春、秋季东海大桥海上风电场水域大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系

为探明工程建设后东海大桥风电场水域大型底栖动物群落结构特征,利用底层拖网资料和环境调查数据,采用相对重要性指数、等级聚类、多元统计等方法对该水域大型底栖动物群落结构及其与环境因子的关系进行分析。春、秋季共发现17种大型底栖动物种类,隶属5目10科14属,十足目占绝对优势,其比率为76.5%,其中以长臂虾科和梭子蟹科占优,比率分别为29.4%和17.6%。春季优势种为葛氏长臂虾(Palaemon gravieri)、三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)和安氏白虾(Exopalaemon annandalei),秋季优势种为安氏白虾和葛氏长臂虾,春、秋季对底栖动物资源量贡献最大的种类不同。春、秋季底栖动物Margalef丰富度指数(D)、Pielou均匀度指数(J')和Shannon多样性指数(H')平均值分别为1.05、0.47和0.83,多样性指数季节间变异不显著。等级聚类(CLUSTER)和非度量多维标序排序(NMDS)表明,东海大桥风电场水域大型底栖动物群落可分为春季和秋季2个组群,单因子相似性分析(ANOSIM)表明2个组群差异极显著(R=0.954,P0.01)。冗余分析(RDA)表明,温度和盐度是影响东海大桥风电场水域大型底栖动物群落结构变异的最主要环境因子,其季节变异主要体现在繁殖群体的季节演替上。东海大桥风电场水域是安氏白虾、葛氏长臂虾和三疣梭子蟹等重要渔业资源的栖息地和繁殖场所,群落结构的变异与底栖动物的繁殖生态习性密切相关,具有典型的季节特征。     

浙江近海捕虾生产的资源管理

<正> 浙江省虾类资源十分丰富,在近海不包括爬行虾类已知就有11科、31属、60余种,有生产价值的主要经济虾种有中国毛虾Acetes chinensis、哈氏仿对虾Parapenaeopsis hardwickii、鹰爪虾Trachypenaeus curvirostais、中华管鞭虾Solenocera sinersis、葛氏长臂虾Palaemon(Palaemon)gravieri、戴氏赤虾Metapenaeopsis dalai、细巧仿对虾Parapenaeopsis tenellus、安氏白虾Palaemon annandalei、脊尾白虾Palaemon carinicauda和细螯虾Leptochela grarcilis等十余种,其中前五种的产量比重大,又有明显的汛期,为浙江近海主要虾类的优势种。这些经     

盘锦海域桁杆虾拖网网囊网目选择性研究

为了解盘锦海域桁杆虾拖网的网囊网目尺寸是否适宜当地渔业生产,使用套网法研究了该网具不同网目尺寸的网囊对葛氏长臂虾(Palaemon gravieri)和脊尾白虾(Palaemon carinicauda)的选择性。结果显示,试验网囊网目尺寸为20、25和33 mm时,葛氏长臂虾的50%选择体长L0.5分别为30.7、36和40 mm,选择范围SR分别为12.2、10.4和13.8 mm,选择性因数SF分别是1.5370、1.4394和1.3310;脊尾白虾的50%选择体长L0.5分别为38.3、40.2和45.3 mm,选择范围SR分别为9.3、14.4和12.9 mm,选择性因数SF分别是1.913 1、1.608 2和1.372 7。两种虾类的50%选择体长(L0.5)和网囊网目内径(m)的线性回归方程为,葛氏长臂虾:L0.5=0.686 9 m+17.691 8;脊尾白虾:L0.5=0.550 0 m+26.955 7。研究认为:盘锦海域常见的20 mm网囊网目的桁杆拖网会捕获大量的幼虾,对渔业资源造成巨大破坏;建议捕捞葛氏长臂虾可用网囊网目内径为33~38 mm的桁杆虾拖网,捕捞脊尾白虾可用网囊网目内径为24~30 mm的桁杆虾拖网。     

