牡丹江地区落叶松八齿小蠹种群动态的时空表达

利用引诱剂对牡丹江地区落叶松八齿小蠹种群动态的时空表达进行研究的结果表明:牡丹江地区落叶松八齿小蠹有三个扬飞高峰期,即5月15~25日、6月24日~7月4日、8月3~13日;在扬飞期间内,诱集到的落叶松八齿小蠹雄虫的数量多于雌虫;在林缘附近诱集到的落叶松八齿小蠹的数量多于林内中心地带。     

落叶松八齿小蠹防治技术

落叶松八齿小蠹是危害落叶松的重要害虫.本文对其生物学特性进行了观察,并从营林防治、饵木诱杀和信息素诱杀三个方面介绍了落叶松八齿小蠹的防治技术.     

中国落叶松八齿小蠹伴生粘束孢属真菌的鉴定及其系统发育分析

【目的】对我国东北异域分布的3种落叶松林内齿小蠹粘束孢属(微囊菌目:粘束孢科)伴生真菌进行系统调查和分析,为研究其致病机制奠定基础,为控制森林病虫害提供理论依据。【方法】对异域分布的长白落叶松和华北落叶松八齿小蠹(鞘翅目:小蠹科)的虫体和坑道组织进行伴生真菌的分离纯化,进行生理学特性、菌落特征、微观形态学的观察,以及基于rRNA-ITS和TEF-1α多位点DNA序列的系统发育进行分析。【结果】落叶松粘束孢和黑梗粘束孢2种粘束孢属真菌与我国的落叶松八齿小蠹伴生,其中落叶松粘束孢为中国新纪录种。落叶松粘束孢和黑梗粘束孢都是首次从亚洲落叶松八齿小蠹上分离到,与落叶松八齿小蠹形成新的小蠹虫-真菌伴生关系。在亚洲落叶松八齿小蠹和中国落叶松坑道中发现了落叶松粘束孢,不仅丰富了菌株数量,也扩大了落叶松粘束孢的分布范围,同时也增加了中国地区粘束孢属真菌的种类。目前黑梗粘束孢仅在中国云南松梢木蠹象(鞘翅目:象甲科)上分离得到,本研究不仅增加了黑梗粘束孢的寄主种类,也扩大了寄主的分布范围。该种在我国的分布跨度区域巨大,可能是一个广泛分布的种。【结论】多基因序列特征表明来自云南松梢木蠹象和亚洲落叶松八齿小蠹2种不同生态位的黑梗粘束孢存在种下分化现象,进一步支持了在不同地理(或寄主)种群中发现伴生菌存在适应寄主植物和小蠹虫的分化潜力这一结论。落叶松粘束孢和黑梗粘束孢都是首次从亚洲落叶松八齿小蠹上分离到,为进一步研究其与落叶松八齿小蠹间的伴生关系,以及在危害寄主方面的协同作用提供良好的模式材料。     

落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素的时空诱集效果

应用落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素对内蒙古阿尔山林区落叶松八齿小蠹的年扬飞规律、日扬飞规律、林缘外不同距离以及林内不同高度诱捕器诱集效果等进行了试验。结果表明:落叶松八齿小蠹的成虫发生期从5月中旬开始,到8月底结束,期间有两次明显的扬飞高峰期;成虫活动主要集中在12:00—16:00;聚集信息素对落叶松八齿小蠹的有效引诱距离为200 m左右,在90 m以内引诱效果最佳;林内树干1.5 m处为最佳的诱捕器设置高度。     

异种化感物对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集行为的影响

【目的】研究寄主、非寄主及近缘种的异种化感物对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集行为的影响,探讨不同信息素成分间的交互作用机制,为落叶松八齿小蠹大面积生物防治提供技术支持。【方法】从行为学的角度研究落叶松八齿小蠹对聚集信息素异构体、寄主挥发物、非寄主挥发物和近缘种云杉八齿小蠹主要聚集信息素成分的行为响应差异。【结果】通过野外试验确认落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素成分是S-(-)-小蠹烯醇和S-(+)-小蠹二烯醇,这2种成分复合体在林间生物测试时表现出非常高的引诱活性;电生理测试确认落叶松八齿小蠹雌雄虫触角对这2种成分的检测阈值都是0.1μg,饱和水平是100μg。进一步对具有触角电位活性的寄主、非寄主及近缘种成分进行行为测试研究。寄主单萜烯成分S-β-蒎烯和3-蒈烯对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素的引诱能力增效达1.45~1.65倍,而S-α-蒎烯和萜品油烯没有显著的增效作用。非寄主成分顺-3-己烯-1-醇表现出显著的行为抑制活性,能降低聚集信息素引诱力71%,里哪醇具有与顺-3-己烯-1-醇相似的抑制效果。其他非寄主成分如桃金娘烯醇、反-3-己烯-1-醇、反-2-己烯-1-醇、正己醇、3-辛醇和1-辛烯-3-醇对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素引诱效果没有显著影响。近缘种云杉八齿小蠹主要聚集信息素成分顺式马鞭草烯醇能完全抑制落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素的引诱活性,反式马鞭草烯醇也具有相同的作用效果,而马鞭草烯酮成分对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素活性没有抑制或增效作用。【结论】具有触角电位活性的寄主和非寄主成分对落叶松八齿小蠹聚集信息素行为活性表现出增效、抑制或无显著影响;对近缘种化学信号响应表现出强烈的行为抑制效果。     

