番木瓜酸性转化酶基因家族预测及生物信息学初步分析

酸性转化酶参与了番木瓜果实中蔗糖的韧皮部卸载,调控果实中糖类的积累。本文利用番木瓜基因组数据库信息,发现了番木瓜基因组中含有6个酸性转化酶基因,分别为细胞壁转化酶基因（CpCWINV1-3）和液泡转化酶基因（CpVINV1-3）。这些基因由3-7个外显子组成,其中CpCWINV1、CpVINV1和CpVINV2的N端均具有一个跨膜区域。蛋白质3D结构预测分析表明,CpCWINV1、CpVINV1和CpVINV2具有典型的N端β-螺旋桨模块（β-propeller module）和C端β-三明治模块（β-sandwich module）,而CpCWINV3和CpVINV3的桨叶I上,均没有保守区NDPNG/A;CpCWINV2和CpVINV3均缺失了β-三明治模块。推测番木瓜细胞壁转化酶CpCWINV1、液泡转化酶CpVINV1和CpVINV2能正确履行催化蔗糖分解的功能。本研究有助于我们进一步揭示酸性转化酶在番木瓜果实发育及糖类积累过程中的作用。     

番木瓜中6个BG生物合成相关基因荧光定量分析

异硫氰酸苄酯（benzyl isothiocyanate,BITC）是医学界公认的具有防癌抗癌活性的成分,对多种癌症具有很好的作用。BG是BITC的前体物质,可以在芥子酶的作用下水解生成BITC。研究表明,BG在热带水果番木瓜中含量丰富。本研究在克隆了番木瓜中6个相关基因和测定了BG在番木瓜不同组织中含量的基础上,采用实时荧光定量PCR技术,对6个基因在番木瓜不同组织中的表达量进行测定,并与BG的含量进行比较,考察其相关性。结果表明各基因的表达量相对较高时BG的含量也较高,即6个基因在番木瓜中的表达量与BG的含量存在相关性。我们推测,这6个基因可能是番木瓜中BG生物合成相关基因。本文结果为进一步研究基因的功能提供了理论依据。     

Preharvest calcium applications improve postharvest quality of papaya fruits (Carica papaya L. cv. Eksotika II)

This research was conducted to evaluate the effects of calcium chloride (CaCl₂) and calcium nitrate Ca(NO₃)₂ on nutrient concentrations and postharvest quality of papaya fruits. In the first experiment, plant stem height increased significantly after Ca(NO₃)₂ application compared to CaCl₂. The calcium content in the peel and pulp for both sources [CaCl₂ and Ca(NO₃)₂] significantly rose with increasing calcium concentrations, but there was a significantly higher content of calcium in fruit peel and pulp in the CaCl₂ treatment. Magnesium and potassium in fruits decreased with increasing calcium concentrations. A reduction in anthracnose lesion diameter in the infected fruit with increasing calcium was observed in both CaCl₂ and Ca(NO₃)₂ treatments. Ethylene production in fruits decreased with increasing calcium concentrations. In the second experiment, only CaCl₂ was used as the calcium source, and results showed that the calcium content in fruit peel and pulp significantly increased at higher CaCl₂ levels, whereas ethylene production, anthracnose lesion diameter, and magnesium content decreased compared to control.     

沙田柚主产区土壤养分状况与果实品质关系初探

2005年在广东省梅州市沙田柚主产区进行了采样调查,测定了梅州市松口镇大黄、小黄、蓬下、蓬上4个村沙田柚果园0～60 cm土层土壤养分含量,分析了相应果园沙田柚果实的主要品质.结果表明:供试土壤养分状况差异较大,小黄和大黄的氮磷钾有效态营养状况均处于适宜等级,而蓬上和蓬下的碱解氮处于缺乏等级.沙田柚果实品质也存在一定差异,小黄和大黄的沙田柚果实中还原糖和维生素含量较高,较蓬上和蓬下的沙田柚味甜多汁.相关分析表明,沙田柚果实中还原糖与土壤碱解氮呈显著正相关,维生素C与土壤碱解氮呈极显著正相关,而与速效钾呈极显著负相关,总酸与土壤全氮、全磷,有效磷、缓效钾呈极显著正相关.说明沙田柚果实品质受土壤氮磷钾营养状况的影响,特别是与土壤氮素含量密切相关.     

