调节控制机能,在作物生长的不同时期和阶段,达到吸水保水、抑制蒸腾、保墒增温、抑蒸防腐等目的,从而增强作物的抗旱能力,在产前、产中、和产后各时段形成完整的系列化的防早保水技术体系,达到有灾抗灾,无灾增产。经试验,小麦用     

环境材料在农业生产及其环境治理中的应用

环境材料是具有最低环境负荷、最大使用功能的人类所需材料,近年在农业生产及其环境治理中的应用受到重视。在农业生产中,环境材料主要为改善土壤微生态和促进作物生长的环境材料,以及环境友好型的化肥、农药和地膜等新型农资材料;在农业环境治理中,主要为生态破坏和农业环境污染的治理材料。本文就环境材料内涵及其在农业生产和环境治理等方面的研究和应用进行分析,包括农业抗旱节水、土壤重金属污染治理和盐碱地土壤改良等3个方面。(1)环境材料在农业抗旱节水中的应用主要是土壤保水剂和作物叶面抗蒸腾剂。土壤保水剂作用机理包括自身吸水、保水和释水原理、促进土壤改良和保持原理、提高肥料和农药等农化产品利用效率原理、调节植物生理节水效应原理,其合成技术研究比较成熟,但还需加强应用技术研究;作物叶面抗蒸腾剂取得一些进展,但仍处试验阶段,仅黄腐酸类产品应用较快;(2)环境材料在土壤重金属污染治理中的应用研究广泛,生物修复和化学固化修复技术进展较快,但对环境材料修复重金属污染土壤的潜在风险研究不足;(3)环境材料在改良盐碱地中的应用主要是加钙环境材料(石膏)和加酸环境材料(腐植酸),这些环境材料与聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)结合效果较好。此外,本文指出了环境材料在农业生产及其环境治理中应加强的研究方向:一是应加强新型环境材料的研发;二是加强环境材料的应用基础研究与应用效果评价;三是加强环境材料与生物技术和农业工程技术的结合。     

半湿润易旱区农业节水技术研究

根据１９９１～１９９３年在河南“商丘节水农业持续发展实验区”的田间试验观测结果,研究分析了抗旱作物品种、农田秸秆覆盖和化学调控等农业节水技术与水分利用效率间的关系及其在节水农业中的作用。结果表明,选用抗旱作物品种,在相同栽培条件下,作物水分利用效率提高０．５４～０．５６ｋｇ／ｍｍ;实施农田秸秆覆盖,１ｍ土体内较对照多储水１６９．５ｍ^３,节省灌溉用水２１００ｍｍ／ｈｍ^３土壤储水有效利用率提高２６．９％;应用抑蒸保墒化学药剂,麦田耕层土壤含水量增高４．７％,叶片含水率增加４．９％,农田水分利用效率提高１４．４％～２５．５％。充分显示,实施工程措施与生物措施相结合的农业节水技术,合理、有效地利用有限的环境水资源和最大限度地提高作物本身用水效率,发展节水农业,是我国半湿润易旱区农业可持续发展的重要途径之一。     

干湿变化与作物补偿效应规律研究

干湿变化是作物生产的水分环境,利用植物旱后复水所产生的补偿效应是农业抗旱节水的新途径。论述了农业干湿变化类型和补偿效应的内涵、干湿变化对作物生态补偿和生长发育阶段间补偿及生理代谢功能间补偿性。通过土壤大气湿度组合的玉米实验,研究了大气湿度提高补偿土壤干旱作物生长与水分利用效应的规律。     

干湿变化与作物补偿效应规律研究

干湿变化是作物生产的水分环境,利用植物旱后复水所产生的补偿效应是农业抗旱节水的新途径。论述了农业干湿变化类型和补偿效应的内涵、干湿变化对作物生态补偿和生长发育阶段间补偿及生理代谢功能间补偿性。通过土壤大气温度组合的玉米实验,研究了大气温度提高补偿土壤干旱作物生长与水分效应的规律。     

盐碱地改良技术研究现状与新发展

研究优化盐碱土壤改良技术,对合理利用盐碱地,提高土地生产力,缓解我省耕地少、后备土地资源不足矛盾,实现农业可持续发展具有重要意义。多年来,在盐碱地利用上,主要采用化学改良、生物改良、工程改良和农业措施改良等技术,取得了明显成效。应用覆膜加气滴灌改良盐碱土壤是一项新技术,通过加气装置连接地下滴灌系统,把掺气水输送到作物根区灌溉,调控土壤气体环境,改善植物根系和土壤微生物呼吸,可间接影响土壤理化性质,促进农作物生长提高产量。我省共有盐碱地30万hm2,占平川土地面积的9.9%,大力研究推广覆膜加气滴灌技术,对完善现有的盐碱地改良技术体系,十分重要。收集整理了大量文献,综述了盐碱地改良技术。     

