四大玉米杂优类群自交系的全捌饲用营养价值分析

对我国现行的四大玉米杂优类群中25个自交系的全株玉米营养价值进行了初步测定，结果表明：在四大玉米杂优类群中，瑞德群的粗蛋白（CP）含量最低，粗脂肪（CF）含量最高，中性洗涤纤维（NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）含量居中；兰卡斯特群的ADF含量比其它类群低；塘四平头类群的CF含量最低，NDF和ADF含量却最高；旅大红骨群的NDF含量最低，CP含量最高。单株鲜重、单株干重、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和中性洗涤纤维含量在四大类群之间无显著性差异。旅大红骨群与塘四平头群之间的NDF含量有显著差异；ADF含量在兰卡斯特群和瑞德群、塘四平头群和旅大红骨群之间存在着显著性差异。     

利用SNP芯片对部分黄淮海玉米自交系遗传多样性分析

利用4 434个SNP标记对47份玉米自交系进行种质遗传多样性和杂种优势类群研究。采用Admixture软件对自交系的遗传结构进行分析,采用Treebest软件对自交系进行聚类分析和类群划分。结果表明,47份自交系分为6个类群,分别为瑞德群、兰卡斯特群、塘四平头群、PB群、旅大红骨群和自330亚群。10个自选系组配的杂交种主要利用的杂种优势模式为PB×塘四平头和瑞德×塘四平头,均为近年来黄淮海地区主要利用的杂种优势模式。     

不同杂种优势群玉米自交系种子吸水特性研究

用重量法测定63份玉米自交系种子的吸水速率,对不同杂种优势群种子平均吸水速率进行方差分析,并筛选各个类群中种子吸水速率较快的自交系。试验共筛选出吸水处理后48 h种子吸水速率大于0.6 mg/h的自交系36个,试验材料自交系分成P群、旅大红骨、瑞德、兰卡斯特和塘四平头5个杂种优势群,吸水后48 h种子平均吸水速率,兰卡斯特群0.73 mg/h,旅大红骨群0.71 mg/h,瑞德群0.62 mg/h,P群0.57mg/h,塘四平头群0.56 mg/h。结果表明,种子吸水速率在不同类群间不存在显著差异,在吸水时间之间存在显著差异。     

氮对玉米杂交种F_(2:4)家系秸秆品质性状及分离特性的影响

在施氮和不施氮两种条件下,对农大108 F_(2:4)家系秸秆主要品质性状中的粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(CF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量进行了初步分析.结果表明,两种氮肥处理之间以及不同家系之间各营养成分含量差异均达极显著水平;增施氮肥有利于提高秸秆的粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量,降低酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维的含量;两种氮水平条件下,不同家系之间秸秆各主要营养成分含量的变异性分离均符合正态分布,并存在不同程度的双向超亲分离;不同基因型的玉米对氮素的敏感性各异.相关分析表明,无论在施氮或不施氮条件下,CP与CF以及ADF与NDF分别呈极显著正相关(平均r=0.42和0.95),而CP与ADF、NDF均呈极显著负相关(平均r=-0.58和-0.62).     

河北省玉米种质基础及杂交优势利用模式的分析

通过对1980～1998年主要种植玉米杂交种有关数据的统计分析表明,80年代以来,河北省种植玉米杂交种种质基础是以塘四平头群、兰卡斯特群、改良Reid群、旅大红骨群四大系统为主,并且近几年有增加之趋势.四大系统中,塘四平头群变化不大,兰卡斯特群利用水平明显降低,改良Reid群利用水平明显增加.杂交优势利用模式主要是:改良Reid群×塘四平头群,塘四平头群×其它种质群.     