2009―2011年秋季长江口无脊椎动物群落特征及其与环境因子的 关系

根据2009―2011年秋季长江口及其邻近海域渔业资源中无脊椎动物调查数据,探讨无脊椎动物群落动态特征。结合同步监测的该水域环境数据,分析无脊椎动物群落时空变异与环境因子间的关系。结果表明,3个秋季航次共捕获无脊椎动物8目15科25种,其中甲壳动物14种,软体动物11种。无脊椎动物群落优势种类包括三疣梭子蟹(Portunus trituberculatus)、鹰爪虾(Trachypenaeus curvirostris)、日本枪乌贼(Loligo japonica)、双斑蟳(Charybdis bimaculata),不同年份优势种类存在变异。无脊椎动物群落资源密度呈逐年增加的趋势,2009年最低,2011年相对最高。无脊椎动物群落多样性年间差异显著(P0.05)。双向指示种(TWINSPAN)群落结构分析表明,无脊椎动物群落包括2个群组,具有明显的年际演替特征。冗余分析(RDA)群落排序结果显示,表层盐度和底层温度是驱动长江口无脊椎动物群落结构变异的主要环境因子。长江口无脊椎动物群落年际变异体现在优势种类和多样性的演替上,水域温度驱动群落的时间变异,盐度驱动群落的空间变异。     

春季和夏季杭州湾北部海域鱼类种群结构分析

为了解杭州湾北部海域鱼类种群组成及结构特点,利用相对重要性指数(IRI)、Cluster聚类和多元统计等方法对该海域鱼类种群结构进行分析。结果显示,春、夏季杭州湾北部海域共出现鱼类22种,隶属8目、12科、19属,鲈形目占比最高,为50.0%,其次为鲽形目和鲱形目,所占比例各为13.6%,生态类型以海洋性鱼类为主。调查共发现6种鱼类优势种,春季优势种为棘头梅童鱼(Collichthys lucidus)、鮸(Miichthys miiuy)和凤鲚(Coilia mystus),夏季优势种为棘头梅童鱼、白姑鱼(Pennahia argentata)、龙头鱼(Harpodon nehereus)、鮸和焦氏舌鰨(Cynoglossus joyneri)。Cluster聚类和非度量多维标度显示,杭州湾北部海域鱼类种群可分为春季组(Ⅰ组)和夏季组(Ⅱ组),春季组由5月站点组成,夏季组由8月站点组成,组间差异系数达到84.17%。ANOSIM分析表明,春季组和夏季组种群结构差异极显著(R=0.554,P0.01);BIOENV分析表明,春、夏季杭州湾北部鱼类种群结构与温度的相关性最高,相关系数为0.404。研究表明,杭州湾海域仍然是棘头梅童鱼、凤鲚等经济鱼类的产卵场和索饵场,鱼类种群结构的季节变化明显,棘头梅童鱼的生态洄游习性可能是造成种群结构变化的主要原因。     

苏北浅滩中部海域春秋季口足目和十足目虾类分布特征

根据2010年5月和9月苏北浅滩如东海域虾类调查资料,研究了苏北浅滩中部海域口足目和十足目虾类种类组成和多样性的时空分布,探讨了主要优势种密度对总优势种密度的影响,并结合该海区地形地貌、水文环境等因素对虾类多样性进行了分析。结果表明,在2次调查中,共鉴定出十足目18种,口足目2种。依据相对重要性指数IRI的计算,得出该海域春季主要优势种为葛氏长臂虾(Palaemon gravieri),秋季为哈氏仿对虾(Parapenaeopsis hardwickii)。尽管春季各站位平均种类数稍高于秋季,但秋季虾类种间分布较均匀,致使该海域虾类重量和尾数多样性指数(H')均值秋季(1.59,1.85)皆高于春季(1.13,1.57)。不同生态类群虾类种类变化形成季节更替,更替率为55%。黄海冷水团和长江冲淡水的季节变化是影响该海域虾类种类生态类群和多样性分布的主要水文因素。     

