重金属富集植物黑麦草对Zn的响应

采用根袋土培试验研究了重金属Zn胁迫对黑麦草（Loliurn perenne L．）生长、抗氧化酶活性、游离脯氨酸含量、根系活力及锌积累的影响。结果表明，黑麦草对重金属锌有很强的抗性和耐性．即使在高锌下（16mmol Zn／kg）。黑麦草生长也未受到抑制。黑麦草地上部干重、根系千重在8mmol Zn／kg下达到最大值。分别较对照增加48．8％，52．2％;高锌处理（16mmol Zn／kg）的植株地上部千重也较对照增加11．2％。黑麦草POD活性随Zn胁迫增加，先下降，然后回升SOD活性则随锌胁迫增加而下降。随Zn胁迫增加，叶脯氨酸、根系活力先增加，然后下降。地上部、根系Zn含量随Zn胁迫增加而增加，最大值分别为746．5，521．0mg／kg DW（16mmol Zn／kg）。高锌处理下（≥4mmol／kg）Zn转运率（S／R）〉1．0。     

锌胁迫对重金属富集植物黑麦草养分吸收和锌积累的影响

采用土培根袋试验研究了锌胁迫对重金属富积累植物黑麦草4个品种生长，N、P、K养分及Zn吸收积累的影响。结果表明，Zn在一定范围内（0～520mg／kg）促进了黑麦草生长，RTI（根系耐性指数）≥1.0（0～520mg／kg Zn^2＋）。在Zn^2＋≤260mg／kg（根系）或Zn^2＋≤520mg／kg（地上部）时，黑麦草吸收N、P、K并未受到抑制。植株地上部和根系最大N、P、K含量大多出现在生物量最大或次高的260，520mg／kg Zn^2＋处理中。黑麦草植株Zn含量随Zn胁迫的增加而增加，以泰德植株Zn含量和对Zn的转运率最高（其植株Zn地上部最大含量为583.9mg／kg DW，加Zn处理的S／R〉1）。     

镉对油菜幼苗生长及微量元素含量的影响

通过营养液培养,重点研究了不同浓度镉（Cd）胁迫下,中双9号冬油菜（Brassica napus L.）幼苗体内生理生化及微量元素（Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu）含量的变化特征,目的是进一步阐明Cd胁迫对油菜生长产生毒害的作用机理。结果发现,Cd胁迫显著抑制了油菜幼苗的生长,植株根系和地上部干重随着Cd浓度的升高而显著降低;油菜幼苗叶片中光合色素含量也随着Cd浓度的升高而显著降低;油菜幼苗根系和地上部4种微量元素浓度也随着Cd浓度的升高发生了显著变化;同时,油菜幼苗体内抗氧化酶（SOD、POD和CAT）活性随着Cd浓度的升高表现出先显著升高后显著降低的趋势。这些结果表明,外源Cd胁迫通过降低油菜幼苗光合色素含量、抑制植株光合作用,引起幼苗体内养分代谢紊乱,诱导产生氧化胁迫等抑制了油菜幼苗的生长。研究还发现,中双9号油菜幼苗地上部Cd浓度和Cd富集量显著低于根系,中双9号应该属于低吸收Cd的冬油菜品种。     

不同pH和供Zn条件下HCO_3~-对冬小麦幼苗生长和锌营养的影响

采用营养液培养法,研究了不同pH和供Zn条件下高浓度HCO3-(10 mmol L-1)对小麦幼苗生长,尤其是对锌营养的影响,结果表明:当营养液起始pH为6时,HCO3-在缺Zn时对小麦根系生长的抑制作用较为明显,而正常供Zn时的影响较小。当营养液起始pH为8时,不论缺Zn还是供Zn,添加HCO3-对根系和地上部均未表现出明显的抑制作用。HCO3-在酸性营养液中能极大促进小麦植株根系和地上部尤其是根系对Zn的吸收,而在碱性条件下则抑制小麦幼苗根系和地上部对Zn的吸收。此外,HCO3-能显著抑制Zn从根系向地上部分的转运,从而造成在根系中的大量积累。HCO3-加入营养液后会生成少量的CO32-,并使营养液pH维持在较高水平上。     