改良Reid类群种质及组配的杂交种在河南省的应用状况

河南省生产上大面积应用的玉米杂交种其亲本的主要来源于瑞德黄马牙、旅大红骨、塘四平头,近年来又从省外引入和选育一批78599等改良种（P群）。重点介绍了改良Reid类群种质的特征特性和应用概况。通过改良Reid类群种质与塘四平头、旅大红骨、P群及其他类群组配的杂交种分析,阐述了改良Reid类群种质的杂交优势模式及该类群种质在河南省玉米育种和杂交种生产中所起的重大作用。     

氮对玉米杂交种F2∶4家系秸秆品质性状及分离特性的影响

在施氮和不施氮两种条件下,对农大108 F_2∶4家系秸秆主要品质性状中的粗蛋白(CP)、粗脂肪(CF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量进行了初步分析。结果表明,两种氮肥处理之间以及不同家系之间各营养成分含量差异均达极显著水平;增施氮肥有利于提高秸秆的粗蛋白和粗脂肪的含量,降低酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维的含量;两种氮水平条件下,不同家系之间秸秆各主要营养成分含量的变异性分离均符合正态分布,并存在不同程度的双向超亲分离;不同基因型的玉米对氮素的敏感性各异。相关分析表明,无论在施氮或不施氮条件下,CP与CF以及ADF与NDF分别呈极显著正相关(平均r=0.42和0.95),而CP与ADF、NDF均呈极显著负相关(平均r= -0.58和-0.62)。     

利用SNP芯片进行玉米遗传多样性和群体遗传结构分析及新品种选育

以瑞德群、兰卡斯特群、旅大红骨群、塘四平头群、PA、PB群、热带血缘群7个类群205份自交系为材料,利用6 973个高质量SNP标记,进行群体遗传结构、遗传多样性和类群间遗传关系分析.结果表明,205份材料可分为7个类群,主等位基因频率平均值为0.726,基因多样性为平均值为0.344,杂合度观测值平均值为0.274,...     

利用SNP标记对51份玉米自交系进行类群划分

利用1 041个SNP位点对51份玉米自交系进行基因型分析,最小等位基因频率平均值为0.359,多态性信息含量（PIC）的变化范围为0.186～0.375,平均值为0.345;Roger’s遗传距离的变化范围为0.009 2～0.704 1。根据Roger’s遗传距离信息,利用NJ聚类法将51份玉米自交系划分为7个杂种优势群,包括改良瑞德群、瑞德群、兰卡斯特群、旅大红骨群、塘四平头群（或称黄改群）、P群和糯质群,划分结果和系谱来源基本一致。7个杂种优势群的群体间遗传距离变化范围为0.285 0～0.432 1,瑞德群和改良瑞德群之间的遗传距离最近;旅大红骨群和P群之间的遗传距离最远。     

我国北方部分玉米自交系的遗传多样性分析

利用SSR分子标记技术,分析我国北方部分玉米自交系的遗传多样性。从79对SSR核心引物目录中,选出43对引物对52份玉米自交系进行遗传多样性研究,共检测到174个等位基因位点,每对引物检测到2～8个等位基因,平均每个位点的等位基因数4.35个,平均多态性信息量为0.593。UPGMA聚类分析结果表明,52份自交系划分为兰卡斯特群、瑞德群、旅大红骨群、塘四平头群和综合种群5个类群。生产上主要推广杂交种的亲本大多来自不同的类群。     

Prediction of the chemical composition of white clover by near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy

The aim of this study was to assess near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) as a rapid and reliable method for estimating quality parameters in white clover ( Trifolium repens ). NIRS calibrations were derived for ash, crude protein (CP), crude fibre (CF), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) acid detergent lignin (ADL). To maximize variability, the set of samples for analysis was selected from field plots, harvested in two contrasting environmental locations over a period of 5 years. The samples were scanned using a NIR-Systems model 5000 monochromator. A total of 145 samples was used to calibrate and cross-validate the equations derived. A separate independent set (sixty-five samples) was used for testing the predictions. Standard errors of calibration and cross-validation, expressed as percentages of the mean, were 3·5 and 5·5 for ash, 3·0 and 4·2 for CP, 4·4 and 5·0 for CF, 3·7 and 4·7 for NDF, 3·3 and 4·2 for ADF and 14 and 16 for ADL respectively. The NIRS calibrations obtained from this study have the potential to be used in breeding programmes to assess the quality of white clover and for agronomic evaluations.     

