GPS和GIS在土壤物理参数调查中的应用

利用GPS和GIS技术，对位于雷州半岛的广东省幸福农场的土壤物理参数进行了调查，得到0～30cm深度范围内土壤的圆锥指数、含水率和密度分布图，并进行了3种耕作方式对土壤圆锥指数影响的对比。通过分析得出，土壤含水率不仅影响作物的生长，而且在一定程度上影响土壤的其他基本参数。     

水田土壤圆锥指数测取方法探讨

水田土壤圆锥指数测取方法探讨罗哲，喻凡，宁素俭，周淑辉自４０年代美国ＷＥＳ提出以圆锥指数作为衡量土壤强度参数以来，因其使用仪器简单、测取方便而被大量应用于判断车辆的通过性等方面。在采用经验法建立水田拖拉机驱动轮牵引性能预测公式中，对能否以固定深度内的...     

试论圆锥指数的适用性

本文回顾了“圆锥指数”法的历史背景和发展现状。结合圆锥贯入计在我国使用的情况,以事实为依据,通过理论分析阐述了以圆锥指数表征南方水田土壤强度特性所遇到的困难。讨论了圆锥指数的适用范围。     

电动电测圆锥仪

系统地阐述了测量圆锥指数ＣＩ用的圆锥仪在国内外的发展概况。在工兵圆锥仪和电测圆锥，剪切仪第一代样机的基础上，研制了一种用微型电动机作动力的自动化程度较高的高精度电测圆锥仪。该仪器能现场打印出与深度Ｚ相对应的土壤的ＣＩ值，整个测试深度内土壤的平均ＣＩ值及Ｚ－ＣＩ曲线。着重介绍了该仪器的组成，性能及技术特点。通过试验证明，该仪器测试可靠，精度高，操作方便。     

应用电流法测量土壤圆锥指数

圆锥指数仪是农业上用于测量土壤压实度的专用设备。基于机/电能量守恒原理,定量分析了测量过程中直流电动机输出功率与锥杆作用力之间的能量传递关系,提出了一种根据电动机电流来测量土壤圆锥指数的方法。试验结果证实了该方法的可行性。     

基于嵌入式力学传感器的圆锥指数仪设计与试验

为消除在测量过程中因圆锥杆受被测材料摩擦力所产生的测量误差,改进了圆锥指数仪设计,将微型力学传感器嵌入到圆锥杆下端,实现了对土壤和青贮玉米饲料压实度的精确测量.试验结果表明,测量2种土壤压实度过程中,原有圆锥指数测量方法因圆锥杆受摩擦力作用所产生的测量误差可忽略不计.而在青贮玉米饲料压实度测量过程中,2种不同紧实度样本中圆锥杆受摩擦力约占压力传感器测量值32.56％和34.05％,当圆锥头不受阻力时,嵌入式力学传感器测量值为零,而压力传感器测量值约为110 N和280 N,表明原有测量结果存在较大误差.     

圆锥指数仪贯入沙土过程的三维离散元法模拟

在圆锥指数仪贯入沙土试验的基础上,建立了半圆柱形沙土料床的三维数值模型,利用离散元法对圆锥指数仪贯入沙土过程进行了模拟,讨论了圆锥指数的主要影响因素及其影响规律。研究结果表明:贯入圆锥的铅垂方向阻力、圆锥指数及半圆柱形料床侧壁的正压力均随着贯入深度的增加而增大,且形状窄、粒径大的料床圆锥指数明显大于形状宽、粒径小的料床;贯入后的大颗粒料床侧壁正压力明显大于小颗粒料床;当圆锥贯入速度大于0.2 m/s时,圆锥指数才明显增大,此时贯入过程已经对料床产生较强的冲击效应。最后,把贯入后的料床根据颗粒的位移划分为4个区域,可以直观地判断出贯入过程的影响范围,为实地测量土壤坚实度时取样点间距的选取提供了理论依据。     

地面力学中土壤参数的选定及其测量方法和仪器

本文简述了在中国建立土壤参数标准的必要性,分析了地面—机器系统力学中所用的十组土壤参数,认为采用圆锥指数CI值作为土壤参数标准较为合理。提出了新的测定水田表层及其松软土壤(CI=0-10 kN/m~2)参数的方法、原理、并提出测定极坚实土壤(CI>3000kN/m~2)参数的方法。改制出便携式仪器样品,进行了土壤圆锥指数测定试验,证明效果良好,为正式设计、制造这种宽量程仪器提供了依据。     

基于圆锥指数评估车辆机动性能综述

我国未来陆军转型的目标为全域机动作战,这要求陆军装备在各种不同的土壤条件下具有良好的机动性能,并且要对土壤的强度进行快速的评估。而美军广泛使用的圆锥指数能够快速地获得土壤的强度值。本文回顾了美军应用圆锥指数判断车辆机动性能的发展过程,对于我未来陆军装备的设计及使用具有参考价值。     

沼泽地土壤圆锥指数和剪切强度的试验研究

采用ＳＹ－１水田静载承压仪和ＤＴＣ－３６土壤动态三轴测试仪测取了大庆沼泽地区两种典型土壤的圆锥指数和剪切强度,建立了圆锥指数与贯人深度关系的数学模型,分析了含水量对剪切强度的影响及该地区车辆通过性差的原因,为研制开发适于该地区行驶的新型车辆提供了依据。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。