表油菜素内酯对镉胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及镉累积的影响

采用盆栽试验研究不同浓度(0、0.02、0.1、0.5、2.5 mg/L)的表油菜素内酯(EBR)对镉胁迫下番茄幼苗生长及镉累积的影响。结果表明,镉处理后番茄幼苗的生物量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶(POD和CAT)活性均下降,丙二醛(MDA)含量、相对电导率和渗透调节物质含量均升高;喷施一定浓度的EBR(0.5 mg/L)后,番茄幼苗的生物量、叶绿素含量、抗氧化酶(POD和CAT)活性及脯氨酸含量均显著增加,可溶性蛋白、MDA含量和相对电导率有所下降,番茄幼苗根系和地上部分的镉含量分别上升了50.0%和93.4%,镉转运系数最低,为0.45。综上,喷施EBR能够增强番茄幼苗对镉胁迫的耐受性,促进幼苗生长,降低镉的转运系数,其中,EBR浓度为0.5 mg/L时效果最好。     

镉胁迫对不同小麦品种幼苗生长以及Cd~(2+)、Zn~(2+)、Mn~(2+)吸收和积累的影响

以洛旱6号、豫麦25、豫麦18、豫农949、新麦21及许农5号为试验材料,通过营养液培养法,研究了镉胁迫对其幼苗生物量积累以及Cd2+、Zn2+与Mn2+吸收的影响。结果表明,与正常生长小麦相比,低Cd2+(≤30μmol/L)浓度下,除许农5号地上部生物量有所下降外,其余品种的地上部和地下部生物量均呈上升趋势。中、高Cd2+(≥60μmol/L)浓度下,所有品种的生物量呈下降趋势,所有小麦品种体内Cd2+的含量均随着Cd2+处理浓度的增加而不断增加,而且,根系内Cd2+的含量均明显高于地上部。随着Cd2+处理浓度的增加,所有小麦品种地上部Zn2+的含量均不断增加,地下部Zn2+含量的变化品种间存在差异。地上、地下部Mn2+的含量则随处理浓度增加而不断降低。     

钾营养对不同基因型小麦幼苗NaCl胁迫的缓解作用

在温室砂培条件下,研究了钾营养对NaCl胁迫下不同基因型小麦幼苗生长、植株可溶性糖、丙二醛(MDA)含量及几种抗氧化酶活性的影响。结果表明,100.mmol/L.NaCl胁迫下,施入5～10.mmol/L.K+可提高小麦幼苗茎叶及根的生长及含水量;耐盐品种DK961可溶性糖含量随外界K+浓度的提高出现先升高后降低的趋势,而盐敏感品种JN17则随溶液K+浓度的提高一直降低;两品种电解质外渗量及MDA含量都比对照增加,但随外界K+浓度的升高呈现先降低后升高的趋势,以10.mmol/L.K+时最接近对照;两品种超氧物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性随外界K+浓度升高都是先升高后降低,以Na+/K+比值为10∶1最好,并且对POD活性的影响更显著。表明根据NaCl胁迫程度不同,按Na+/K+比值为10∶1的比例施用钾肥可最大限度地降低NaCl胁迫对小麦幼苗造成的伤害,促进小麦生长。     

土壤干旱对冬小麦幼苗根系生长及生理特性的影响

盆栽试验研究了土壤干旱对冬小麦幼苗根系生长及生理特性的影响。结果表明,随干旱胁迫的加剧,幼苗总根数、根系总长、根系体积、根系干重、根水势、根相对含水率、根系脱水速率和根系活力均降低,根冠比、饱和亏、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、质膜透性、MDA含量以及SOD、POD活性均呈增加趋势。表明干旱胁迫下冬小麦幼苗可通过改变生物量分配策略而提高根比重,并通过改变根系内部的生理变化以提高其抗旱性。     

钙对铅胁迫下玉米幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

以玉米品种"郑单958"为材料,研究不同浓度Ca~(2+)(0~25mmol/L)对一定浓度铅(100mg/L)胁迫下玉米幼苗光合及生理特性的影响。结果表明,重金属铅明显抑制玉米幼苗的生长,与对照相比,玉米幼苗叶片SOD、POD和CAT活性分别降低57.58%,54.33%和55.21%,可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别降低61.15%,92.45%和74.49%;而幼苗叶片的MDA含量和细胞膜通透性明显高于对照,较对照分别增加20.89%和32.36%。一定浓度的Ca~(2+)(10mmol/L)能显著促进玉米幼苗生物量(叶干鲜重、根干鲜重)增加,与单独铅胁迫处理相比,保护酶SOD,POD和CAT活性分别增加55.43%,36.01%和87.72%,可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸和可溶性糖含量分别增加55.28%,91.68%和67.16%,MDA含量下降62.03%;外源钙还有效改善铅胁迫下玉米幼苗的光合作用,其净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)均较单独铅胁迫处理条件下明显增加。外源钙对玉米幼苗铅胁迫的缓解具有剂量效应,以10mmol/L Ca~(2+)的效果最好,增强了玉米幼苗对重金属铅的抗性。     