玉米不同种质对粗缩病的抗性鉴定和分析

研究玉米不同种质类群内和类群间选系对玉米粗缩病的抗性。结果表明,不同种质自选自交系对玉米粗缩病抗性有明显差异,初步认为塘四平头群和P群总体最好;Reid群较差;旅大红骨和Lancaster群抗感病表现相差不大,说明玉米种质(遗传基础)对粗缩病的抗性起重要作用。     

Effects of shrub encroachment on herbage production and nutritive value in semi-arid Mediterranean grasslands

There is limited information on the effects of the increase in the density of shrubs on herbage production and nutritive value of natural grasslands in the Mediterranean region, currently facing major land use changes. Herbage production of drymatter (herbaceous fractions, of plant functional groups and by species), crude protein (CP), neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF), acid‐detergent fibre (ADF), acid‐detergent lignin (ADL) and hemicellulose concentrations and in vitro organic matter digestibility were determined at the time of peak of annual growth across four types of grassland vegetation each characterized by different shrub cover regimes. A sharp reduction in herbage production and a reduction in nutritive value were found as a result of the increase in shrub cover. These changes appeared to be closely related to the shift in plant functional groups detected as shrub density increased. Herbage production from grasses and legumes was found to be more sensitive to shrub cover changes than herbage production from forbs, whereas, as grassland types became denser, annual species were gradually replaced by perennials and C₄ grasses by C₃ ones. The impact of shrub encroachment on Mediterranean grasslands is discussed in relation to their use by livestock.     

中国不同时期玉米自交系聚类及杂优模式分析

以我国不同年代广泛推广玉米品种的32个自交系为材料,利用40对引物对每个自交系的单株样品进行SSR标记遗传多态性聚类分析,结果表明：32个自交系基本可以划分为6大类群,Ⅰ类为唐四平头群,包括黄早四、黄野四、昌7-2、吉444、西502、K12、掖81515和LX9801;Ⅱ类为改良Reid群,包括掖478、郑58、U8112、C8605-2和PH6WC;Ⅲ类为P类群,包括豫自87-1、沈137、齐319、X178和丹598;Ⅳ类为综合杂优群,包括矮金525、掖52106、综31和黄C,该类群与改良Reid群血缘相对较近;Ⅴ类为Lancaster群,包括本7884-7ht、C103、Mo17、Mo17ht、获唐黄、自330和PH4CV;Ⅵ类为旅大红骨群,包括E28、丹340和掖107。聚类结果与系谱来源基本一致但存在差异性,说明SSR标记技术基本可以应用于玉米自交系优势类群的划分。分析我国不同年代单交种杂种优势模式演化规律,认为Reid×唐四平头、Reid×Lancaster是今后我国玉米育种杂种优势利用的主流模式。     

Nutritive value of ensiled maize stover from nine different varieties harvested at three different stages of maturity

Nutrient composition and digestibility of stover contribute markedly to the nutritive value of forage maize in cattle feeding. Low stover digestibility limits the quality of whole plant maize silage (WPMS) and should therefore be prevented by optimizing management of WPMS production. A project was carried out to analyse nutrient composition and ruminal nutrient degradability of ensiled stover of nine different current maize varieties, which were planted in 3 years and harvested at three maturity stages (50, 55 and 60% ear dry‐matter [DM] content). Variety and harvest date had a significant impact (p < 0.05) on crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy content, whereas fibre content and non‐fibre components were not affected by these factors. In contrast, the potential and effective degradability (ED) of organic matter (OM), CP and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) were significantly influenced by variety and harvest date. The ED5 (ED at 5% per hour passage rate) of different varieties ranged from 22.9% to 29.3% for OM, from 66.2% to 71.4% for CP and from 17.3% to 20.5% for NDF. The ED5 of OM, CP and NDF declined significantly by 4.1%, 2.5% and 2.1% units between the second and third maturity stage. Almost all investigated parameters were significantly influenced by year. Significant differences between varieties indicate that there is a potential for improvement of stover degradability through breeding. Harvest ear DM content should not exceed 55%, because nutritive value of ensiled stover declines significantly beyond this value, which could negatively affect WPMS quality in cattle feeding.     

