基于红外相机监测的汪清自然保护区东北豹种群动态

【目的】东北豹是分布最北、种群数量最小的豹亚种,濒危等级为“极危”。分析采用相机监测技术得到的汪清保护区内东北豹种群数量和分布情况的长期动态,为这一濒危物种的保护提供科学依据。【方法】 2013年秋-2017年秋,在汪清保护区内东北豹主要分布区以每3km×3km网格1对的密度布设相机。采用相对丰富度指数(relative abundance indices,RAI)计算东北豹相对丰富度,以99%核密度等值线定义东北豹分布区,在Extract Compare软件中进行个体识别。在CAPTURE软件中对有效监测期的数据进行闭合种群检验、适宜模型评估和种群数量估计。以8 km为半径,在相机布设处向周边外延绘制缓冲区作为有效监测面积,评估东北豹种群密度。【结果】在9个监测季,东北豹RAI指数波动在0.34~2.12之间。2013年秋季东北豹分布区为201km^2, 2017年秋季分布区为992 km 2。共识别东北豹个体9只,其中成年雌性和雄性各3只、幼崽2只、性别不明个体1只。在种群数量低的情况下,CAPTURE闭合种群检验效力并不强,检验结果总体偏低。Mh模型(假设拍摄率有个体差异)选择标准得分在2015春、2015秋、2016秋、2017春4个监测季最高,在其他5个监测季得分仅次于M 0(假设拍摄率一致)。卡方拟合优度检验显示,Mb(假设捕获前后拍摄率有差异)、Mt(假设不同时段拍摄率有差异)模型评估捕获率与M0模型无显著差异。研究期间东北豹种群密度波动在0.12~0.88只·(100 km 2)^-1 ,种群总捕获率整体较高,但2017年春季拍摄个体仅占种群评估数量的0.43。【结论】受地理因素和猎物丰富度变化影响,东北豹时空分布具有异质性。CAPTURE闭合种群检验对小样本检验效力不强。M h假设是进行东北豹种群数量评估的适宜模型,“拍摄羞怯反应”会导致种群密度评估结果偏高。     

利用自动相机对大理苍山东坡白腹锦鸡种群的监测

2015年3月至11月期间,在苍山东坡5座山峰6个海拔段布设了30台远红外自动相机,对白腹锦鸡种群进行监测。结果表明:拍摄到498张白腹锦鸡的照片,分布海拔是2 300~3 300 m,平均种群密度46.12只/km2。自动相机监测比本次样带调查数据高9.86只/km2,自动相机适合群居或珍稀濒危物种的监测,为确认其分布区域提供了科学依据。     

黑龙江省东北虎野外种群监测研究

2003～2004年,在黑龙江省建立了东北虎监测网络系统,共记录到东北虎活动足迹链等信息25个。监测结果表明,黑龙江省东北虎目前分布于完达山东部、老爷岭南部和张广才岭南部3个独立的分布区,东北虎的数量在9～11只之间,其中完达山东部5～6只（1～2♂,2♀,2幼体）,老爷岭南部3～4只（1～2♂,1♀,1亚成体）,张广才岭南部1只（1♂）。在完达山东部乌苏里江流域的中俄边境地带存在东北虎迁移生态通道;老爷岭南部的中俄边境与吉林省交界地带有东北虎跨境迁移活动,并发现亚成体;完达山东部是黑龙江省东北虎最适宜的栖息地,并且存在东北虎的繁殖个体,是东北虎种群恢复和增长最具潜力的林区。     

红外触发相机在荒漠区野生动物监测中的应用——以安西极旱荒漠自然保护区为例

2012年6月至2013年4月,安西极旱荒漠自然保护区采用红外触发自动相机开展保护区野生动物的监测研究,在20个位点共拍摄到有效照片2 517张,获取有效独立照片732张,其中47.4%为兽类,50.8%为鸟类,1.8%为工作人员。应用监测照片共鉴定出物种25种,其中兽类8种,鸟类17种。兽类中拍摄率最高的前3种依次为北山羊、岩羊、中亚兔;鸟类中拍摄率最高的前3种依次为红嘴山鸦、岩鸽、石鸡。并分析讨论了红外触发相机在保护区监测应用中的一些常见问题和优缺点,为红外相机在荒漠区野生动物的监测研究提供科学方法。     

