木地板锁扣技术专利分析报告

2012年8月,国家林业局知识产权研究中心编著的《木地板锁扣技术专利分析报告(2010)》,由中国林业出版社出版发行。本书针对我国木地板出口不断遭遇专利纠纷的现状,选取了引发"337调查"的木地板锁扣技术进行专利分析研究。本研究采用欧洲专利局世界范围专利数据库作为数据源,利用定量与定性相结合的分析方法,包括     

木地板锁扣技术专利分析报告

2012年8月,国家林业局知识产权研究中心编著的《木地板锁扣技术专利分析报告(2010)》,由中国林业出版社出版发行。本书针对我国木地板出口不断遭遇专利纠纷的现状,选取了引发"337调查"的木地板锁扣技术进行专利分析研究。本研究采用欧洲专利局世界范围专利数据库作为数据源,利用定量与定性相结合的分析方法,包括发展趋势分析、技术生命周期分析、申请人分析、地域分析、技术分类分析、技术交     

中国木地板企业在美败诉后果严重

在打了近一年的官司后。美国国际贸易委员会在今年年初对全球38家木地板企业的“337调查”作出终裁：它们在美国销售的地板侵犯了荷兰Unilin公司、爱尔兰地板工业公司和美国Unilin北卡罗莱纳地板公司（后两者是荷兰Unilin公司的关联公司1的地板锁扣专利。包括圣象等在内的中国18家木地板企业涉案。这也意味着圣象、菲林格尔和升达等3家中国企业在初裁中获胜的“第七号锁扣”专利被推翻。     

自主创新，是中国木地板业突破欧美贸易壁垒的有效路径

今年2月．美国国际贸易委员会（ITC）对全球地板企业337调查案在历时一年半之后有了终裁结果．对全球38家木地板企业的“337调查”ITC终裁裁定这些企业在美国销售的地板侵犯了荷兰Unilin公司、爱尔兰地板工业公司和美国Unilin北卡罗莱纳地板公司的地板锁扣专利，这其中包括中国的18家木地板企业。     

三防锁扣,开启实木地热地板新时代

木材的湿涨干缩特性所导致实木地板的铺装质量问题,一直困扰着实木地板的生产企业和消费者,更何谈将实木地板用于地热或潮湿环境.解决问题的核心与关键在于地板块之间的连接,而锁扣技术对地板块连接的牢固性、铺装后的整体质量至关重要.     

地板市场

新技术涂料可使地板耐浸泡；横林将建国际一流地板家具专业市场；常州地板首次出口到世界强化木地板发源地——德国；常州地板业应诉美国地板“锁扣专利”官司；“三明治”软木地板冬日尽显温馨；地板“煮汤下面”彰显环保。     

反倾销一波未平 专利诉讼又起狂澜

2005年7月初，中国17家强化木地板出口企业，接到美国国际贸易委员会（USITC）的正式通知比利时UNILIN国际集团旗下美国公司Unilin—Beheer、Unilin—Flooring、Unilin—Flooring Industry，依据美国国际贸易中著名的337条款，向该组织联合申诉这些企业可能存在对其拥有的三项美国强化木地板“锁扣”专利存在侵权。     

经贸大学女博士:解析美国“337”条款

一、“337”复合木地板案简述2005年7月1日,荷兰Unilin公司、爱尔兰地板工业公司和美国U-nilin北卡罗莱纳地板公司等3家企业向美国ITC递交申诉,指控进口至美国的复合强化地板侵犯了他们的地板锁扣的专利,要求ITC对侵权产品实施普遍排除令,并对被诉企业的违法行为发布停止令。7月29日,ITC发布公告,决定对     

“把脉”中国木地板

今年2月，美国国际贸易委员会（ITC）对全球地板业337调查案在历时一年半的“审时度势”之后，终于有了最终裁定。ITC最终裁定，对全球38家木地板企业的“337调查”中显示，这些企业在美国销售的地板侵犯了荷兰Unilin公司、爱尔兰地板工业公司和美国Unilin北卡罗莱纳地板公司（后两者是荷兰Unilin公司的关联公司）的地板锁扣专利，其中包括中国的18家企业。与此同时，美国国际贸易委员会（ITC）还签发了普遍排除令，美国海关将依此令限制相关产品的进口。美国国际贸易委员会“撕开了自己所谓公正的面纱，挥起贸易壁垒”的大捧，朝着他们的“不顺眼”国家企业打来。美国此举充分“展示”了他们双重标准的“鬼蜮”伎俩。为了揭开美国国际贸易委员会的“面纱”，我们约请了我国地板专家张文玲女士，请她就我国木地板现状作一个诠释与“把脉”。[编者按]     

从“奴隶”到“客户”

就像因特尔横扫计算机处理技术、高通称霸无线通讯领域,欧洲的unilin公司在2007年前也因为＂地板锁扣技术＂而成为全球地板产业的君主。对全球地板产业来说,2007年是一个标志性的分水岭。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.