一氧化氮与低温协同处理对巨峰葡萄果实贮藏品质的影响

探究不同浓度一氧化氮(NO)和冷藏处理对巨峰葡萄采后贮藏品质的影响。以巨峰葡萄作为试验材料,用不同浓度NO溶液浸泡处理葡萄果实,在0,25℃条件下恒温贮藏,研究不同浓度NO和冷藏处理对巨峰葡萄采后果实硬度、维生素C含量、可溶性蛋白浓度、可溶性糖含量、活性氧含量、丙二醛含量及脯氨酸含量等物质含量的变化。相比5,30μmol/L NO处理,15μmol/L NO处理有效地保持了采后葡萄果实的果实硬度,推迟了果实中可溶性蛋白浓度、可溶性糖以及维生素C含量的降低时间,抑制了活性氧含量和丙二醛含量的升高,提高了采后葡萄果实的脯氨酸含量,使葡萄果实在采后储存过程中能较长时间保持果实风味,延缓腐败时间并提高果实抗逆性。而0℃冷藏能有效保持采后葡萄果实的果实硬度,抑制了果实中的丙二醛含量和活性氧含量的增加,从而大大减缓了采后葡萄的腐败时间,提高了葡萄果实采后的可运输性。5μmol/L NO处理对采后葡萄果实各生理指标的影响并不明显,30μmol/L NO处理对葡萄果实表现出轻微毒害作用。15μmol/L NO和冷藏能有效地保持采后葡萄果实的果实硬度,推迟可溶性糖、维生素C等各营养品质指标的降低时间,抑制活性氧含量和丙二醛含量的增加,从而保持果实风味,提高果实抗逆性。     

不同留叶量对吐鲁番红葡萄果实品质的影响

为研究葡萄最佳留叶量,以8年生吐鲁番红葡萄为试验材料,研究不同留叶量对葡萄果实膨大、色泽、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸等的影响。结果表明,结果枝上按照每穗果实留叶量分别为15,17,19片时果穗质量与果粒均较小,果实呈现鲜红色或深红色,着色叶不均匀,可溶性固形物含量低,分别为13.7%,13.8%和15.4%;与留叶量23片相比,25片和27片的可溶性固形含量较低,固酸比分别22.32,22.67和28.37,果实品质较差;保留叶23片时,果穗与果粒明显增大,果实深红色、均匀,果实成熟提前5~10 d,可溶性固形物含量达到16.3%,固酸比为36.66,果实的品质好。由此可见,随着结果枝条留叶量的增高,吐鲁番红葡萄果实品质逐渐提高,成熟期提前5~10 d,当留叶量到达23片时,各项指标不再上升,果实性状最佳,说明留叶量23片是吐鲁番红葡萄结果枝的最佳留叶量。     

不同浓度膨大剂在无核白鸡心葡萄上的应用效果

本试验探讨了不同浓度膨大剂处理对新疆吐鲁番地区无核白鸡心葡萄果实品质的影响,经不同浓度膨大剂的处理后测量了葡萄果穗重、果粒重及纵横径,并测定了果实的糖、酸等生理指标,结果表明,赤霉素（GA3）40 mg/L＋奇宝50 mg/L处理对促进无核白鸡心葡萄果实膨大及保证果实内在品质等方面均有显著效果。     

1-MCP处理对保鲜效果的研究乍娜葡萄常温货架期

以乍娜葡萄为试材,研究0.5μL/L和1.0μL/L两种浓度的1-MCP处理对葡萄采后常温(25±0.5)℃货架期的主要品质及相关生理指标的作用效果。结果表明:两种浓度的1-MCP处理均能在不同程度上降低常温贮藏条件下葡萄果实的腐烂率、脱粒率、果梗褐变指数和果穗失重率,延缓葡萄果实可溶性固形物和VC含量的下降,抑制货架后期可滴定酸含量的增加,提高果实货架期的品质。其中以1μL/L浓度1-MCP处理的作用效果为好。     