Influence of integrated nutrient management (INM) on nutrient use efficiency,soil fertility and productivity of hybrid rice

A field experiment was conducted during the two consecutive kharif seasons of 2011 and 2012 on sandy-loam lateritic soil of Indian subtropics to investigate the impact of integrated nutrient management (INM) on crop productivity, nutrient use efficiency of applied nutrients and soil fertility in restoring sustainability with hybrid rice cultivation. Application of 50% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) + 50% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) through mustard oil cake (MOC) or 75% RDF + 25% RDN through MOC + biofertilizer recorded significantly higher grain and biomass yields, greater NPK removal and higher partial factor productivity of applied nutrient (PFPN) than those of the crop having 100% RDF, 100% RDN through MOC and 25% RDF + 75% RDN through MOC, which showed very poor performance. The former treatments also improved organic carbon and available NPK contents in soil in spite of greater removal of NPK by the crop. Results of study suggested integrated use of 50% RDF + 50% RDN through MOC or 75% RDF + 25% RDN through MOC + biofertilizer for increasing hybrid rice productivity, PFPN and improving soil fertility for sustainability.     

Optimization of irrigation and nutrient concentration based on economic returns,substrate salt accumulation and water use efficiency for tomato in greenhouse

To evaluate the effects of different irrigation and nutrient concentration strategy on growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), fruit quality and substrate salt accumulation, tomatoes were grown with five different levels of water (W: 50%, 75%, 100%, 125% and 150%) and nutrient concentrations (N: 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times of Hoagland strength(X)). Fruit quality index was determined by normalization of fruit quality parameters. Deficit irrigation at standard concentration of nutrients reduced yields by 17.43% and 15.52% for T₇ (W_75%-N_1.0x) and 49.54%–51.99% for T₈ (W_50%-N_1.0x) during spring-summer (SS) and fall-winter (FW) seasons, respectively. Contents of total soluble solids (TSS), titrable acidity (TA) and sugar acid ratio (SAR) were all increased in water-deficit treatments. T₈ was found to be highest in TSS, TA and SAR except SAR in FW. Over-irrigation with excessive and standard Hoagland nutrient concentration caused non-significant reduction in yield except T₆ (W_125%-N_1.0x) in SS. T₂ (W_100%-N_2.0x) and T₄ (W_100%-N_1.5x) caused more substrate salt accumulation which resulted in significant decrease in yield and WUE. Through economic analysis, over-watering along with excessive nutrients caused profit reductions. Considering water saving, yield and fruit quality through economic analysis, T₇ found to be optimal strategy.     

河北省典型棉区土壤养分特征及养分管理技术

在河北省不同区域棉区选择代表县市,通过调查分析和氮、磷、钾3414试验的方法,研究冀南棉区、冀中南棉区及滨海盐渍土棉区的土壤氮、磷、钾养分丰缺现状和养分管理技术。结果表明:冀南棉区土壤速效钾含量偏低成为本区域的制约因素,养分调控原则为稳氮、补磷、増钾,N、P2O5、K2O适宜用量分别为135、110、150 kg/hm2,专用肥适宜配方为15-13-17;冀中南棉区土壤速效养分含量较为均衡,养分调控原则为稳氮、稳磷、补钾,N、P2O5、K2O适宜用量分别为140、90、120 kg/hm2,专用肥适宜配方为18-12-15;滨海盐渍土棉区土壤养分含量极度不平衡,土壤有效磷含量极低、速效钾含量很高,养分调控原则为控氮、增磷、控钾,N、P2O5、K2O适宜用量分别为135、130、90 kg/hm2,专用肥适宜配方为17-16-12。     

营养液浓度和用量对醋糟基质栽培番茄生长、产量和品质的影响

以番茄‘合作906’为试材,采用醋糟基质桶栽的方法,研究了不同营养液浓度和用量对番茄植株生长和果实产量及品质的影响,并对栽培基质化学性状的变化进行了测试。实验设0、1/4、1/2、3/4倍4个Hoagland营养液浓度和600、900、1 200 mL/次3个用量,共12个处理。结果表明:在番茄营养生长期和开花期,醋糟栽培基质的pH值降低,变化范围在6.79～6.29之间;基质的EC值增大,变化范围在1.50～2.77 mS/cm之间。醋糟混配基质中只浇清水不能满足植株生长需求,1/4倍Hoagland营养液900 mL/次用量对番茄植株生长最有利,且开花期对营养液需求增大,但1/2倍浓度、900 mL/次施用量番茄果实的可溶性固形物、可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白含量都最高,又以1/2倍浓度1 200 mL/次处理产量最高。结果说明,醋糟混配基质栽培番茄的最佳水肥管理方式为:营养生长期浇灌1/4倍的Hoagland营养液可促进番茄植株的生长,并在开花期略提高营养液的用量,结果期可用1/2倍的Hoagland、900～1 200 mL/次施用量以提高果实的品质和产量。     