长江口横沙浅滩及邻近水域夏季游泳动物群落结构分析

为了解长江口横沙浅滩及邻近水域游泳动物群落结构状况,分析其是否受河口工程建设的影响,本研究于2019年6月对该水域展开底拖网数据调查,通过分析其优势种、物种多样性、群落结构特征来了解群落结构现状。结果显示,夏季该水域共出现游泳动物68种,种类组成主要以节肢动物和鱼类为主。优势种分别为安氏白虾（Exopalaemon annandalei）、葛氏长臂虾（Palaemon gravieri）和矛尾虾虎鱼（Chaeturichthys stigmatias）,主要为小型、低营养层次和短生命周期的物种。调查水域游泳动物生物多样性指数偏低,群落结构总体不稳定,受环境扰动较大。聚类和排序分析显示调查水域站位大致可分为两组,并且两组组间物种群落结构差异极显著（R=0.825,P<0.01）,主要是受到盐度和水温的影响。总体上看,近年来长江口深水航道和滩涂围垦等工程的建设可能对横沙浅滩及邻近水域游泳动物群落结构造成了一定程度的影响。     

基于GAM模型的马鞍列岛海域优势甲壳类与环境因子的关系研究

海洋虾类和虾蛄等甲壳类是许多鱼类的饵料生物,是海洋生态系统的重要组成部分。为了探索马鞍列岛海域优势甲壳类与环境因子之间的关系,文章基于广义加性模型(GAM)建立了甲壳类与环境因子的生态模型,并对甲壳类资源分布进行预测。结果表明,影响细巧仿对虾(Parapenaeopisis tenella)分布的主要因素是时间因素和底质,影响口虾蛄(Squilla orarotia)分布的主要因素包括底质、经度、温度和盐度,而影响葛氏长臂虾(Palaemon gravieri)分布的显著因素是时间因素。从分布格局来看,细巧仿对虾生物量低值出现在研究海域中间区域,高值出现在东北部海域;3月口虾蛄生物量在东南海域较高,而10月在西部海域较高;葛氏长臂虾分布低值出现在研究海域中间区域,高值海域环绕低值海域周围分布。     

杭州湾增殖放流海域游泳动物群落结构特征分析

根据2007～ 2009年每年8～10月在杭州湾海域实施渔业资源增殖放流后的跟踪调查资料,采用群落结构测度公式、群落的季节更替指数和迁移指数,探讨杭州湾增殖放流海域游泳动物的群落结构变化特征.结果表明,杭州湾增殖放流海域共出现游泳动物54种,其中龙头鱼(Harpodon nehereus)、脊尾白虾(Exopalala...     

温度、盐度变化对葛氏长臂虾存活和抗氧化能力的影响

本研究在对葛氏长臂虾(Palaemon gravieri)进行不同温度和盐度骤变预实验的基础上进行分组设置。温度骤变实验设置 1 个对照组(22 .0 ℃, 盐度 25)和 4 个处理组(14.0 ℃、18.0 ℃、26.0 ℃和 30.0 ℃, 盐度均为 25); 盐度骤变实验组设置 1 个对照组(25, 温度 22.0 ℃)和 4 个处理组(15、20、30、35, 温度均为 22.0 ℃); 不同升温实验设置 2.0 ℃/d、4.0 ℃/d、6.0 ℃/d 3 组, 记录葛氏长臂虾各时间点存活率, 并检测肝胰腺总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、 超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)含量。结果显示, 温度骤变实验中, 仅 30 ℃组存活率变化显著(P＜0.05), 其 96 h 存活率低于 50.00%, 各处理组中 3 种抗氧化酶活性与 MDA 含量均呈现先升高后降低趋势, 其中除 T-SOD 活性 96 h 仍高于对照组外, 其余各组均恢复至接近对照组水平; 升温实验中, 6.0 ℃/d 组存活率显著(P＜0.05)降低出现于 27.0 ℃, 早于 2.0 ℃/d 与 4.0 ℃/d 组的 31.0 ℃, 且 6.0 ℃/d 组整体存活率下降快于另外 2 组, 根据 2.0 ℃/d 组存活率数据推算葛氏长臂虾半数存活温度为 31.6 ℃, 各实验组升温过程中抗氧化酶活性与 MDA 含量均呈现逐渐升高趋势, 且升高速率随着升温速率增大而加快, 但 3 种升温速率下 T-SOD、CAT 的最大值无显著差异, 而 T-AOC、MDA 最大值随升温速率增大而增加; 盐度骤变实验中, 各组葛氏长臂虾存活率均无显著差异, T-AOC 活性和 MDA 含量总体呈现先升高后降低的变化趋势, 96 h 恢复至接近对照组水平, T-SOD 和 CAT 活性总体均呈现先短暂降低再升高, 而后再降低的趋势, 96 h 均低于对照组水平。结果认为, 温盐变化均会引起葛氏长臂虾体内抗氧化能力的显著变化(P＜0.05); 而一定范围内的温盐变化对葛氏长臂虾存活无显著影响, 另外与降温和盐度变化相比, 升温变化对葛氏长臂虾存活率影响显著(P＜0.05)。本研究旨在为葛氏长臂虾的繁养应用提供科学参考。     