1-MCP处理对乍娜葡萄常温货架期保鲜效果的研究

以乍娜葡萄为试材,研究0.5μL/L和1.0μL/L两种浓度的1-MCP处理对葡萄采后常温(25±0.5)℃货架期的主要品质及相关生理指标的作用效果。结果表明:两种浓度的1-MCP处理均能在不同程度上降低常温贮藏条件下葡萄果实的腐烂率、脱粒率、果梗褐变指数和果穗失重率,延缓葡萄果实可溶性固形物和VC含量的下降,抑制货架后期可滴定酸含量的增加,提高果实货架期的品质。其中以1μL/L浓度1-MCP处理的作用效果为好。     

叶幕整形方式对新疆主要红色酿酒葡萄生长和果实品质的影响

研究叶幕整形方式对厂形树形红色酿酒葡萄叶幕和果域微环境、光合特性、果实品质的影响,为提高新疆酿酒葡萄品质提供有效方法。设置篱壁形和V形2个叶幕整形方式,于果实膨大期、转色期、成熟期对叶幕下果域温度、湿度以及2种叶幕形不同位置叶片光合有效辐射强度与光合生理指标进行测定;于果实成熟期对果实外观品质及可溶性固形物与可滴定酸,果皮和种子中的黄酮、多酚、原花青素、单宁等含量进行测定。试验结果表明,与篱壁形叶幕相比,V形叶幕改善叶幕整体光照情况较好,可提高日差值、果域湿度、叶幕内部叶片的光合能力、果穗松散度、可溶性固形物、可滴定酸和酚类物质含量。因此在新疆天山北麓生态条件下,采用V形叶幕整形方式更有助于提高果实品质。     

热水处理对木纳格葡萄保鲜效果的影响

研究了热水处理对轻度加工木纳格葡萄贮藏保鲜效果的影响。试验结果表明,45℃条件下8min热处理能够明显地降低果实腐烂率,抑制葡萄相对电导率的上升与果肉硬度、CAT活性下降,提高果实的POD活性,从而提高葡萄果实贮藏品质与延长货架期。     

避雨栽培对‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实品质影响的对比研究

笔者采用避雨栽培的方法改变‘赤霞珠’葡萄果实生长小环境,通过对比测定露地及避雨栽培赤霞珠葡萄果实的糖、酸、酚类等指标,研究避雨栽培条件对赤霞珠葡萄果实品质的影响,从而为改善葡萄生长期间的栽培管理,培育优质酿酒葡萄提供理论依据。结果表明：避雨栽培条件有利于糖分的积累、有机酸的分解及多酚物质的形成,但由于避雨棚对光照的影响,却不利于花色苷的形成。因此,避雨栽培条件下改善光照条件,将对提高果实品质具有重要意义。     

设施条件不同灌量对弗雷无核葡萄成熟期光合生理特征及品质形成的影响

以设施条件下5年生的弗雷无核葡萄为研究材料,在果实膨大期、转色成熟期设置高水、中水和低水3个灌溉量,分别记为W1(1 800 m~3/hm~2)、W2(900 m~3/hm~2)和W3(450 m~3/hm~2),通过研究不同水分供应水平下成熟期设施葡萄土壤含水率、叶片水势、光合特性、生理指标及品质特征,揭示设施葡萄成熟期生长特征。结果表明:设施葡萄叶片水势值与水分利用率日变化趋势相同,均呈U型曲线;净光合速率日变化曲线W1与W3处理呈双峰曲线,W2呈单峰曲线。叶片丙二醛含量能较好地反应葡萄植株的水分状况,W3处理即低水处理丙二醛含量最高,达到29μmol/gFW,葡萄植株水分条件较差,随着灌量的减少,葡萄叶片SOD活性逐渐增强,而CAT活性变化趋势相反。W2处理葡萄果实色泽、可溶性糖含量和糖酸比3项指标为处理中的最佳,而W3处理葡萄果粒的可溶性固形物、可滴定酸含量、Vc含量、硬度等指标表现较好,W3处理葡萄果实具有最佳的品质,其可溶性固形物较W1和W2分别提高了8.7%和4.4%;硬度较W1和W2分别提高了20.2%和4.8%。减少灌量可以提高葡萄的品质,中水灌量下不仅可以增大糖酸比,而且果实色泽表现也最好。本研究认为,在石河子总场设施弗雷无核葡萄灌溉量W2处理的果实商品价值较高,是北疆设施促早栽培条件下弗雷无核葡萄生产中较优的灌水方案。     