氮肥运筹对夏玉米产量、品质及植株养分含量的影响

通过田间试验研究了不同氮肥运筹方式对夏玉米产量、 品质及植株养分含量的影响。结果表明,在氮肥施用量较低时,玉米籽粒产量及粗蛋白、 粗淀粉和粗脂肪等营养品质指标随氮肥用量的增加而提高; 当氮肥用量达到一定数量之后,则不随氮肥用量的增大而增加,甚至有所降低。在氮肥施用量为 N 300 kg/hm2,基肥∶拔节肥∶大喇叭口期追肥比例为5∶0∶5（A2）时玉米籽粒产量最高为10902 kg/hm2,比不施肥（对照）增产140.5%,比相同施氮量条件下其他基追比处理增产4.6%~12.3%。随着施氮量增加玉米籽粒氮、 磷、 钾含量呈先增后减趋势; 增施氮肥能显著提高夏玉米籽粒粗蛋白含量,在相同施氮量条件下,玉米籽粒氮素和粗蛋白含量在A2运筹方式下最高,说明该氮肥运筹方式能改善玉米籽粒的品质。     

Assessment of bio-inoculants-mediated nutrient management in terms of productivity,profitability and nutrient harvest index of pigeon pea–wheat cropping system in India

Abstract

Imbalanced and indiscriminate use of chemical fertilizers has been adversely influencing the quality of soil, environment, biodiversity and nutrient status in soil. Conjoint application of bio-inoculants (BI) with organic or inorganic sources of nutrients tweaks nutrient synchrony in soil and improves plant nutrition. With this backdrop an experiment was conducted at Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during 2016–2018. The objectives were to identify the suitable combinations of BI-mediated nutrient sources for higher productivity and profitability in pigeon pea–wheat cropping system (PWCS). The nine pigeon pea treatments; four sole applications viz., recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF), vermicompost (VC), farm yard manure (FYM), leaf compost (LC) and four conjoint applications viz., RDF?+?BI, VC?+?BI, FYM?+?BI and LC?+?BI and one control were replicated thrice under randomized block design (RBD). However, in succeeding wheat, each of the treatments applied to pigeon pea was further allocated to two levels (50% and 100%) in factorial RBD. Findings exhibit that FYM?+?BI could result into higher equivalent-system grain productivity (10.4 and 10.8?t?ha^?1 during 1st and 2nd year, respectively) of PWCS. However, profitability parameters of PWCS were higher with the RDF?+?BI. Uptake of nutrients (NPK) was significantly higher with FYM?+?BI in pigeon pea and RDF?+?BI in wheat. Nutrient harvest index (NHI) did not vary significantly in both the crops. Conclusively, bio-inoculation is more productive and beneficial in general, while, over the various combinations, recommendation of FYM?+?BI combination could be more productive and sustainable.     

Integrated nutrient management (INM) on yield trends and sustainability,nutrient balance and soil fertility in a long-term (30 years) rice-wheat system in the Indo-Gangetic plains of India

We analyzed data from a long-term rice–wheat cropping sequence to evaluate the effects of integrated nutrient management (INM) on yield trends and sustainability, nutrient balance and soil fertility of the system. After 30th cycle, grain yield of both the crops significantly declined under control and highest rice and wheat grain yields were obtained when 50% N supplied through green manure and farm yard manure, respectively. The magnitude of yield slope under INM was found considerably higher than 100% recommended fertilizer (RDF). Sustainable yield index (SYI) for both the crops were found lower in control but considerably higher with the 100% RDF and under INM. The soils under all the treatments suffered an apparent loss of K and N (except where organics replacing 50% N). Correlation study also reveals K is the sole factor for the yield sustainability as apparent K balance was negatively correlated with SYI and yield slope.     

