学原处理改善杨木过氧化氢机械浆白度稳定性研究

分别采用硼氢化钠、亚硫酸氢钠及其混合物处理杨木APMP漂白机械浆，优化了处理条件，研究了不同化学药品对纸浆不处理后改善白度稳定性效果。结果表明：硼氢化钠处理杨木漂白化机浆不但能够显著改善其白度的稳定性而且对纸浆具有漂白作用。加入亚硫酸钠混合处理纸浆可大幅度减少 氢化钠用量，并能取得类似的改善纸浆白度稳定性效果。杨木碱性过氧化氢机械浆光诱导返色有其固有特点，傅立叶红外光谱显示，纸浆木质素中的羰基和酚羟基结构基团是引起纸浆光诱导返色的主要原因。     

木质素化学改性抑制杨木碱性过氧化氢机械浆返色的研究

中试系统制备了杨木碱性过氧化氢机械浆。分别在水相 /有机溶剂相 /气相等条件下 ,使用乙酐处理杨木化机浆 (原浆及硼氢化钠还原后纸浆 ) ,分别抄造成 60g/m2 纸片 ,测定了不同时间紫外线照射后试样白度。运用返色值 (PCno .)和白度稳定效果 (BSE)等指标评价处理后浆料的光学稳定性。研究结果表明 ,有机溶剂相和气相乙酰化后的纸浆 ,光学稳定性的提高程度取决于乙酐用量和反应时间即乙酰化程度。通过乙酰化 ,可以获取光学完全稳定的杨木化机浆。紫外漫射反射光谱表明 ,杨木APMP机械浆光诱导返色的主要原因是纸浆木质素中羰基和酚羟基团吸收紫外光后变化形成发色结构所致。还原配合纸浆乙酰化处理 ,可能成为防止高得率纸浆返色的工业应用方法     

BRIGHTNESS STABILIZING EFFECT OF UV-ABSORBERS AND RADICAL TRAPPER ON POPLAR APMP PULPS

高得率纸浆残余木质素中对紫外光和近紫外光高度敏感的特定化学结构,结合大气中的氧分子,通过形成游离基中间体而产生发色物质,导致高得率纸浆的光返色(返黄)。紫外吸收类化合物、游离基捕获剂或抗氧剂等处理纸张制止纸张返色的研究已有报道。本文研究了杨木APMP纸浆手抄片添加紫外吸收类化合物(Tinuvin 1130及其前驱物)、游离基捕获剂(氮氧游离基化合物)和抗氧剂(PEG 300)等的工艺条件和方法,对比研究了不同溶剂介质下(有机型和水溶液),添加剂对杨木APMP原浆和还原处理白度稳定性效果。结果表明,Tinuvin 1130与脂肪醇混合物处理还原后,纸浆抗光诱导返色效果尤为显著,该技术方法十分接近工业应用条件,具有潜在的工业应用价值。     

杨木高得率制浆技术的最新进展

本文介绍了杨木的纤维特性、化学成份和利用杨木生产高得率纸浆的适应性,以及杨木为原料的漂白化学热磨机械浆（ＢＣＴＭＰ）和碱性过氧化氢化学机械浆（ＡＰＭＰ）。ＡＰＭＰ是９０年代研制成功的高得率制浆新方法,其特点是纸浆得率高、白度高和强度好。该法适用于针阔叶木,特别是杨木。杨木ＡＰＭＰ可代替部分长纤维针叶木浆,配抄低定量胶印新闻纸和涂布纸等。     

尿素在桦木Kp浆漂白中的应用

采用在氯化段或次氯酸盐漂白段添加尿素和碱抽提强化技术，以改善桦木硫酸盐浆ＣＥＨ三段漂白的效率。研究结果表明：在次氯酸盐漂白段添加尿素，不仅可以提高纸浆粘度和白度，而且漂白浆返黄减轻；若在氯化段和次氯酸盐漂白段同时添加尿素，纸浆粘度最高，碳水化合物得到最大程度的保护。     

离子液体预处理对纸浆酶漂效果的研究

以杨木碱性过氧化氢机械浆(APMP)、化学热磨机械浆(CTMP)、硫酸盐浆(KP)和麦草CTMP 4种浆为原料,对纸浆在应用生物酶漂白前利用离子液体进行温和预处理,控制离子液体BmimC l用量为1.0%(以绝干纸浆质量计,下同)、EmimD MP用量为1.2%,研究发现离子液体预处理可明显改善纸浆的酶漂效果,且EmimD MP的效果更优。表现为应用离子液体预处理后成纸的光学性能及物理强度明显改善,EmimD MP预处理后杨木KP浆白度可提高4.27%(ISO),不透明度增加了2.46%,麦草CTMP成纸的抗张指数、耐破指数、环压指数、撕裂指数及耐折度分别增加12.21%、29.80%、22.45%、44.82%和52.50%。纤维质量分析仪(FQA)、X射线衍射(XRD)和扫描电镜(SEM)分析结果显示,离子液体处理后4种纸浆纤维质量提高,平均长度增加,细小纤维含量降低,纤维结晶度提高,其中EmimD MP处理后杨木KP浆结晶度提高了11.21%,纸浆表面发生明显分丝帚化,增加了药液的渗透能力。     