葡萄品种资源果实重要经济性状分析

对郑州果树研究所国家葡萄种质圃内的主要葡萄栽培品种的果穗和浆果的主要经济性状进行了鉴定评价。结果表明,在葡萄果穗形状、果穗大小、果粒形状、果粒大小、果粒重量、可溶性总糖含量、总酸含量、果实颜色、果肉硬度和香味等方面均存在丰富的遗传多样性。在丰富的多样性中,具有圆锥形、圆形和短椭圆形果粒、软肉、无香味的品种最多,其它穗形、果形、硬度和特殊香味特征均是葡萄的遗传变异中人为选择的结果。     

Biochemical and physiological study of the firmness of table grape berries

Firmness is an essential quality parameter of table grapes (Vitis vinifera) for consumers, with grape bunches that contains soft berries less preferred, resulting in a reduction in the market price. The softening of grape berries has been commonly associated with cell walls, especially the disassembly of pectic polysaccharides. However, the process of berry softening is not completely understood. To investigate the softening process of grape berries, we compared the Thompson Seedless variety, which suffers significant economic losses due to fruit softening, and NN107, a new variety with a significantly higher level of berry firmness. The composition of the cell wall during the berry development of these two grape varieties was compared. NN107 berries had a greater amount of calcium and uronic acids in the cell wall material than Thompson Seedless grapes, suggesting a special role for calcium bridge formation in NN107. Additionally, polyacrylamide carbohydrate electrophoresis (PACE) analysis suggested differences between these varieties in pectin structure. Thompson Seedless grapes showed increased pectolyase hydrolysable site dynamics in the cell wall material and higher polygalacturonase activity than NN107. Immunohistochemistry focusing on the pectin structure confirmed the roles of both calcium bridge formation and cell wall integrity as they relate to a firmer grape berry phenotype.     

Effects of selection on early stage genetic evaluation for berry weight in breeding table grapes

The effects of random and directional selection on estimates of heritability and estimated breeding values were investigated using data collected for grape berry weight during seasons 1999 and 2000 from the CSIRO table grape breeding population. In 1999, all berry‐bearing vines available (4834) were assessed, while in 2000 a randomly selected sample of 1344 vines was evaluated. In addition, a simulated directional selection was imposed such that the berry weights for half of the vines with lighter berries sampled in 2000 were discarded to produce a biased data set. The results showed that heritability of berry weight in 2000 was biased downward and estimated breeding values were over‐ or under‐estimated if analyses were based on directionally selected data sets alone. By incorporating data from 1999 into bivariate analyses, bias in heritability and EBV could be eliminated to a large extent. The implications for grapevine breeding are discussed.     

影响葡萄果皮颜色的MYB类转录因子的研究进展

在葡萄品种中,果皮颜色从白色到黑色存在广泛的差异,花青素苷的合成和积累是形成果皮颜色的直接原因,MYB类转录因子是调控花青素苷合成的一类重要的转录因子。为了进一步探究不同种果皮颜色同MYB转录因子之间的关系,本研究列出了花青素的结构和种类以及花青素苷生物合成途径,归纳了葡萄色泽与花青素苷的关系,列举了调控植物花青素苷合成的相关基因的功能,并着重分析了葡萄MYB类转录因子在花青素苷合成过程中的功能,以期为今后改良葡萄果皮颜色提供指导。     

Effectiveness of pre- and post-veraison calcium applications to control decay and maintain table grape fruit quality during storage

A two year research was carried out on a table grape vineyard, cv. Italia, to evaluate the effectiveness of pre- and post-veraison calcium applications for controlling postharvest table grape rots and maintaining high fruit quality during cold storage. Two calcium application timings (from fruit set to veraison and from veraison to harvest) were compared to an untreated control. Clusters were sprayed with calcium chloride as Ca EDTA 44%. After each calcium application, bunch samples were collected and Ca²⁺ concentration was measured in berry compartments (skin, flesh and seeds). The main mechanical and chemical characteristics were measured on bunch samples at harvesting and during storage. In addition, the incidence of Botrytis cinerea rots, computed as McKinney index, was evaluated in field on natural inoculum and after harvesting on bunches artificially inoculated and maintained at room temperature. The highest Ca²⁺ concentrations were detected in skin tissues and after pre-veraison applications. Calcium accumulation in skin and flesh tissues stopped after veraison, whereas it continued up to ripening in seeds since the axial flow, differently from the peripheral, remains functional. In both years, calcium applications to bunches were effective both in maintaining postharvest fruit quality, as shown by flesh firmness and berry breaking force, and in reducing B. cinerea rots during storage. The applications were particularly efficacious if carried out between fruit set and veraison when stomata are functional and the re-translocation of calcium not directly absorbed by the bunches may occur via xylem transport.     