外源水杨酸对黑麦草幼苗盐胁迫的缓解效应研究

系统分析了黑麦草幼苗在0.2、0.4、0.6和0.8 mmol L-1水杨酸分别与150 mmol L-1 Na Cl盐胁迫复合作用下的生长指标与生理生化指标特征,探究了外源水杨酸对黑麦草幼苗盐胁迫的缓解效应。结果表明:施加不同浓度的外源水杨酸均能够显著缓解盐分对黑麦草幼苗的胁迫效应,盐胁迫下施加外源水杨酸,可使得黑麦草幼苗株高,地上、地下部分鲜重和干重均相对增加;加强了植物体内抗氧化酶系统,表现为超氧化物岐化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性显著提高;减弱了细胞膜脂过氧化作用并降低了质膜破坏程度,表现为细胞质膜透性和丙二醛含量均显著降低。0.6 mmol L-1是所设置的浓度梯度中最佳的水杨酸施用浓度;与单独150 mmol L-1 Na Cl盐胁迫相比,黑麦草幼苗株高增加43.38%,地上部分鲜、干重分别增加37.92%和31.36%,地下部分鲜、干重分别增加25.46%和15.32%;胁迫处理第3天,SOD活性增加17.20%,第9天,丙二醛(MDA)含量降低27.60%。     

Agricultural potential of Mediterranean grain and forage legumes: Key differences between and within Vicia species in terms of phenology, yield, and agronomy give insight into plant adaptation to semi-arid environments

In order to identify key adaptive traits which affect productivity in Mediterranean grain and forage legumes and simultaneously determine the agricultural potential of a wide range of Vicia species, germplasm collected from the wild throughout the eastern Mediterranean was grown under semi-arid conditions in Tel Hadya, Syria (313 mm growing season rainfall). These included species currently in use in Mediterranean agriculture, such as V. sativa L., as well as those more widely used in the past-such as V. ervilia L., but also a broad selection from Section Narbonensis (B. Fedtsch. ex Radzhi) Maxted, including V. narbonensis L, V. johannis Tamamsch., V. hyaeniscyamus Mout., V. serratifolia Jacq., and V. kalakhensis Khattab et al. V. faba, a near relative of the taxa in Section Narbonensis, was included as a domesticated control. Where applicable, a representative range of subspecies was used. Accessions were chosen from a wide range of habitats in terms of latitude (31.02–40.72 decimal^o), longitude (27.1–43.17 decimal^o), altitude (20–1510 m), rainfall (180–1700 mm/yr) and soil depth (5–50 cm) in order to maximise diversity within species. Agricultural potential was determined by measuring seed, hay and biological yield, as well as agronomic traits such as harvest index, standing crop height, and seed size. The comparative influence of phenology and key agronomic traits such as plant habit and seed size on productivity varied tremendously between species, depending on their reproductive strategies. In V. sativa and V. ervilia, the smaller seed species which rely on long vegetative phases and growing seasons to accumulate sufficient biomass to set seed, and in which there was comparatively little agronomic variation, phenology had a large impact on yield. In early emerging taxa such as V. ervilia and V. s. subsp. sativa, with built-in long vegetative phases and growing seasons, seed yield was negatively correlated with flower ing (r = –0.86 to –0.88), whereas the opposite was the case for later emerging taxa such as V. s. subsp. nigra (L.) Ehrh. (r = 0.95). Within V. narbonensis and relatives, the larger seeded Vicia species which rely on more conservative reproductive strategies where high seedling vigour associated with large seeds enables the species to enter reproductive phases relatively early, phenology had a much smaller impact on yield than did variation of key traits such as seed weight, plant habit and pod shattering. Among the undomesticated germplasm harvest indices ranged from 0.09–0.31, hay yields from 0.1–3.4 t/ha, seed yield from 0–2.0 t/ha, and dry matter at maturity from 1.6–6.5 t/ha. Sub-specific taxonomy was crucial in determining agronomic potential. V. narbonensis var. aegyptiaca Kornhuber ex Asch. et Schweinf. showed the most potential, combining an upright habit, large seeds (212 mg) and tendency to retain intact pods after maturity, with the highest yield, harvest index and crop height of all the wild Vicia species. V. sativa subsp. sativa, V. ervilia and V. narbonensis var. narbonensis were less productive, but still showed agricultural potential. The smaller seeded V. narbonensis, var. affinis, var. jordanica H. Schäf. and var. salmonea (Mout.) H. Schäf., and their close relatives V. johannis, V. hyaeniscyamus, V. serratifolia and V. kalakhensis have little to offer Mediterranean agriculture on the basis of poor agronomy.     

