高压磨料水射流切割中材料破坏机理的分析

高压水射流切割是一种冷态切割技术,相比其他加工方式具有其独到的优势。对高压水射流切割试样的实验研究,用扫描电镜对切割断面进行观测,分析了高压水射流对材料的破坏方式。研究表明,射流对固体材料的破坏方式主要有两种：塑性破坏和脆性破坏,脆性破坏区的表面质量优于塑性破坏区。对水射流的破坏机理分析表明,射流对表层金属的硬化作用,导致了在起始阶段内,材料呈现脆性破坏,电镜扫描图上呈现层片状剥离的形貌,切割面相对光滑。在射流能量耗散之后,不足以实现表层硬化,磨料的磨削＂、犁耕＂使断面粗糙度上升。     

水射流切割模型及其性能分析

推导了水射流切割主要参数的数学模型;证明了入口压强、横移速度、磨料进给量与工件切深成正比;喷嘴切割角度偏移12°,切割效率可提高11.37%。推导出相同条件下,可通过一组数据求出多组体积能耗比的简便计算公式。     

Orthogonal design of experiment and analysis of abrasive water jet cutting on carbon fiber reinforced composites

The carbon fiber reinforced composite is a new type of composite material with an excellent property in strength and elastic modulus and has found extensive applications in aerospace, energy, automotive industry and so on. However, this composite has a strict requirement on processing techniques, for example, brittle damage or delamination often exists in conventional processing techniques. Abrasive water jet machining technology is a new type of green machining technique with distinct advantages such as high-energy and thermal distortion free. The use of abrasive water jet technique to process carbon fiber composite materials has become a popular trend since it can significantly improve the processing accuracy and surface quality of carbon fiber composite materials. However, there are too many parameters that affect the quality of an abrasive water jet machining. At present, few studies are carried out on the parameter optimization of such a machining process. This leads to the unstable quality of surface processing. In this paper, orthogonal design of experiment and regression analysis were employed to establish the empirical model between cutting surface roughness and machining process parameters. Then a verified model was used to optimize the machining process parameters for abrasive water jet cutting carbon fiber.     

大田滴灌条件下土壤水分运移规律的试验研究

研究了大田滴灌条件下,不同灌水量、不同滴头流量以及不同的土壤剖面容重条件下水分在土壤中的迁移规律。结果表明:在大田滴灌条件下,地表沿滴头土壤湿润锋基本呈圆形分布,在一定灌水量和滴灌流量条件下,土壤垂直湿润锋明显地大于水平湿润锋,且随着灌水量的增加呈线性关系;在同一灌水量下,随着滴头流量的增大,湿润体水平扩散半径(r)和竖直入渗深度(h)也相应变大;在不同灌水量下,湿润体水平和竖直湿润速度随着时间的增大都逐渐变小;随着剖面土壤容重的增加,水平湿润锋的迁移加快,水平湿润锋随时间的变化呈显著的幂函数关系;随着灌水量的增加,不同剖面容重下的土壤水平湿润锋速率的增加逐渐变小,而垂直湿润锋则呈变大的趋势。     

基于人工神经网络的磨料水射流切割速度模型

磨料水射流切割的断面质量限制了,其应用。由于高速固液两相流本身的复杂性,很难建立一个有效的理论模型。基于人工神经网络理论,结合典型材料切割质量的实验结果,建立了磨料水射流切割速度的数值预测模型,给定切割工件、射流压力和切割质量后,该模型能快速、准确、可靠地预测切割速度。     