An investigation to estimate genetic parameters in CSIRO's table grape breeding program. 2. Quality characteristics

Genetic parameters for table grape quality characteristics, including ripening date, berry size (weight, width and length) and uniformity, seediness, ^°Brix, acidity and the ratio of ^°Brix and acidity, were estimated based on two seasons' evaluations. Data were collected from a total of 5039 vines in 1999 and 1848 vines in 2000 and individual vine mixed models using the restricted maximum likelihood approach were used to account for all pedigree information. The results showed that quality characteristics were generally under strong additive genetic control; narrow-sense heritability estimates were 0.35 for ripening date, 0.63 for berry weight, 0.69 for berry width, 0.68 for berry length, 0.58 for seediness, 0.48 for ^°Brix, 0.36 for acidity and 0.10 for the ratio of ^°Brix and acidity. Berry size components (berry weight, width and length) were correlated strongly and positively with each other (r _g = 0.88 ∼ 0.96), and correlated negatively with ^°Brix and acidity (–0.19 ∼ –0.62), but positively with the ratio of ^°Brix: acidity (0.05 ∼ 0.33). ^°Brix was also favourably associated with acidity (0.41). Vine vigour was associated with ^°Brix (–0.05) and acidity (0.30) without an unfavourable impact on berry size. Thus, low vigour vines may potentially produce high quality table grapes. Ripening date was generally independent of most quality characteristics. Heritability estimates derived from seedless and seeded populations were similar to each other and mirrored the estimates for the combined population. The implications of these estimates for table grape breeding are discussed. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

不同树形及花穗整形长度对夏黑葡萄果实品质的影响

为研究不同树形及不同花穗整形长度(3、5、7、9 cm)对夏黑葡萄果实性状及果实品质的影响；选用2 种树形及5 种花序整形长度的处理方法进行试验。结果表明：采用“T”字型棚架树形，可以增加穗重、提高果实还原糖含量、降低果实可滴定酸含量，而十字飞鸟架形增加了果粒质量和可滴定酸含量；随花序整形长度的增加，果穗长度、果穗宽度、果穗质量呈增加的趋势变化，而果粒质量、果粒纵径呈降低的趋势变化；不同花穗整形长度果实的还原糖含量均显著高于对照，可滴定酸含量均低于对照；综合看，保留花穗长度5~7 cm是夏黑葡萄适宜的穗形长度。     

‘夏黑’葡萄花穗的不同整穗长度对果实生长及品质的影响

以‘夏黑’葡萄为试验材料,开花前一周分别留花穗穗尖的3 cm、4 cm、5 cm、7 cm,疏除花穗其余部分,并以不整穗作为对照。盛花期时统一采用50 mg/L GA3处理花穗,盛花期后15天再分3组用50 mg/L GA3、50 mg/L GA3 + 2.5 mg/L CPPU、50 mg/L GA3 + 5 mg/L CPPU处理花穗,研究‘夏黑’葡萄花穗的不同整穗长度对果实生长及品质的影响,以期为生产实践提供依据。结果表明,3 cm、4 cm、5 cm这3种整穗长度均能显著增大果实纵径、横径,提高果实单果重和可溶性固形物的含量,并能显著降低果实可滴定酸的含量。在‘夏黑’葡萄生产上配合花穗整穗技术使用生长调节剂进行果实膨大处理时,宜采用3 cm的整穗长度,盛花期施用50 mg/L GA3,盛花期后15天施用50 mg/L GA3 + 2.5 mg/L CPPU进行生产。     

红地球葡萄贮藏保鲜调查初报

调查了宁夏自治区红地球葡萄2001年贮藏保鲜概况。从气候、保鲜剂、综合管理技术等方面分析比较了影响红地球葡萄贮藏保鲜质量的因素,对宁夏自治区红地球葡萄贮藏保鲜产业的发展提出了几点建议。