Control of pitch pine seed germination and initial growth exerted by leaf litters and polyphenolic compounds

We investigated the influence of three concentrations of water extracts of three leaf litter species (pitch pine, huckleberry and white oak) and a mixture of all litters on the germination of pitch pine seeds and initial seedling growth in a microcosm experiment. All three plant species are important components of the pine barrens ecosystems in New Jersey, where it has been seen that pine seedling recruitment occurs only after stand replacing fire or in disturbed sites, where surface organic soil horizons and leaf litter have been removed. Leaf litter extracts did not influence seed germination, but significantly reduced seedling growth at high concentrations. There was little difference between the leaf litter species in growth suppression. As charcoal is a natural residue on the forest floor following fire, its influence on growth suppression was examined; it has been shown to immobilize polyphenols. Charcoal removed the inhibitory effect of leaf litter extracts and allowed the fertilizer effect of nutrients leached from the leaves to enhance seedling growth, particularly at the higher concentration of litter extract used. Responses to litter extracts were compared to four pure phenolic compounds, catchecol, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid and tannic acid. None of these compounds suppressed pine seedling growth, suggesting that these phenolics are not allelopathic to pine seedlings. The results are discussed in the context of fire as a driving factor in these oligotrophic and seasonally dry ecosystems and the interactions between nutrient supply and allelopathic chemistry of different leaf litters.     

Effect of agroforestry woody species on earthworm activity and physicochemical properties of worm casts

The effects of five agroforestry woody species (Dactyladenia barteri, Gliricidia sepium, Leucaena leucocephala, Senna siamea andTreculia africana) on the surface aasting activity ofHyperiodrilus africanus were studied in an Alfisol (Oxic Paleustalf) in southwestern Nigeria. Casting activity under the woody species decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp. (26.4 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Gliricidia sp. (24.4 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Treculia sp. (22.9 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Leucaena sp. (18.6 Mg ha^-1 year^-1)>Senna sp. (18.3 Mg ha^-1 year^-1). These differences in casting activity were partly explained by microclimatic effects. Irrespective of the woody species, the worm casts were higher in clay and silt contents, bulk density, water-stable aggregates, pH, organic C, exchangeable cations, effective cation exchange capacity, and extractable P levels than the corresponding surface soils. The woody species did affect the physicochemical properties and P sorption of the worm casts. The content of water-stable aggregates of worm casts decreased in the following order:Dactyladenia sp.>Treculia sp.>Senna sp.>Leucaena sp.>Gliricidia sp. Large differences in extractable P levels were observed.Senna sp. was associated with the highest extractable P level (11.5 mg kg^-1) andTreculia sp. the lowest (4.9 mg kg^-1). P sorption was highest on worm casts underDactyladenia sp. and lowest on those underTreculia sp. Without fertilizer application, there were no significant differences in the dry weight of maize grown in the different worm casts. With NPK applications, the dry weight of maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was significantly lower than that of maize grown in the other worm casts, mainly due to the low extractable P level. Despite a high organic C and exchangeable K status, maize grown in the worm casts still responded significantly to N and K applications. The N uptake by maize grown in worm casts associated withTreculia sp. was lower than that in the other treatments.     

Phylogenetic relationships of Actinidia and related genera based on micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes

The phylogenetic relationships within the genus Actinidia and among 3 allied genera Clematoclethra, Saurauia, and Sladenia have been very controversial. In order to understand the systematic implication of foliar trichomes in those genera, the micromorphological characteristics of foliar trichomes from 34 taxa were examined by means of light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The observed micromorphological characteristics were classified into eight main types. A phylogenetic analysis of Actinidia and related genera based on 15 micromorphological characters of foliar trichomes was conducted using Wagner parsimony method and Sladenia celastrifolia, Rhododendron hybridum and R. simsii as a complex outgroup. In the resulting phylogenetic tree, Actinidia is shown to be a monophyletic group, and Clematoclethra and Saurauia form another monophyletic group. This study also presents the phylogenetic relationships among 4 sections within the genus Actinidia: the monophyly of sect. Leiocarpae and of sect. Strigosae, and polyphyly of sect. Maculatae and of sect. Stellatae.     