落叶松八齿小蠹在林分中的垂直分布与水平蔓延范围

落叶松八齿小蠹是落叶松人工林的重要于部害虫之一。为有效地进行综合防治,本文对落叶松八齿小蠹在林分中的垂直分布和水平蔓延危害范围进行了系统地研究。其研究成果可为该虫的种群调查、防治指标的确定及综合防治措泡的测定提出科学的依据。     

大树移栽主要致死害虫的生物学及危害特性

记述了Pityogenes conjunctus Reitter、六齿小蠹、落叶松八齿小蠹、十二齿小蠹、红脂大小蠹、迹地吉丁、巨胸虎天牛、双条杉天牛、烟角树蜂、臭椿沟眶象等在承德的生物学特性和对移栽大树的危害特性。     

落叶松八齿小蠹营林防治技术的研究

本文从森林经营角度出发，对落叶松八齿小蠹的发生与防治进行了研究，探讨了落叶松八齿小蠹的发生与地形地势、水热条件、土壤及人为经营活动的关系。研究了这些环境因子与该虫发生的起因及规律性；研究了小囊虫的发生与林分生长的关系；提出了营林防治的技术方法；     

大树移栽主要致死害虫预防技术研究

用绿色威雷30倍液每40⁴5d喷1次移栽树木,可有效预防Pityogenes conjunctus Reitter、六齿小蠹、落叶松八齿小蠹、十二齿小蠹、红脂大小蠹、迹地吉丁、巨胸虎天牛、双条杉天牛、烟角树蜂、臭椿沟眶象等对移栽大树的危害,预防效果达94%45d喷1次移栽树木,可有效预防Pityogenes conjunctus Reitter、六齿小蠹、落叶松八齿小蠹、十二齿小蠹、红脂大小蠹、迹地吉丁、巨胸虎天牛、双条杉天牛、烟角树蜂、臭椿沟眶象等对移栽大树的危害,预防效果达94%¹00%。     

不同含量引诱剂对落叶松八齿小蠹及其天敌红胸郭公虫的引诱(英文)

在内蒙古阿尔山的田间诱捕试验中,落叶松八齿小蠹引诱剂1共诱集到16头落叶松八齿小蠹和1319头天敌红胸郭公虫,而落叶松八齿小蠹引诱剂2诱集到24104头落叶松八齿小蠹和776头红胸郭公虫。室内的触角电位试验结果表明:落叶松八齿小蠹对引诱剂2的触角反应(雌虫2.139mV±0.678mV,雄虫2.169mV±0.473mV)大于引诱剂1(雌虫0.440mV±0.232mV,雄虫0.297mV±0.142mV),对引诱剂1的反应值和对照差不多;而红胸郭公虫对引诱剂1的触角反应(雌虫4.618mV±1.106mV,雄虫4.534mV±1.087mV)明显大于引诱剂2(雌虫2.209mV±0.680mV,雄虫1.953mV±0.601mV),对引诱剂2也有一定的反应值。触角电位试验与田间诱捕试验结果相符合。GC-MS分析结果表明:引诱剂1的主要成分为3.06%的cis-geraniol,1.98%的Ipsenol,80.36%的(S)-cis-verbenol和1.03%的1-verbenone;结合卖方公司提供的数据,引诱剂1的主要成分为4.78%的2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol,63.71%的Ipsenol(纯度为96.9%),1.46%的Cedrene和22.42%的Isocaryophillene。结合以上数据分析得出:不同成分引诱剂对落叶松八齿小蠹及天敌红胸郭公虫引诱能力显著不同,Ipsenol对诱集落叶松八齿小蠹起重要作用,而(S)-cis-verbenol则对诱集天敌红胸郭公虫起重要作用。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.