荔枝年度枝梢和花果发育养分需求特性

【目的】荔枝（Litchi chinensis Sonn.）通常在夏季采果后进行修剪,抽生秋梢作为翌年结果母枝。生产中常有见花后或见果后才施肥现象,不重视对结果母枝的培育,对荔枝的成花和座果可能产生不良影响。本文研究荔枝采果修剪后新梢抽生、花穗萌发及果实膨大成熟年生长周期间树体吸收累积养分特性,为荔枝年度枝梢和花果发育的养分管理提供科学依据。【方法】妃子笑是我国最广泛种植的荔枝品种,通常在采后抽生2~3次秋梢,以末次梢为结果母枝。本文在妃子笑末次梢老熟期、初花期及果实成熟期分别收获三株妃子笑抽生的三次秋梢、秋梢+花穗、秋梢+果实,测定植株各种养分含量,研究妃子笑年度枝梢和花果发育养分需求量及养分转移特点。【结果】妃子笑末次梢生物量及各种养分（Ca例外）累积量均约为前两次梢之和。为获得（55.27.8）kg/tree的产量,每株妃子笑需抽生秋梢（39.782.60）kg,秋梢累积养分量为N（259.528.4）g、P（28.32.6）g、K（186.519.6）g、Ca（41.69.2）g、Mg（36.14.7）g、S（12.436.1）g、Zn（316.853.4）mg、B（201.129.0）mg和Mo（1.40.3）mg。妃子笑花穗累积的N、P、K、Mg、S、Mo养分全部来自于末次梢,67.5%的Zn和20.2%的B也来自末次梢。但是,末次梢吸收Ca能力弱,而且向花穗及果实转移Ca能力低。妃子笑秋梢与花穗N、P、K、Ca、Mg养分累积比例在1:0.11~0.12:0.72~0.75:0.16~0.44:0.13~0.14之间,在果实比例为1:0.13:1.06:0.16:0.12。【结论】荔枝在末次梢老熟至开花初期,树体除继续累积Ca、Zn、B外,基本不吸收其他养分。果实累积的N、K、Ca、Zn、S养分基本全部来自果实膨大期树体的吸收,而P、Mg、B、Mo则部分来自于第一和第二梢的养分转移。故健壮秋梢是荔枝成花的关键,也是获得高产的物质基础,应避免见花施肥或见果施肥。秋梢及花穗发育期以施用氮肥为主,果实发育期以施用钾肥为主。     

减量施肥下小麦产量、肥料利用率和土壤养分平衡

【目的】我国化肥过量施用现象普遍,不利于生态环境保护和农业可持续生产。研究化肥减量施用对小麦产量、籽粒灌浆和肥料利用率的影响,可以为我国化肥高效施用和零增长目标提供理论依据。【方法】在四川盆地进行了两个大田试验,以习惯施肥 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O 分别为 180、120、45 kg/hm2) 为对照,设置减量施肥 (N、P₂O₅、K₂O 分别为 96、60、45 kg/hm2) 处理,测定了小麦产量及构成、籽粒灌浆、花后干物质转运、旗叶叶绿素含量、养分平衡和肥料利用率。【结果】与习惯施肥相比,减量施肥下小麦产量、穗数、穗粒数没有显著变化,小麦–玉米轮作田块小麦千粒重显著提高 5.8%。根据 Logistics 方程拟合结果,减量施肥显著提高了小麦–玉米轮作田块小麦理论最大千粒重,渐增期、缓增期籽粒净增重,对其他灌浆参数影响不显著。减量施肥下小麦干物质转运量、转运率及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献率增加 28.5%、17.5% 和 20.7%,但花后旗叶叶绿素含量下降速度加快。习惯施肥和减量施肥土壤氮素盈余分别为 22.6 和 –30.2 kg/hm2,土壤磷盈余分别为 80.4 和 22.8 kg/hm2。减量施肥后氮肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率比习惯施肥提高 79.2%、69.1% 和 27.9%,磷肥偏生产力、农学效率和表观回收率提高 91.1%、72.7% 和 68.5%。【结论】本试验的两年时间内,减量施肥可以维持小麦产量,促进小麦干物质转运及其对籽粒灌浆的贡献,但花后功能叶衰退加速。减量施肥下肥料利用率提高,土壤磷素盈余降低,土壤氮素亏缺,需要在确保维持小麦产量、土壤肥力和养分平衡的基础上,继续优化减氮量。     