漆酶-介体系统处理麦草化学浆全无氯漂白性能的研究

采用漆酶－介体系统对麦草化学浆进行预处理，研究了几种全无氯漂白（TCF漂白）[氧碱脱木质素配合两段过氧化氢漂白（OEPP），两段过氧化氢漂白（QPP）和过乙酸配合一段过氧化氢漂白(PaP)]对漆酶处理后纸浆漂白性能的作用，结果表明，麦草浆经过漆酶预处理后，白度上升了12．9个白度单位（%,ISO)，漆酶处理浆氧碱脱木质素配合过氧化氢漂白后比原浆在相同条件下漂白后白度高14个白度单位以上，经两段过氧化氢漂白后白度比原浆在相同条件下（过氧化氢用量4％）漂白后白度高18．3个白度单位，经过乙酸过氧化氢漂白后比原浆在相同条件下漂白后白度高8．1个白度单位。漆酶处理浆漂白后强度比原浆漂白后的低，但是其白度高，如漂至相同的白度可以节约大量漂剂，有利于改善浆的质量，降低漂白废水的污染负荷。     

混合阔叶木KP浆常规三段漂白强化工艺生产性试验

由柞木、桦木、杨木混合木片采用ＫＰ法生产的未漂浆，经ＣＥＨ三段强化漂白后，纸浆白度达到８１％（ＳＢＤ）以上，其裂断长达到了５７９６ｍ。     

杨木制浆技术的新进展

本文介绍了用杨木生产漂白化学浆,包括硫酸盐法,硫酸盐-蒽醌法,烧碱-蒽醌法和碱性亚硫酸钠-蒽醌法制浆;用杨木生产漂白化学热磨机械浆;用杨木生产碱性过氧化氢机械浆;特别是杨木碱性过氧化氢机械浆是90年代发展研制成功的高得率、高白度和强度性好的新化学机械浆种,它适用于配抄低定量胶印新闻纸、低定量涂布纸等。     

麦草爆破制浆漂白性能研究(英文)

本文就麦草浆漂白的性能进行了探讨，以期改善纸浆白度．Ｈ２Ｏ２漂白剂因漂白损失小、漂后白度稳定性好，从而常用于纸浆漂白，特别是高得率浆的漂白．为寻找Ｈ２Ｏ２的漂白规律，本文对Ｈ２Ｏ２漂白过程的影响因素进行了研究．漂白剂Ｈ２Ｏ２在水中电离生成ＯＯＨ－作为漂白的有效成分，其浓度的提高使反应顺利进行．因此增加Ｈ２Ｏ２用量将获得较好的漂白效果．Ｈ２Ｏ２在碱ｐＨ缓冲剂存在的环境中电离，将产生一个较稳定的ＯＯＨ－浓度，使漂白反应稳定．但是过高的ｐＨ值会导致Ｈ２Ｏ２分解，同时碱与浆中木素的反应生成新的发色基因，使纸浆白度下降．适当的温度会促使Ｈ２Ｏ２的电离，使漂白反应顺利进行．但温度过高则使Ｈ２Ｏ２分解，失去漂白作用．为消除重金属离子对Ｈ２Ｏ２的催化分解作用，加入了螯合剂．根据ＭｏｎｉｃａＬｕｎｄｑｕｉｓｔ的研究模型，本文对麦草爆破浆的Ｈ２Ｏ２漂白进行了研究，白度值可表示为ｄＷｄｔ＝ｋ［Ｈ２Ｏ２］０．２３４０［ＮａＯＨ］１．２６１９Ｗ－１．８１７６．公式表明：较高的Ｈ２Ｏ２浓度、ＮａＯＨ浓度及较少的发色因素对白度提高有利．从公式中还可看出在保证必需的Ｈ２Ｏ２用量的情况下，ｐＨ值的控制对白度的提高是一个关键因素．由于漂白反应     