黄腐酸(FA)旱地龙在苹果节水生产中的应用效果研究

该文通过正交试验，探讨了在有限灌水条件下黄腐酸类抗旱剂FA旱地龙对果树的生长发育、保墒能力、果实品质及产量的影响。研究结果表明：果树施用FA旱地龙后，有抗旱增产效果，增产幅度可达4.88%～7.32%，平均单果质量增加4.2%～8.4%，并且使果实品质得到改善；与充分灌溉条件相比，水分利用效率也有所提高，每hm²节约灌溉水量487.5 m³。同时，该文还在分析本地区各降水年型水分盈亏特点的基础上，探讨了不同降水年型下FA旱地龙的最佳喷施次数和喷施时间。     

水稻近等基因导入系芽期抗旱性鉴定及抗旱指标筛选

为筛选水稻抗旱性鉴定指标并科学鉴定水稻抗旱性,本研究以蒸馏水为对照,采用质量体积比为5％、10％、15％、20％的PEG-6000溶液处理6份川香29B近等基因导入系进行芽期抗旱鉴定,研究模拟干旱对水稻育种材料芽期种子萌发的影响,并探讨芽期抗旱性鉴定指标及筛选抗旱材料.结果表明,轻度水分胁迫对种子发芽抑制作用较小,部分...     

Influence of Silicon on Sunflower Cultivars under Drought Stress,I: Growth,Antioxidant Mechanisms,and Lipid Peroxidation

Abstract: Understanding plant responses to drought stress is essential, and there is a need to know possible physiological mechanisms of damage and drought avoidance for the genetic improvement of crops. Therefore, we investigated the effects of silicon (Si) on shoot and root growth, leaf relative water content (RWC), stomatal resistance (SR), lipid peroxidation (MDA), membrane permeability (MP), proline and hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) accumulation, nonenzymatic antioxidant activity, and the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) of 12 sunflower cultivars grown under drought conditions. Silicon applied to the soil counteracted the deleterious effects of drought in 6 of the 12 sunflower cultivars. In general, SR and H₂O₂, proline, and MDA content were increased in all the cultivars under drought stress. However, application of Si decreased their levels and alleviated membrane damage (MP) significantly by increasing leaf RWC. The CAT activity was significantly decreased by drought stress, but supplemental Si increased it. In general, SOD and APX activities of the cultivars were increased by drought and decreased by application of Si. The nonenzymatic antioxidant activity of the cultivars was significantly increased by Si under drought stress. Based on the present work, it can be concluded that applied Si alleviates drought stress in sunflower cultivars by preventing membrane damage, although the cultivars showed genotypic variation in response to applied Si.     

不同抗旱性小麦叶片膜脂过氧化的氮素调控机制

在田间条件下研究了施氮对不同抗旱性冬小麦叶片全生育期黄嘌呤氧化酶(XOD)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明,施氮提高了叶片CAT和SOD活性,降低了XOD活性和MDA含量,以N180处理效果最明显,而且产量最高,表明N180处理对小麦膜脂抗过氧化能力和产量形成最为适宜;不施氮(N0)处理条件下,旱地品种较水浇地品种具有较高的保护酶系活性和较低的XOD活性、MDA含量。而适量氮素能够提高叶片保护酶系活性和降低XOD活性、MDA含量,所以氮素能够通过提高叶片膜质抗过氧化能力来增强小麦对干旱的适应。由于降低了超氧阴离子的生成量,使XOD活性降低和CAT活性提高,H2O2和MDA含量维持在较低水平,最终提高小麦产量。     

叶面喷施抗旱剂对冬小麦产量及经济效益的影响

2011年春季黄淮海冬小麦主产区发生严重干旱,在干旱最严重的河北、河南、山东和安徽等地进行大田试验,探索喷施抗旱剂提高冬小麦抵御干旱、低温、冷冻、干热风等自然灾害能力的技术方法。结果表明:叶面喷施抗旱抗逆制剂能明显提高冬小麦抗旱抗逆能力,在遭受严重干旱的情况下,对比常规对照,喷施抗旱抗逆制剂能增加小麦穗长度,有效穗数增加19.15%,冬小麦平均增产7.3%,增收1 147.5元/hm2。     

提高人工植被培育中土壤抗旱性的综合措施

干旱条件下培育人工植被,采取适当的抗旱措施是必不可少的,其中作为植物生长发育所需水分、营养的载体,土壤是显著的可调控对象,对其合理处置与抗旱有着密切的关系。以土蓄水、抑制蒸发、改良土壤、培肥地力等有利于对有限水分的利用。提高土壤抗旱性的综合措施包括土壤耕作、土壤培肥、土壤覆盖、防止水分深层渗漏等方面。在气候暖化的背景下,为增强土壤抗旱措施的效果,提高其技术水平,分析了与蓄水、保水、集水以及用水有关的土壤抗旱方式及其特点。在综合述评的基础上,还讨论了土壤抗旱措施的技术应用问题和需要研究的主要方面。     