三峡库区纽荷尔脐橙园土壤营养状况及其对果实品质的影响

2002年测定了三峡库区4个纽荷尔脐橙园0～40cm土层的土壤营养状况，分析了相应果园2003年纽荷尔脐橙果实的主要品质。结果表明，供试果园土壤养分状况差别较大，兴山县供试果园土壤养分状况最好，巴东县的次之，奉节县供试果园稍差于巴东县，秭归县的供试果园土壤养分含量不如其它产地；奉节县纽荷尔脐橙果实的主要营养品质最好，但果面着色情况则以秭归县最佳。多元线性逐步回归分析结果表明，在一定范围内，可滴定酸含量与土壤有效磷含量呈显著的线性负相关；固酸比与土壤有机质和有效磷含量呈极显著的线性正相关；维生素C含量与土壤速效钾含量呈线性正相关；果皮红色值与有机质含量呈极显著正相关，但与土壤速效钾含虽旱极显著直线负相关；果皮黄色值与土壤碱解氮含量呈显著直线正相关。     

Yield and quality of tomato grown under organic and conventional nutrient management

Nutrient management plays an important role in yield and quality of tomatoes. A field experiment was conducted during the years 2008–09 and 2009–10 to analyze the effect of organic and conventional sources of fertilizer on yield and quality of tomatoes in an acid lateritic soil of India. The organic sources of fertilizer were vermicompost (VC), crop residue (CR), vermiwash (VW) and biofertilizer (BF). The conventional input was chemical fertilizer (CF) applied at recommended dose of 100:80:60 kg ha^?1 of N:P₂O₅:K₂O for the tomato. The organic source VC was used to supply 100% N recommendation as single source or 50% N recommendation when combined with CF or organic sources. Maximum fruit yield was recorded when CF was applied at full dose, which was on a par with VC at full recommendation. A higher percentage of large-size fruits (>7 cm) was obtained in VC-based treatments compared with CF treatment. Vermicompost at full dose increased ascorbic acid, beta carotene, total soluble solids and color value compared with its half dose along with other organic sources (CR, BF). The potential exists to improve tomato fruit quality through a better nutrient management, whether it be conventional, organic or a combination of both.     

Influence of Foliar and Ground Fertilization on Yield,Fruit Quality,and Soil,Leaf, and Fruit Mineral Nutrients in Apple

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran. There were eight treatments 1) control (no fertilizer), 2) soil applied N, 3) soil applied Zn, 4) soil applied N+Zn, 5) foliar applied N, 6) foliar applied Zn, 7) foliar applied N+Zn and 8) combined soil and foliar applied N+Zn. The N source was urea [CO(NH₂)₂, 46% N] applied at 276 N tree^{? 1} yr^?1 and the Zn source was zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄,7H₂0, 23% Zn) applied at 110 g Zn tree^{? 1} yr^{? 1}. The soil treatments of N and Zn, were applied every two weeks during June through August (total of 6 times/year) in a 1 m radius around the tree trunk (drip line of trees). The foliar solutions of N (10 g l^{? 1} urea) and Zn [8 g l^{? 1} zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄)] were sprayed at the rate of 10 L tree^{? 1} every two weeks at the same times as described for soil applications. The highest yield (49 kg tree^{? 1}), and the heaviest fruits (202 g) were obtained in the soil and foliar combination of N+Zn treatment. The lowest yield (35 kg tree^{? 1}), and the smallest fruits (175 g) were recorded in the control. Nitrogen, and to a lesser extent Zn, foliar application resulted in decreasing fruit quality (caused russeting, and lower soluble solid), but increasing N leaf and fruit concentrations (2.4% DW and 563 mg kg^{? 1}, respectively). There were significant differences among yield and leaf mineral nutrient concentration in different treatments. But there was no significant difference between fruit mineral nutrient concentration (except N). Ratio of N/calcium (Ca), potassium (K)/Ca, and [magnesium (Mg)+K]/Ca in fruits were found suitable for fruit quality prediction. Combining the zinc sulfate with urea in the foliar applications increased the concentration of Zn from 0.7 to 1.5 mg per kg of apple tissue. Leaf N concentration varied during growth season. Foliar applied nutrient can be more efficient than soil applied, but a combination of soil and foliar applications is recommended for apple tree nutrient management.     