入渗水头对盐碱土水盐运移影响的试验研究

通过室内盐碱土垂直入渗水盐模拟试验,分析了不同水头作用下湿润峰、累积入渗量、土壤含水量、电导率及Cl-浓度的变化特征。研究结果表明,不同水头条件下湿润峰和累积入渗量与入渗历时有显著的乘幂关系,影响顺序为10 cm>5.0 cm>2.5 cm;在脱盐区不同入渗水头土柱剖面的土壤含水量、电导率及Cl-浓度分布基本一致,而在盐分累积区,随着入渗水头的增加积盐深度减小,无论是入渗结束时还是再分布15 h,不同入渗水头脱盐效果有明显差异,表现为2.5 cm>5.0 cm>10 cm;随着入渗水头的增大,脱盐区深度略有增加,入渗结束时装土容重1.35、1.45 g/cm3的入渗脱盐深度与湿润峰的比分别为0.682和0.690,再分布条件下的比分别为0.619和0.632,在不同入渗水头作用下,再分布过程土壤的水盐运移比入渗过程缓慢。     

沙管深度对盐碱土膜孔灌土壤水盐运移的影响

通过室内不同沙管深度的盐碱土膜孔灌自由入渗试验,研究了沙管深度对盐碱土土壤水盐运移的影响。结果表明,相同入渗时间,累计入渗量随着沙管深度的增加而增加,并与入渗时间呈幂函数关系;不同沙管深度的湿润锋运移距离随着时间延长而增大,与入渗时间符合幂函数关系;相同入渗时间,湿润锋运移距离随着沙管深度的增加而增大;随着距沙管中心距离的增加,不同沙管深度的土壤含水率减小,电导率值增大;随着沙管深度的增加,脱盐区范围逐渐增大。以上研究结果可为盐碱土改良措施提供合理依据。     

高压水射流切割技术及应用

高压水射流切割技术是近20多年来发展起来的新技术和新工艺,已在世界上几上国家的许多工业部门获得了广泛的应用。本文综述了该技术的基本原理、系统组成、在工业中的应用、国外最新发展动向,并对如何发展我国的水射流切割技术,提出了几点认识。     

推土铲测力传感器设计与试验

为研究推土铲的工作性能，设计了两种测力传感器，分别用于推土铲表面载荷和总推土阻力的测量。通过光滑试件和非光滑试件的推土试验，获得了推土铲工作时表面载荷的分布规律，以及推土铲水平推土阻力和垂直推土阻力与切削深度和切削速度等工作条件的关系。     

蔗地不平对收获机砍蔗系统影响的仿真分析

甘蔗根切质量是评价甘蔗收获机砍蔗系统好坏的一个重要指标,它直接影响到宿根第2年发芽率,即宿根蔗产量.通过测量蔗地不平整度,获得了第一手甘蔗种植垄沟不平整的数据,利用MATLAB处理数据得到小型甘蔗收获机以0.4m/s工作速度前进时由蔗地不平引起根切器振动的频率与幅值,并通过虚拟仿真软件ADAMS仿真分析蔗地不平对小型甘蔗收获机械砍蔗系统的影响.     

雷达遥感中基于多尺度的土壤粗糙度变化

利用雷达进行地表观测的过程中,土壤粗糙度情况对雷达后向散射有重要影响,是地表土壤水分获取模型中的关键输入参数。目前,遥感领域大多数研究都是基于单尺度利用均方根高度s和相关长度l来描述水平和垂直方向土壤表面粗糙度的情况。为此,针对农用地地表不同粗糙度情况,分析了不同尺度的实际测量剖面数据,结果表明:表征粗糙度大小的s和l值变化不仅与表面粗糙情况有关,还与不同空间尺度相关;使用单一尺度来描述地表粗糙度情况是不准确的。     

Effects of gravel mulch on water vapor transfer above and below the soil surface

Laboratory experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of gravel mulch on evaporation with emphasis on resistance to water vapor transfer in a soil-mulch–atmosphere continuum. Based on measurements of evaporation rate using weighing soil columns with and without the surface mulch, the resistance to vapor flow by each of atmosphere, mulch and soil sections was determined. Comparison of experimental results of bare soil with mulched surface indicated that gravel mulch increases the resistance not only above the soil surface but also below the surface. The resistance of the mulch layer to water vapor flow above the soil surface increased exponentially with the thickness of the mulch layer, although so-called “aerodynamic resistance” (i.e. resistance above the mulch–atmosphere interface) slightly decreased compared to the bare soil because of large roughness of gravel mulch. The increase in the resistance below the soil surface, which is conventionally called “soil surface resistance”, is attributed to the development of a dry surface layer. Partial covering of the soil surface with gravel induced concentrated evaporation flux and increased depth of the drying front, even if the soil is relatively wet on spatial average. The nonhomogeneity in soil moisture movement may be reinforced when gravels are partially embedded into the soil.     