6种千斤拔不同生育期的营养价值分析

测定了腺毛千斤拔、宽叶千斤拔、海南千斤拔、球穗千斤拔、大叶千斤拔Ⅰ、大叶千斤拔Ⅱ的粗蛋白质（CP）、酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）、粗脂肪（EE）、粗灰分（Ash）含量,以探讨其养分含量随生育期的变化动态。结果表明,各种养分含量随生育期的推移而变化,其变化趋势因千斤拔种类而异,但峰值多出现在开花期和结荚期。6种叶片的CP平均含量为18.55％,ADF为38.66％,NDF为47.10％,EE为3.75％,Ash为5.35％。总体来看,千斤拔叶片具有较高的营养价值,其营养价值的高低和生长发育有关。     

Effect of defoliation management, based on leaf stage, on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) under dryland conditions. 2. Nutritive value

A field experiment was undertaken between April 2003 and May 2004 in southern Tasmania, Australia, to quantify and compare changes in the nutritive value of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), prairie grass (Bromus willdenowii Kunth.) and cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) under a defoliation regime based on stage of leaf regrowth. Defoliation interval was based on the time taken for two, three or four leaves per tiller to fully expand. At every defoliation event, samples were collected and analysed for acid‐detergent fibre (ADF), neutral‐detergent fibre (NDF) and total nitrogen (N) concentrations and to estimate metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible dry matter (DDM) concentrations. Amounts of crude protein (CP) and metabolizable energy (MJ) per hectare values were subsequently calculated. There was a significantly lower (P < 0·001) NDF concentration for perennial ryegrass compared with prairie grass and cocksfoot, and a significantly lower (P < 0·001) ADF concentration for cocksfoot compared with prairie grass and perennial ryegrass, regardless of defoliation interval. The CP concentration of cocksfoot was significantly greater (P < 0·001) compared with the CP concentrations of prairie grass and perennial ryegrass. The estimated ME concentrations in cocksfoot were high enough to satisfy the requirements of a lactating dairy cow, with defoliation at or before the four‐leaf stage maintaining ME concentrations between 10·7 and 10·9 MJ kg^?1 DM, and minimizing reproductive plant development. The ME concentrations of prairie grass (10·2–10·4 MJ kg^?1 DM) were significantly lower (P < 0·001) than for cocksfoot (as above) and perennial ryegrass (11·4–11·6 MJ kg^?1 DM) but a higher DM production per hectare resulted in prairie grass providing the greatest amounts of ME ha^?1.     

A two-year comparison on nutritive value and yield of eight lucerne cultivars and one red clover cultivar

Red clover (Trifolium pratense) and lucerne (Medicago sativa) are among the most common legume species used for ruminant feeding systems. Besides the greater nutritive quality and first-year ley yield compared to lucerne, red clover decreases its yield over the years. However, under unfavourable soil conditions the persistency of lucerne can be compromised, not performing as expected. This study compared yield and chemical composition of eight lucerne cultivars and one tetraploid red clover cultivar, with similar growth capacity as lucerne, replicated over two years. In the second year, four lucerne cultivars and the red clover cultivar were analysed for crude protein (CP) fractions, dry matter and neutral detergent fibre (NDF) digestibility. A randomized block design was used with three field blocks per cultivar for the multiple comparisons within each year. There were differences in DM yield, concentrations of CP and NDF and CP fractions among the lucerne cultivars, but the differences were inconsistent between years and between growth cycles within year. The red clover cultivar had lower CP and NDF concentrations than a majority of the lucerne cultivars, and greater in vitro organic matter digestibility compared to all of the lucerne cultivars. Also, the red clover cultivar had greater rumen undegradable-to-degradable CP ratio but confirmed its lower yield persistency compared to the lucerne cultivars.