外源添加乙偶姻对酿酒酵母W5/W141产2,3-丁二醇的影响

本研究旨在获得一株性能良好的2,3-丁二醇(2,3-BD)生产菌株。向酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae) W5/W141两株产2,3-BD菌株中添加不同浓度乙偶姻,并测定2,3-BD、乙醇和甘油产量随发酵时间的变化情况。S. cerevisiae W5最适乙偶姻添加浓度为12 g/L,且2,3-BD的产量在72 h达到最大,产量为2.54±0.03 g/L,甘油和乙醇转化率分别较未添加时下降了17.6%和23.6%。S. cerevisiae W141最适乙偶姻添加浓度为10 g/L,且2,3-BD的产量在72 h达到最大,产量为1.71±0.02 g/L,甘油和乙醇转化率分别较未添加时下降了57.1%和16.7%。通过对比,本课题最终选用S. cerevisiae W5作为最适菌株,为微生物发酵法生产2,3-BD提供新的资源。     

高产2,3-丁二醇的潜在酿酒酵母菌株筛选

为了获得潜在高产2,3-丁二醇的酿酒酵母菌株,探究不同菌株生产2,3-丁二醇的潜力。通过对不同供试菌株进行形态观察、产物耐受性检测、关键酶活测定、乙偶姻产量以及发酵试验,筛选出一株生产2,3-丁二醇最有潜力的菌株酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)W141。结果表明,发现W141菌株生长迅速,能分别耐受13%(w/v)乙醇和0.8%(w/v)乙酸,具有较高的乙醇得率(0.593 g/g)和碳源利用率(发酵24 h葡萄糖消耗率为100%),关键酶α-ALS、BDH的酶活力较高,分别是0.046 U/mg和0.040 U/mg,2,3-丁二醇途径关键中间产物乙偶姻含量较高,可达0.246 g/L。说明该菌株在发酵工业中具有一定的改造空间和应用前景。     

单倍体酿酒酵母的丙酮酸脱羧酶基因(pdc1)的敲除与鉴定

为了抑制单倍体酿酒酵母H14的副产物乙醇的合成,使得2,3-丁二醇产量的提升。利用基因工程手段构建载体pWCL-pdc1,获得两端含40 bp pdc1的同源重组片段-loxP-kanMX-loxP。利用Cre/loxP技术获得pdc1缺失菌株S. cerevisiae H14-01 (△pdc1)。并以野生型菌株S. cerevisiae H14为对照,进行摇瓶发酵试验。S. cerevisiae H14-01长势明显略低于原始菌株。在整个发酵期间,2,3-丁二醇的最高产量和转化率分别为0.373±0.016 g/L和0.005 g/g,分别较原始菌株提高了37.30%和4.66%,但原始菌株没有检测到乙偶姻和2,3-BD生成。另外S. cerevisiae H14-01的乙醇转化率降低了33.24%,但甘油产量提高了15.76%。说明了碳流流向乙醇被阻断之后,会增加2,3-丁二醇的产量,同时会使此部分碳流流向甘油。因此,并为进一步获得高产2,3-丁二醇的工程微生物群体奠定了基础。     

外源添加乙偶姻对酿酒酵母产2,3-丁二醇及其菌株的影响

通过对菌株发酵特性的研究,旨在获得一株性能良好的2,3-丁二醇(2,3-BD)生产菌株.本研究以酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)W5/W5-△pdc1/W5-△pdc5/W141四株菌株为试材,利用高效液相色谱法(HPLC)对乙偶姻产量和BDH酶活进行检测,从而挑选出最适合作为产2,3-BD...     

2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶基因(BudC)过表达菌株的构建和初步鉴定

旨在过表达BudC进而上调2,3-丁二醇（2,3-Butanediol, 2,3-BD）的合成,通过基因工程手段构建整合载体pR1SW-BudC,经PCR和酶切双重验证后将其电转化至产酸克雷伯氏菌(Klebsiella oxytoca) HD79。结果经卡那霉素筛选,获得一株菌株K. oxytoca HD79-01。以原始菌株为对照,摇瓶发酵检测2,3-BD含量和相关酶活,q RT-PCR检测BudC表达差异,最终BudC在HD79-01中转录水平的表达量为HD79的45.25倍（p<0.01）。摇瓶发酵显示2,3-BD的最高产量、转化率和生产强度分别提高了24.54%、10.97%、45.08%（分别为30.818 ± 0.003 g/L、0.253 ± 0.013 g/g、0.43 ± 0.01 g/(L·h)）,酶活提高了3.61倍(0.563 ± 0.003 U/mg)。因此,2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶基因(BudC)过表达菌株构建不仅成功的提高了2,3-BD的产量也为实现2,3-BD的工业化生产奠定基础。     