Association between the interannual variation in the oceanic environment and catch rates of bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus) in the Atlantic Ocean

The environmental processes associated with variability in the catch rates of bigeye tuna in the Atlantic Ocean are largely unexplored. This study used generalized additive models (GAMs) fitted to Taiwanese longline fishery data from 1990 to 2009 and investigated the association between environmental variables and catch rates to identify the processes influencing bigeye tuna distribution in the Atlantic Ocean. The present findings reveal that the year (temporal factor), latitude and longitude (spatial factors), and major regular longline target species of albacore catches are significant for the standardization of bigeye tuna catch rates in the Atlantic Ocean. The standardized catch rates and distribution of bigeye tuna were found to be related to environmental and climatic variation. The model selection processes showed that the selected GAMs explained 70% of the cumulative deviance in the entire Atlantic Ocean. Regarding environmental factors, the depth of the 20 degree isotherm (D20) substantially contributed to the explained deviance; other important factors were sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface height deviation (SSHD). The potential fishing grounds were observed with SSTs of 22–28°C, a D20 shallower than 150 m and negative SSHDs in the Atlantic Ocean. The higher predicted catch rates were increased in the positive northern tropical Atlantic and negative North Atlantic Oscillation events with a higher SST and shallow D20, suggesting that climatic oscillations affect the population abundance and distribution of bigeye tuna.     

Rare serotype occurrence and PFGE genotypic diversity of Streptococcus agalactiae isolated from tilapia in China

Previously, we reported 10 PEGE types of 85 tilapia Streptococcus agalactiae(GBS), which shifted from Streptococcus iniae in China, by using PEGE method. Presently, larger and more representative tilapia GBS were isolated, for the ?rst time in China, to characterize their serotypes and genetic diversities more precisely than had done before. 168 GBS strains were distributed in ?ve provinces of China, in which Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan were the major ones, holding36.9%(62/168), 37.5%(63/168) and 19.6%(33/168), respectively. Serotypes, Ia, Ib and III, were observed in these strains and the most predominant one was Ia(95.2%), which mainly distributed in Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan. Ia initially occurred in 2009, it shoot up to 32.1% in 2010,but decreased to 16.1% in 2011 before went up to 45.2% in 2012. Ib sporadically occurred during2007–2011, III onlyoccurred in 2012. 14 different PFGE types, including 4 new types(N, O,P and Q), were observed, in which B, D, F and G were the predominant types, holding 83.9%(141/168) of the total GBS strains. Ia corresponded to 11 PFGE types(A–H, N–P), in which type D predominated(51%). Ib represented 3 genotypes(I, J and Q) and III harbored only 2genotypes(N and F). Type N and Fsynchronously presented in Ia and III. In summary, the genetic diversity of tilapia GBS varied by serotypes and changed with geographical locations and years.Although Iastillpredominated, new rareserotypeIII alreadyoccurred in China.     

Growth performance,digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass,Lateolabrax japonicus fed with fructooligosaccharide