紫外吸收剂和游离基捕获剂对杨木APMP纸浆白度稳定效果的研究

高得率纸浆残余木质素中对紫外光和近紫外光高度敏感的特定化学的。结合大气中的氧分子,通过形成游离基中间体而产生发色物质,导致高得率纸浆的光返色（返黄）。紫外吸收类化合物、离基捕获呈抗氧剂等处理纸浆罅纸张返色的研究已有报道。本文研究了杨森ＡＰＭＰ纸浆手抄片添加紫外吸收类化合物、游离基捕获剂和抗氧剂等的工艺条件效果。结果Ｔｉｎｕｖｉｎ１１３０与脂肪醇混合物处理还原,纸浆抗光诱导返色效果尤为显著,该技术方     

European hardwoods versus Eucalyptus globulus as a raw material for pulping

The importance of eucalypt as a raw material for pulping is steadily growing. Eucalyptus globulus was compared with European hardwood species using two alkaline pulping processes, kraft and alkaline sulfite, anthraquinone pulping (ASA), which is a recently developed modified alkaline sulfite process. All cooks were performed to similar kappa numbers. Poplar cooks resulted in the highest yields followed by eucalypt and birch which were on the same level. Yield of beech pulps was definitely lower. ASA pulps show a moderate higher yield due to the less alkaline pH-profile of the cooking liquor. This yield advantage was maintained and even enhanced after TCF-bleaching. The bleaching response of all pulps was excellent. The birch pulps had the highest tensile strength followed by the poplar and beech pulps. Surprisingly eucalypt pulps had the lowest tensile strength. But this was compensated by the very good tear index of eucalypt pulps. The runnability factor, as an index for the overall strength potential, was on the same level for all pulps. Due to the higher hemicellulose content of the ASA pulps their tensile strengths were higher, but tear strengths lower compared to the kraft pulps. The different morphology of the hardwoods investigated resulted in different volumes and light scattering coefficients of the corresponding pulps. Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult.Walter Liese on the occasion of his 80th birthday.     

Industrial utilization of tobacco stalks II: preparation and characterization of tobacco pulp by steam explosion pulping

Our previous paper showed tobacco stalks to posses the characteristics of a raw material for pulp and paper application. It contains the major biomass constituents and cell components common to wood species. In this study, preparation and characterization of tobacco stalk pulp by steam explosion (SE) pulping at two chemical pretreatments were attempted. Chemical pretreatment prior to SE pulping improved the brightness, yield, and strength properties of the resulting tobacco SE pulps in the order: 6% Na₂SO₃ + 1% NaOH > 6% Na₂SO₃ > control (untreated). The 6% Na₂SO₃ + 1% NaOH-impregnated tobacco stalks produced SE pulps of good fiber length distribution and considerable properties that compare well with pulps from other raw materials obtained from previous studies, and the nonimpregnated ones showed strength properties superior to those of their poplar counterpart. Prior to bleaching, pretreating the tobacco stalk SE pulps with two stages, 2% NaOH at 90°C, improved the initial pulp brightness by about 5 points. Two-stage 6% H₂O₂ bleaching gave a comparable effect with hypochlorite bleaching for both tobacco and poplar, giving a 29–34 brightness point increase for tobacco SE pulp and 61 for the poplar samples. The differences in the bleaching responses for untreated tobacco and poplar SE pulps were attributed to the differences in their lignin structure, as shown in the total yield of their respective nitrobenzene oxidation products and FT-IR spectra. Tobacco SE pulps contain more of the guaiacyl-type lignin and poplar the syringyl-type lignin.This paper was presented in part during the 1998 CORESTA (Cooperation Centre for Scientific Research Relative to Tobacco) Congress, Brighton, UK, October 1998     

北美地区杨树木材利用现状与前景

过去20多年, 北美地区的杨树已经从杂草树种转变为产生巨大经济效益的用材林树种, 杨树木材因其具有较高纤维素含量和较低的木质素含量, 适合用作纸浆和纸制品的原料。杨木制浆方法有机械法、化学法、半化学法和化学机械法, 杨木浆可以作为高级纸、纸板、新闻纸和包装纸。杨木牛皮纸浆与针叶材牛皮纸浆混合, 具有良好的成纸性能, 透明度高, 适合制作高级用纸。杨木也是传统的锯材、单板和胶合板工业的原材料, 用来生产锯材、单板、胶合板、木质复合板、包装箱、集装箱、火柴杆和筷子等。最近10年杨木定向刨花板和结构复合板产量显著增加, 利用前景广阔。从资源生产的角度来看, 在改良木材化学组成、纤维质量和自然耐久性等方面进行木材性质改良的转基因杨树研究取得了长足进展。从资源利用角度来看, 高价值的工程复合板和高得率的纸浆和纸产品将会在未来发展中快速增长。     