外源添加乙酸对酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)产2,3-丁二醇影响初探

为验证乙酸作为信号分子的作用,本研究分别将酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)W141上清液(对照组)、W141-07 (△aldh6)上清液及1.5 g/L乙酸添加至对数生长期的W141发酵液中,检测2,3-BD产量、乙酰乳酸合成酶(ILV2)及2,3-丁二醇脱氢酶(BDH1)酶活。结果表明:当添加1.5 g/L乙酸时,2,3-BD产量、ILV2和BDH1酶活性均达到最高,分别为3.01±0.04 g/L、1.41±0.03 U/mg和0.12±0.002 U/mg,且较其余两组相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。同时,测定3组条件下ilv2(24 h)和bdh1(60 h)基因的表达情况时发现,添加W141-07上清液后,ilv2和bdh1基因的表达量分别下调了31.6%和25.0%;而添加1.5 g/L乙酸后,ilv2和bdh1的表达量均发生上调,分别是对照组的4.38及1.24倍。表明乙酸可作为信号分子驱动相关基因的表达,进而提高2,3-BD产量。     

ptsG基因敲除对肺炎克雷伯氏菌CCR效应的缓解及发酵产2,3-BD的影响

旨在解决Klebsiella pneumoniae在利用混合碳源发酵生产2,3-丁二醇（2,3-butanediol,简称2,3-BD）时会产生碳分解代谢抑制(Carbon catabolite repression,CCR)效应,导致生产效率下降的问题。本研究以Cm抗性基因为标记,采用λRed同源重组技术成功构建ptsG基因缺失菌株K. pneumoniae HD79-N。此外,在利用葡萄糖与木糖混合碳源（葡萄糖:木糖=2:1）发酵的结果显示,K. pneumoniae HD79-N菌株由于敲除ptsG基因显著减弱了CCR效应,使其能够同步利用葡萄糖与木糖生产2,3-BD且最终产量达9.81±0.38 g/L。同时,K. pneumoniae HD79-N[0.23±0.01 g/(L·h)]菌株木糖利用率也比K. pneumoniae HD79[0.15±0.00 g/(L·h)]菌株提高了57.82%。本研究结果为缓解ptsG基因对K. pneumoniae菌株的CCR作用及提升2,3-BD的产量提供技术参考。     

阴沟肠杆菌乳酸脱氢酶基因缺失突变株的构建及其生物学特性

旨在应用自杀质粒重组技术,构建阴沟肠杆菌乳酸脱氢酶突变株,为进一步提高乙偶姻的产量和扩大菌株选择范围奠定基础。利用双酶切的方法将同源片段插入到自杀质粒pKR6K中,构建出ldh基因敲除质粒,然后利用细菌接合的方法敲除E. cloacae的ldh基因。成功克隆出两段E. cloacae乳酸脱氢酶基因的同源序列,长度分别为526 bp,通过序列比对分析,E. cloacae乳酸脱氢酶基因序列相似性为100%。通过对E. cloacae进行乳酸脱氢酶基因的敲除,成功构建一株ldh缺失重组菌株E. cloacae△ldh,同时2,3-丁二醇提高6.8%,乙酸提高了24.3%。E. cloacae乳酸脱氢酶缺失工程菌株构建成功,对利用微生物法工业化生产乙偶姻奠定基础。     

微生物转化生产木糖醇工艺研究

从土壤中筛选获得了1株木糖醇高产菌株,该菌株发酵玉米芯水解液后获得的发酵液,通过离心去除菌体,用紫外分光光度法测得木糖醇产量。采用摇瓶发酵对发酵工艺条件进行优化,通过测定发酵液中木糖的残留量、木糖醇的产量、木糖醇的转化率来确定最佳的发酵工艺。结果表明,木糖醇的产量由最初3.12g/L增加到8.79g/L,转化率由15.6%增加到43.95%;优化后,最佳培养基条件为:选用木糖质量浓度为20g/L的玉米芯水解液为碳源,质量浓度为2.5g/L的蛋白胨和2.5g/L的酵母浸膏作为氮源,质量浓度为3.0g/L的KH2PO4,4.0g/L的NaCl,0.5g/L的MgSO4·7H2O,最佳发酵条件为:摇瓶发酵装液量80mL/250mL,转速160r/min,pH值为5.0,发酵温度30℃,发酵时间44h,在此条件下,木糖醇最大产量是13.84g/L,木糖转化率达69.0%。该菌株经初步研究,显示了良好的研究潜力和应用前景。     

改变NADH代谢途径对米根霉酵解的影响

适宜的NAD+水平,对提高以糖质原料为底物的工业发酵速度具有重要意义。以米根霉As 3.3461为研究菌株,通过改变发酵过程中溶氧量和烟酸添加量,调节胞内NADH代谢途径,胞内ATP水平随之发生改变。ATP水平降低,糖酵解过程中关键酶PFK,HK,PK活性增加,使丙酮酸转化率增加。丙酮酸分支点关键酶LDH和ADH活性受能量代谢和糖酵解关键酶活性的影响,导致主要代谢产物L-乳酸、乙醇产量发生改变。因此,通过调节米根霉胞内NADH代谢途径,对提高L-乳酸产量具有重要意义。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.