亏缺灌溉时期对番茄果实品质和产量的影响

实验研究了亏缺灌溉不同开始时期对番茄品质、产量形成和水分利用率影响。不同时期开始亏缺灌溉果实的营养品质明显不同,亏缺灌溉开始的越早,果实的硬度和密度越大,可溶性固形物含量(B rix)、滴定酸度、维生素C的含量越高,但糖酸比变化不大;随着亏缺灌溉开始时间的提前,单果重逐步减少,结果数变化不大,产量降低的幅度也越大;膨大期和座果期开始亏缺灌溉水分利用率提高,开花期开始亏缺灌溉水分利用率下降。生产中应选择膨大期开始亏缺灌溉,既可以提高品质,又可以减少产量降低带来的负面影响。     

Response of Young Citrus Trees on Selected Rootstocks to Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Fertilization

The majority of the citriculture in Brazil is located in the state of São Paulo, with a total production area of 700,000 ha. Trees are grafted mostly on ‘Rangpur’ lime (RL; Citrus limonia Osbeck) rootstock. Despite its good horticultural performance, use of other rootstocks has increased with the search for disease-tolerant varieties to improve grove productivity and longevity. Furthermore, there is a lack of information on young tree response to fertilization, and optimal nutrient requirements of different scion/rootstock combinations for maximum fruit yield. A network of field experiments was conducted to study the differential response of young sweet orange trees on selected rootstocks to nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) fertilization. The application of soil and leaf analyses to develop optimal fertilizer recommendations was evaluated. Experiments were conducted in three locations using fractional factorial design of one-half (4 × 4 × 4) type with four rates of N, P, or K calculated to be applied for five years after tree planting. Fruit yield response was evaluated during the last two years and correlated with soil and leaf analyses data. The trees on RL rootstock demonstrated increased efficiency of nutrient use and fruit production compared with those on ‘Cleopatra’ mandarin (CL; C. reshni hort. ex Tanaka) or ‘Swingle’ citrumelo [SW; Poncirus trifoliata (L.) Raf. × C. × paradisi Macfad.] rootstocks. The trees on SW rootstock appeared to require greater N and K rates than those on RL rootstock. Phosphorus requirement was greater for ‘Natal’ or ‘Valencia’ trees on CL than on RL rootstock. These results will become the basis for revising current fertilizer recommendation guidelines for young trees in Brazil.     

亏缺灌溉时期对番茄果实品质和产量的影响

实验研究了亏缺灌溉不同开始时期对番茄品质、产量形成和水分利用率影响。不同时期开始亏缺灌溉果实的营养品质明显不同，亏缺灌溉开始的越早，果实的硬度和密度越大，可溶性固形物含量(Brix)、滴定酸度、维生素C的含量越高，但糖酸比变化不大；随着亏缺灌溉开始时间的提前，单果重逐步减少，结果数变化不大，产量降低的幅度也越大；膨大期和座果期开始亏缺灌溉水分利用率提高，开花期开始亏缺灌溉水分利用率下降。生产中应选择膨大期开始亏缺灌溉，既可以提高品质，又可以减少产量降低带来的负面影响。     

小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥对河北省冬小麦产量、养分效率和环境效应的影响

为评价小麦养分专家系统(Nutrient Expert,NE)推荐施肥对冬小麦产量效应、养分利用率和农田环境效应的影响,对2010~2014年期间在河北省开展的83个小麦试验进行了分析。结果发现:小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥量较农民习惯施肥量氮、磷肥分别降低了47.0%和10.4%,钾肥增加了102.0%;小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥较农户施肥增产在2.6%~13.0%之间,氮、磷、钾肥利用率分别为31.7%、10.9%和31.0%,氮肥偏生产力为47.9kg/kg,显著高于农民习惯施肥处理24.7 kg/kg;小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥的农田温室气体排放总量和排放强度分别为2 211 kg CO_2 eq/hm~2和332 kg CO_2 eq/t,显著低于农民习惯处理的3 720 kg CO_2 eq/hm~2和589 kg CO_2 eq/t。小麦养分专家系统推荐施肥提高了养分利用率、降低了农田温室气体排放,可以在河北省小麦主产区推广应用。