红外触发相机在荒漠区野生动物监测中的应用——以安西极旱荒漠自然保护区为例

2012年6月至2013年4月,在安西板旱荒漠自然保护区采用红外触发自动相机开展保护区野生动物的监测研究,在20个位点共拍摄到有效照片2517张,获取有效独立照片732张,其中47．4％为兽类,50．8％为鸟类,1．8％为工作人员。应用监测照片共鉴定出物种25种,其中兽类8种,鸟类17种。兽类中拍摄率最高的前3种依次为北山羊、岩羊、中亚兔;鸟类中拍摄率最高的前3种依次为红嘴山鸦、岩鸽、石鸡。分析讨论了红外触发相机在保护区监测应用中的一些常见问题和优缺点。     

完达山东部林区东北虎猎物种群动态变化及其影响因素研究

2010年冬季在完达山东部林区东北虎分布区开展东北虎猎物种群野外调查,收集狍、野猪和马鹿新鲜足迹数,再结合2004年冬季野外调查收集的足迹信息,比较分析该区域猎物种群丰富度变化趋势;并通过东北虎监测、野外调查以及卫星影像资料分析导致东北虎猎物种群丰富度下降的因素.研究结果表明,狍相对丰富度年平均递减率为6.12％,野猪年平均递减率为13.13％,马鹿的年平均递减率为37.30％.栖息地面积减少及其破碎化、东北虎捕食以及人为盗猎活动均是导致东北虎猎物种群下降的关键因素.     

基于红外触发相机技术的新平县野生绿孔雀分布调查

2017年1—12月,采用红外相机对云南省新平县野生绿孔雀开展调查监测。在野生绿孔雀潜在分布区共布设96台红外相机,累计工作日11 482个,共捕获2 873张独立有效照片,记录到野生兽类5目7科8种,鸟类5目9科12种。在布设的96个红外相机位点中有37个位点拍摄到野生绿孔雀的图像,捕获1 370张绿孔雀独立有效照片。根据调查结果,结合3S技术,作出了绿孔雀分布图。结果显示,新平县野生绿孔雀分布于者竜、老厂、新化等5个乡镇/街道的6个片区,呈斑块状分布,且这些区域均位于保护区之外,栖息地的破碎化导致各种群间无法交流,急需开展绿孔雀栖息地保护工作。     

基于红外相机的云南无量山国家级自然保护区南涧段野生动物调查

红外相机是监测野生动物的有效工具,目前广泛用于兽类资源调查以及动物损害、鸟巢生态学、种群评估、行为生态学等研究领域。为了更科学地调查无量山国家级自然保护区南涧段的野生动物种类本底,2016年12月—2021年12月,采用红外相机对辖区内的野生动物进行系统调查,在86个位点放置了红外相机,一个月收取一次数据。目前,红外相机共记录到兽类19种,约占无量山记录有分布的兽类物种总数的15%;鸟类75种,约占记录有分布的鸟类物种总数的20%。     

红外相机野外布设与操作

<正>目前,红外相机技术已发展成为陆生兽类、地面活动鸟类资源调查和监测研究的重要常规技术。红外相机主要通过照片和视频来记录并获取野生动物的种类及其群体大小、分布(相机位点信息)、拍摄照片数、行为(重点为活动节律)、生境(植被、海拔等)等数据。这些数据有助于从种群、群落和行为等方面来分析野生动物在监测区域的基本特征。然而,获得这些数据必须建立标准的红外相机调查规范要求,在布设红外相机时遵循相应的注意事项。     

盐池湾保护区利用远红外相机拍摄到棕熊猞猁夜间活动照片

2012年年初开始，盐池湾国家级自然保护区实施国家重点保护野生动物资源专项调查工作，在这次调查中，对于车辆人员难以接近观测的兽类利用布设远红外相机记录的手段进行调查。经过两个月的监测，于9月下旬和10月上旬，通过自动远红外相机在石包城保护站扁麻沟区域成功拍摄到属国家二级保护的猞猁夜间捕食岩羊和棕熊夜间活动的照片资料。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.