In this experiment, a feeding trial was performed to determine the effects of fructooligosaccharide (FOS) on growth performance, digestive enzyme activity and immune response of Japanese sea bass, Lateolabrax japonicus juveniles (initial weight 38.3 ± 0.5 g), and the fish were examined following feeding with six levels of FOS (0, 0.5, 1, 2, 4 and 6 g/kg) for 28 days. Significant enhancement of weight gain (WG) and specific growth rate (SGR) was found in fish fed 1 g/kg FOS incorporated diets (p < .05), while the feed conversion ratio (FCR) in the 1, 2 g/kg FOS groups reduced significantly compared with the control (p < .05). Besides, the crude lipid in the 4, 6 g/kg FOS groups increased significantly compared with the control (p < .05). On the other hand, the erepsin and lipase activities significantly elevated in intestine of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS (p < .05) and the lysozyme activity in serum of fish fed 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than that in the control (p < .05). Moreover, the alkaline phosphatase activities in serum of fish fed 0.5, 1, 2 g/kg FOS were significantly higher than in control (p < .05). Regression analysis showed that the relationships between dietary FOS levels and either SGR, FCR, erepsin or lysozyme activities were best expressed by regression equations, and the optimal inclusion levels are 1.37, 1.80, 3.06, 3.11, 1.93 and 1.80 g/kg for SGR, FCR, erepsin, lipase, lysozyme and total superoxide dismutase activities, respectively. Overall, this study revealed that FOS incorporated diets could beneficial for L. japonicus culture in terms of increasing the growth, digestion and immune activities. Under the present experimental condition, the optimal supplementary level of FOS in the diet of L. japonicus is 1–3 g/kg.     

Growth hormone (GH) and reproduction: a review

Interaction between growth and reproduction occurs in many vertebrates and is particularly obvious at certain stages of the life cycle in fish. Endocrine interactions between the gonadotropic axis and the somatotropic axis are described, the potential role of GH being emphasised. A comparative analysis of these phenomena in mammals, amphibians and fish, suggests a specific role of GH in the physiology of puberty, gametogenesis and fertility. It also shows the original contribution made by studies on the fish model in this field of investigations.     

Purification and partial characterization of GtHs (cfLH and cfFSH) from Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus) (L.) and development of a homologous ELISA for cfLH

Two gonadotropins (GtH; Qa and Qb) were purified by gel filtration and ion exchange chromatography from the pituitaries of Indian walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). The presence of GtH during purification was assessed by in vitro oocyte maturation and in vivo steroidogenic activity, and their identities were determined by elution profiles, molecular weight, biological activities and yield. The molecular weights of Qa and Qb were 37 and 42 kDa, respectively, and composed of distinct subunits (Qa: 20 and 14 kDa and Qb: 26 and 18 kDa). Polyclonal antibodies raised against Qa immunostained Qa, Qb and pituitary GtH cells. A competitive Qa‐ELISA was developed whose sensitivity was 6.25 ng mL^?1 (1.25 ng well^?1) with intra‐ (3.5%) and inter‐ (12.4%) assay coefficients of variation. Displacement curves parallel to the standard were obtained with plasma and pituitary extracts of catfish, Qb and carp GtHII. The assay was validated by measuring the plasma Qa levels after LHRH treatment and in relation to ovarian growth in the female catfish during different reproductive phases. Based on the results, Qa and Qb corresponded to fish LH and FSH respectively. The findings will increase the knowledge of the mechanisms controlling fish reproduction and identification of sensitive phases in fish in captivity for hormonal manipulation.     

Controlled infection of Poecilia reticulata Peters (guppy) with Tetrahymena by immersion and intraperitoneal injection

Tetrahymena is a protozoan parasite, which infects guppy, Poecilia reticulata Peters, and causes substantial economical losses in commercial farms worldwide. Studies of guppy infected by Tetrahymena require standardized infection protocols. The LD50 for Tetrahymena infection of guppies by intraperitoneal (IP) injection was calibrated, and the level obtained was 946 parasites per fish. Guppy infection with Tetrahymena by immersion, imitating the natural route of infection via the integument, was studied under normal or stress conditions. Exposure to cold and netting (CNI) and to cold only (CI) followed by immersion exposure to 10 000 Tetrahymena per mL resulted in 22.5% and 19.2% mortality, respectively, as compared to 14.2% and 10% in groups that were netted only (NI) or non‐stressed (I). Histopathology revealed that immersion infection resulted in a systemic infection. Lysozyme levels, measured 3 weeks after infection, were significantly higher in the CNI group (288 μg per mg protein) compared with CI‐, NI‐ and I‐treated groups (94.5, 64 and 62.3 μg mg^?1, respectively). There was no evident parasite immobilization activity in body homogenates, suggesting no development of acquired immunity. Re‐infection by IP injection revealed no increase in protection in any of the treatment groups, mortality range of 56.3–75%, higher than in the non‐exposed control (40.6% mortality).     