Influence of farm yard manure,poultry manure and forest litter on copper solubility in soil and uptake by Phaseolus vulgaris

Long term and intensive use of copper‐based fungicides on coffee farms may contaminate soils with copper. The legacy of copper pollution may pose the risk of contaminating food crops cultivated on these soils. A randomized block design field experiment at Kilimanjaro, Tanzania was designed to investigate the effects of different application rates of cattle manure, poultry manure and forest litter on aqua regia, EDTA and CaCl₂ extractable copper in soils and copper uptake by bean plants grown on this long‐term copper‐contaminated soil (more than 50 yr of copper application). It was important to examine the potential of the organic amendments in mobilizing or immobilizing copper and assess the risks of contaminating bean crops at a farm, where the application of organic amendments was common practice. At harvest, rhizosphere soils were collected and analysed. The soils were found to have large concentrations of copper, greatly exceeding international standard levels. Poultry manure applied at 40 tons/ha significantly increased CaCl₂ extractable copper compared with the control treatment. Organic carbon, cation exchange capacity, EDTA extractable copper, aqua regia extractable copper and copper concentrations in bean seeds or leaves were not significantly changed by the organic matter treatments. The concentration of copper was significantly less in bean seeds than in bean leaves (P < 0.01). The bean plants did not take up excessive quantities of copper, and therefore, the risk of copper contamination of bean crops in this farm appears to be small.     

Effects of silicon application on drought resistance of cucumber plants

A study on the effects of silicon supply on the resistance to drought in cucumber plants was conducted in pot experiments. The results suggested that in the absence of stress, silicon slightly enhanced the net photosynthetic rate, but significantly decreased the transpiration rate and stomatal conductance in cucumber plants. Silicon enhanced the net photosynthetic rate of cucumber plants under drought stress. Since silicon decreased the stomatal conductance, enhanced the capacity of holding water, and kept the transpiration rate at a relatively steady rate during drought stress, the photosynthesis of the cucumber plants was sustained. And under drought stress, silicon increased the biomass and water content of leaves in cucumber plants. Silicon decreased the decomposition of chlorophyll in cucumber plants under drought stress, limited the increase of the plasma membrane permeability and malondialdehyde (MDA) content in leaves, alleviated the physiological response of peroxidase (POD) to drought stress, maintained the superoxide dismutase (SOD) normal adaptation, and increased the activity of catalase (CAT). Under severe stress, these physiological biochemical reactions showed positive correlations with the amount of silicon supply. These findings demonstrated that silicon enhanced the resistance of the cucumber plants to drought. Statistical analysis indicated that under drought stress the cumulative value of biomass showed a highly significant correlation with the cumulative value of diurnal photosynthesis (r = 0.9812, p < 0.01), and was significantly correlated with the water content of leaves (r = 0.8650, p < 0.05). These results demonstrated that under drought stress the first factor responsible for the effects of silicon application on the cumulative value of biomass was the increase of photosynthesis, and the second factor was the enhancement of the water holding capacity. Based on these facts, it was concluded that silicon enhanced the resistance to drought mainly by taking part in the metabolism of plants.     

植物抗旱生理研究概述

本文介绍了近年来植物抗旱生理研究进展。其内容渗透调节作用、在干旱条件下生物膜结构的变化和膜脂过氧化、干旱诱导蛋白的研究和作物生理生态及抗旱节水增产。     

Vergleich zwischen Total- und königswasserextrahierbaren Elementgehalten in natürlichen Böden und Sedimenten

Comparison between total- and aqua regia extractable contents of elements in natural soils and sediments Total- and aqua regia extractable contents of 19 elements from 28 soil samples with widely varying composition of the ISE ring analytical program (INTERNATIONAL SOIL-ANALYTICAL EXCHANGE) of the year 1995 to 1997 have been taken to find out the comparability between the two fractions. The relations between the two fractions and pH, organic matter and clay content were considered by means of single and multiple regressions. The correlations between the total and aqua regia extractable contents of As, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mg, Mn, Ni, P, Pb and Zn are very close, whereas Al, Ba, K, Na and Sr are not or only weakly correlating. The multiple regressions show that the content of some aqua regia extractable elements and the proportion (in %) of the total contents is correlated with pH, organic matter and/or content of clay. In the same way the proportion of aqua regia extractable elements is closely related (except Fe and Hg) to the soil pH. Hereby the proportion of the aqua regia extractable content increases with increasing pH in the range 3,5—7,7. The determined equations are tested for As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn by using the values of certified reference material. The estimated aqua regia extractable contents are being compared with values of reference material. The average proportion of the calculated to the measured aqua regia contents of an element in percent are 99 for Zn, 98 for Co, Cu and Mn, 94 for Cd, 90 for Ni, 88 for Cr, 105 for Hg, 113 for As and 114 for Pb.