河滩地杨树防护林生长量与气候因子关系研究

杨树是我国低山丘陵半干旱区河滩地重要的防护用材林树种之一,探讨其生长量与气候因子的定量关系,可为该地区河滩地杨树防护用材林集约栽培及其低产林的更新改造提供科学依据。本文以该地区大、小凌河两岸河滩地为典型试验区,经多年连续观测,通过林木调查和树干解析,应用多元逐步回归和灰色系统理论与方法,建立了杨树生态防护用材林高生长量与气候环境因子的回归模型,气候环境因子对其生长量影响程度的灰色关联顺序为光>水>气>热,即可认为影响杨树高生长的主导因子是光照因子,其次是水分因子,再次是热量因子。表2参17。     

亚硫酸盐预处理对蔗渣酶解效率的影响

为了破坏蔗渣的抗降解性,获得高的酶解效率,采用亚硫酸盐法对蔗渣进行预处理,探讨亚硫酸氢钠用量对蔗渣理化性质、表面磺酸基含量(磺化度)及酶解效率的影响,并进一步分析了磺化度对酶解效率的影响。结果显示:不同亚硫酸氢钠用量蔗渣的结晶度(I_(Cr))变化不显著,但预处理后蔗渣纤维素结晶区相对含量上升,半纤维素含量减少。50 g蔗渣,按固液比1∶8(g∶m L)加入1.1%的稀硫酸,亚硫酸氢钠加入量(以绝干蔗渣计)为8%,在160℃条件下反应30 min时制得的蔗渣其表面磺酸基最多,达131.73μmol/g。在2%干蔗渣,7.5 FPU/g(以干蔗渣计),50℃,72 h酶解条件下,对不同磺化度的蔗渣进行酶解,结果显示酶解效率随底物的磺化度升高而升高,最高综纤维素水解效率可达83.76%。研究表明:蔗渣的酶解效率与磺酸基团的含量呈正相关,而与蔗渣中纤维素的结晶度关系不明显;酸性亚硫酸盐法可除去绝大部分半纤维素,破坏蔗渣抗降解性,促进酶解效率。     

碳酸氢钠等药剂对水泡型杨树溃疡病的防治研究

对水泡型杨树溃疡病进行了碳酸氢钠和福美胂的室内抗菌活性测定和室外防治试验。当培养基中碳酸氢钠浓度为12 g/L时,溃疡病菌菌丝生长抑制率为96.71%;当培养基中福美胂含量为30 mg/L时,菌丝生长抑制率为100%。在野外40%福美胂150倍液和碳酸氢钠10倍液施药后2周防治效果分别为48.69%和67.74%。碳酸氢钠是一种价格低廉、效果理想、安全的无机化学药剂,对杨树溃疡病的防治有推广和应用价值。     

Light source dependence of the photodegradation of wood

The aim of this study was to determine whether artificial ultraviolet (UV) light sources are able to imitate properly the photodegradation of wood caused by sunlight. In this study, wood specimens were irradiated with a xenon lamp and a mercury lamp. The xenon light simulated sunlight only in the case of long-term irradiation. The photoinduced yellowing of wood was faster and greater in the case of short-term exposure to xenon light than that caused by sunlight. The number of UV light-generated carbonyl groups absorbing infrared light around 1700 cm⁻¹ showed good correlation with photoinduced yellowing. On the other hand, mercury light did not simulate sunlight. However, the mercury lamp, as a strong UV light emitter, can be applied to determine the valid limits of the Kubelka–Munk (K-M) equation. Our results show that the K-M equation cannot be applied to determine the absorption properties of the sample if the values of the K-M units exceed 50.     

Steam explosion pretreatment used to remove hemicellulose to enhance the production of a eucalyptus organosolv dissolving pulp

The steam explosion (SE) pretreatment associated with the organosolv process was investigated to produce dissolving pulp from eucalyptus. Prehydrolysis Kraft (PHK) pulping was also done to produce viscose and acetate grade pulps as reference. The organosolv pulps were delignified in two steps with sodium chlorite. Viscose and acetate grade PHK pulps were bleached by OD₀(EH)D₁P and OD₀(EP)D₁PCCE sequences, respectively. Dilute acid-catalyzed (with acid addition) SE pretreatment dissolved more xylan than auto-catalyzed (no acid addition) SE pretreatment. Steam-exploded unbleached organosolv pulps showed lower residual lignin content and screened yield than unbleached organosolv pulps without SE pretreatment. Steam explosion pretreatment helped to decrease lignin content and damaged fiber length of unbleached organosolv pulps. The 1.0% H₂SO₄ organosolv pulp (organosolv dissolving pulp at bioconversion conditions) showed the highest reactivity. Even showing low viscosity for some applications, in general, the organosolv dissolving pulps produced in this study can be used for making lyocell fibers.