Nitrogenous waste excretion and accumulation of urea and ammonia inChalcalburnus tarichi (Cyprinidae), endemic to the extremely alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Turkey)

The endemic, anadromous cyprinidChalcalburnus tarichi is the only fish species known to occur in alkaline Lake Van (Eastern Anatolia, Turkey). EightC. tarichi were maintained individually in Lake Van water (17 – 19°C; pH 9.8; 153 mEq·I^–1 total alkalinity; 22 total salinity) and tank water samples analyzed for 24 h in 2 to 4 h intervals. At zero time, < 1µM ammonia was present and urea was undetectable in the tank water; at 24 h, total ammonia and urea made up 114±32 and 35±25µM, respectively. Over the experimental period, ammonia-N and urea-N excretion averaged 1041±494 and 607±169moles·kg^–1 fish·h^–1, respectively. The extent of urea excretion was highly variable between specimens. Uric acid excretion was not detectable.Urea was present at high concentrations in all tissues and plasma (25 – 35moles·g^–1·ml^–1) of freshly caughtC. tarichi; total ammonia content of the tissues was by a factor of 1.9 (liver) to 3.0 (brain) lower. High arginase activity (2.4±0.2 U·min^–1·g^–1) was detected in the liver ofC. tarichi but ornithine carbamoylphosphate transferase, a key enzyme of the ornithine-urea-cycle, was absent. Ureagenesis is likely through degradation of arginine and/or uricolysis. High glutamine synthetase activity (11±0.6 U·min^–1·g^–1) and low ammonia content in brain suggest that, like other teleosts,C. tarichi has an efficient ammonia detoxification in the brain, but in no other tissue.Nitrogenous waste excretion at alkaline pH is discussed. The ability ofC. tarichi to excrete high levels of ammonia at extremely alkaline pH is unique among teleosts studied so far. The mechanism of ammonia excretion under Lake Van conditions remains to be elucidated.     

Protein and amino acid composition from the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris exposed to prolonged starvation

Protein and amino acid composition of the mantle of juvenile O ctopus vulgaris (Cuvier, 1797) during fasting for 27 days were determined. Average protein content of octopus mantle was of 711.19 ± 46.80 g kg^?1 DW, and it decreased with increasing fasting days. The non‐essential amino acids content was higher (486.18 ± 11.08 g kg^?1 protein) than essential amino acids (425.82 ± 9.15 g kg^?1 protein) at the start of the experiment (unstarved animals). The results suggest that the amino acid profile of the mantle where the most abundant amino acids are Arg, His, Lys, Gly, Leu and Pro could indicate a prolonged fasting condition (>20 days) or poor nutrition of O . vulgaris. This study supports the idea of using mantle for metabolic needs of starved O . vulgaris suggesting that the degradation pathway of amino acids to pyruvate and tricarboxylic acid cycle intermediates was favoured contrary to the degradation pathway of ketogenic amino acids. Special considerations should be taken concerning Thr, Ile, Ser, Ala, Asx (Asp, Asn), Glx (Glu, Gln) (because of their fast intake) and Lys and His (due to their stable contents) during a prolonged period of fasting.     

Imported ornamental fish are colonized with antibiotic‐resistant bacteria

There has been growing concern about the overuse of antibiotics in the ornamental fish industry and its possible effect on the increasing drug resistance in both commensal and pathogenic organisms in these fish. The aim of this study was to carry out an assessment of the diversity of bacteria, including pathogens, in ornamental fish species imported into North America and to assess their antibiotic resistance. Kidney samples were collected from 32 freshwater ornamental fish of various species, which arrived to an importing facility in Portland, Oregon from Colombia, Singapore and Florida. Sixty‐four unique bacterial colonies were isolated and identified by PCR using bacterial 16S primers and DNA sequencing. Multiple isolates were identified as bacteria with potential to cause disease in both fish and humans. The antibiotic resistance profile of each isolate was performed for nine different antibiotics. Among them, cefotaxime (16% resistance among isolates) was the antibiotic associated with more activity, while the least active was tetracycline (77% resistant). Knowing information about the diversity of bacteria in imported ornamental fish, as well as the resistance profiles for the bacteria will be useful in more effectively treating clinical infected fish, and also potential zoonoses in the future.