深松深度对土壤扰动影响的仿真与试验研究

深松深度是深松作业的重要评价指标之一,可对土壤扰动产生重要影响。为此,以凿型深松铲为研究对象,综合使用离散元仿真和土槽试验方法,利用土壤坑形轮廓宽度、土壤垄形轮廓高度、土壤蓬松度、土壤扰动系数和地表平整度等评价指标,研究不同深松深度对土壤扰动的影响。结果表明:1土壤扰动轮廓截面曲线基本吻合,土壤坑形轮廓宽度和土壤垄形轮廓高度随深松深度的增加而增大;2土壤蓬松度随深松深度的增加逐渐减小,土壤扰动系数随深松深度的增加逐渐增大,且试验和仿真得到的结果一致;3地表平整度随着深松深度的增加而逐渐增大,且试验与仿真结果的趋势一致。本研究可以为深入理解深松土壤扰动过程提供决策依据。     

绕水翼非定常空化流场数值模拟

基于Reynolds平均法,采用RNG k-ε模型及Mixture两相流模型,对绕攻角10°的ys930水翼非定常空化流动进行了数值模拟,分析了空化数分别为10,08,05时的空化流场结构、流动特性及空泡演化过程等．结果表明:云状空泡由两部分组成,前一部分为空泡主体,稳定附着于水翼吸力面上,其内部充满水蒸气,压力为汽化压力;后一部分为空泡附体,为周期性气液两相运动区域．空泡前端位置基本稳定,空泡主体长度随时间变化先增大后减小;空泡主体长度由空化数和回射流强度共同决定．空泡厚度随时间变化先增大后减小,空化数越小,空泡能达到的最大厚度越大,同时最大厚度出现位置越靠近水翼尾缘．回射流的强度与空化数成反比,空化数越小,回射流强度越大,来流与回射流的相互作用决定了空泡附体脱落的位置．     

远程智能控制滴灌土壤入渗多参数节水效果试验研究

基于使用远程智能控制系统,研究扬黄灌区土壤水分入渗试验,分析讨论了2种类型土壤,基于不同压力、埋深程度研究土壤水分入渗速度、湿润锋、时间等,并初步总结出不同外界条件下土壤入渗的变化规律,为保持水土、提高土壤水分生产力提供重要的科学依据。研究表明:压力、贴片式滴灌带的埋深程度对土壤累计入渗量和入渗速度的影响都比较明显。土壤累积入渗量随着压力水头的增加而增大,湿润运移距离位移不单单和环境有关系,压力对其的影响也很大。在越强的压力作用下,水的运送速度越快,这样土壤的入渗速度就越快。速度的增大也加快了各个方向的运移速率,从而达到在短时间内入渗大面积的土壤,增大了运移距离。实验结果显示,湿润锋能够在压力为0.2 MPa的情况下达到最大运移距离;埋深程度也同样影响着土壤累积入渗量和土壤的累计入渗速度,经试验测量埋深10 cm土壤入渗量最大,且地表不宜蒸发到。     

土石坝坝体溢洪道泄槽水面线若干

通过试验研究对土石坝坝体溢洪道采用曲线型堰的泄槽水面线起算水深进行了观测，发现圆弧曲线堰及翼型堰的起算水深均小于0.7倍临界水深hk。 利用已有的试验资料分析了泄槽设置掺气挑坎后对水面线产生的扰动影响。分析结果表明,由于掺气挑坎对水流的扰动和挑流作用 ，使得泄槽内的水深增大；掺气挑坎对水面线的影响程度与流速、掺气挑坎的体型等因素有关；当泄槽内设置多道掺气槽时，上一级掺气挑坎的体型对下一级掺气挑坎处的水深也有一定的影响。     

Effective irrigation uniformity as related to root zone depth

Summary In models used for relating the yield to irrigation uniformity it has been assumed that the spatial distribution of irrigation water, as measured at the soil surface, is indeed the water distribution at any depth throughout the root zone. In the present paper the distribution of infiltrated water within the soil bulk, as determined by an analytic solution of the two-dimensional unsaturated flow equation, did not conform to this assumption. A new alternative definition of irrigation uniformity is proposed under the assumption that water uptake by roots does not affect the flux distribution within the soil profile. In this analysis the spatial distribution of irrigation water flux at the soil surface, which is the upper boundary condition of the flow equation, is assumed to be a sine function. The solution to this problem indicates that there is a damping effect, which increases with soil depth, on the surface flux fluctuations. Furthermore, the actual irrigation uniformity at a given depth below the soil surface depends upon the initial uniformity at the surface and the distance between adjacent water sources. The closer the water sources are to each other, the shallower is the depth needed to damp the oscillations down to a certain level. This may explain why the actual uniformity of drip irrigation is high while the detailed distribution is very nonuniform and on the other hand, why the actual uniformity of sprinkler guns is low while the detailed actual distribution is close to uniform. Two uniformity coefficients are derived in this study: 1. A depth dependent coefficient which is made up of the damping factor that multiplies the flux fluctuations at the soil surface; 2. An effective uniformity coefficient, which is an average of the depth dependent coefficient over a part or the entire root zone. Different degrees of uniformity are expected when water is applied by different irrigation systems having similar uniformity coefficients at the soil surface, but dissimilar distances between the emitters. Assuming that crop yield depends to some extent on the uniformity of water depth actually available to the roots, the yields associated with such irrigation systems will probably also vary.     

When to turn the water off: scheduling micro-irrigation with a wetting front detector

The science of irrigation scheduling is well advanced, but the field application of this knowledge among irrigators is limited. Case studies are presented to show why irrigators may fail to adopt or persevere with traditional irrigation scheduling methods. This paper describes a funnel-shaped wetting front detector that is buried at an appropriate depth in the root zone. As a wetting front moves into the funnel of the detector, the water content increases due to convergence, so that the water content at the base of the funnel reaches saturation. The free water produced is detected electronically and this provides the signal to stop irrigation. Since the philosophy of drip irrigation in most cases is to supply water little and often, the "when to turn the water on" question becomes redundant and knowing when to turn the water off is more useful. Two further case studies demonstrate the benefits of scheduling micro-irrigation using wetting front detectors. The detectors retain a water sample from each irrigation event and this was used to monitor nitrate movement in and below the root zone.Communicated by P. Thorburn     

硬质合金刀具干式切削淬硬钢的切削性能试验研究

在数控车床上进行了干式硬态切削淬硬钢,优选刀具材料和切削条件,研究了切削性能和刀具磨损情况。研究表明:采用添加少量的TaC新型硬质合金材料刀具,能阻止WC晶粒在烧结过程中的长大,是合理的刀具材料;改善表面粗糙度应重点从进给量考虑和切削深度考虑,切削速度的影响是比较小;刀具的磨损形态主要特征为月牙洼磨损,刀具的破损主要形式为刀片表层剥落、切削刃的微崩刃。     

砂轮约束磨粒喷射精密光整加工材料去除模型

根据砂轮约束磨粒喷射精密光整加工机理分析和参与加工的有效磨粒数建立了两体加工、三体加工以及磨粒喷射加工的材料去除模型.利用平面磨床进行了磨粒喷射精密光整加工实验,实验结果验证了依据机理所建立的材料去除模型,且实验结果和模型吻合很好.