Effects of mixing radiata pine needles and understory litters on decomposition and nutrients release

A microcosm experiment was conducted to understand the impacts of mixing radiata pine (Pinus radiata D. Don) needle litter and understory (gorse—Ulex europaeus L., broom—Cytisus scoparius L., bracken—Pteridium aquilinum L., and lotus—Lotus pedunculatus L.) litter materials on decomposition and nutrient release dynamics. Mixing of pine needle litter with understory litter material had significant impacts on both the rate of decomposition and nutrient release patterns of pine litter as well as that of the understory species. Incubation in microcosms over 10 months resulted in significantly lower mass loss of radiata pine needle litter mixed with broom and lotus litters (35.8±8.4 and 41.3±0.8%, respectively) than pure pine needle litter (63.5±2.3%). Mixing with pine needle litter significantly increased the mass loss of broom (53.1±6.1%) compared to that of pure broom (30.2±1.0%). Significant transfers of nutrients, especially of magnesium and potassium, were observed in litter mixture treatments. Concentration of K in litter materials was found to be the most limiting factor for the decomposing microorganisms in the present study. The findings of this study suggest that management of understory litter composition via weed control could be used to manipulate carbon turnover and nutrient release in the forest floor. Also, initial selection of understory species will be important and could be managed.     

Collection and preliminary evaluation of native turfgrass accessions in Italy

Despite a raising interest on turfs in Italy, all theavailable varieties of this kind in the Country are of foreign origin, and areoften poorly adapted to the prevailing climatic conditions. This prompted tobegin a collection activity of indigenous turfgrass species, with the ultimategoal of identifying promising materials for future breeding based on localgenetic resources. The collection was carried out in three areas of Italy, viz.the northern Po Plain, the coastal region of Liguria, and the island of Sardiniathat are characterised, respectively, by subcontinental, warm temperate, andtypical Mediterranean climate. Altogether, 141 sites were visited, yielding 226accessions belonging to eight species of potential interest for turfs:Poa pratensis, Poa trivialis,Festuca rubra, Festuca arundinacea,Lolium perenne, Agrostis stolonifera,Agrostis tenuis, and Cynodon dactylon,this last being a warm-season grass. Poa pratensis andCynodon dactylon were mostly collected in northern Italyand Sardinia, respectively, whereas Festuca arundinacea andLolium perenne were rather ubiquitous. The collection sitesranged from 0 to 1040 m asl, but sites over 750 m wereonly visited in the inner part of Sardinia. All the accessions, collected aswhole plants, were transplanted at Lodi, northern Italy, where they are beingevaluated. Their preliminary evaluation for traits of importance for turf use,such as sward colour and overall quality, highlighted the great variation andthe occurrence of interesting accessions in all species. Other characters wererecorded, bearing specific importance in individual species, and in all casespromising accessions were identified. The germplasm of Festucarubra, Festuca arundinacea, and Loliumperenne proved highly infected by endophytic (symbiotic) fungi of thegenus Neotyphodium.     

Allelic diversity of HMW and LMW glutenin subunits and omega-gliadins in French bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat endosperm storage proteins, namely gliadins and glutenins, are the major components of gluten. They play an important role in dough properties and in bread making quality in various wheat varieties. In the present study, the different alleles encoded at the 6 glutenin loci and at 3 -gliadin loci were identified from a set of 200 hexaploid wheat cultivars grown primarily in France using SDS PAGE. At Glu-A1, Glu-B1 and Glu-D1, encoding high molecular weight glutenin subunits (HMW-GS), 3, 8 and 5 alleles were observed respectively. Low molecular weight glutenin subunits (LMW-GS) displayed similar polymorphism, as 5 and 11 alleles were identified at loci Glu-A3 and Glu-B3 respectively. Four alleles were observed at Glu-D3 loci. Omega-gliadin diversity was also very high, as 7, 13 and 9 alleles were found at Gli-A1, Gli-B1 and Gli-D1, respectively. A total of 147 (or 149) patterns resulted from the genetic combination of the alleles encoding at the six glutenin loci (or Glu-1 and Gli-1 loci). Although Glu-1 and Glu-3 loci were located on different chromosome arms and were theoretically independent, some associations were revealed due to pedigree relatedness between some French wheat cultivars. The usefulness of allelic identification of LMW-GS together with HMW-GS and gliadins for future genetic and technological wheat improvement is discussed.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Structural parameters and functional patterns of simulated earthworm burrow systems

Summary Earthworm burrow systems have been simulated by modelling, from field observations, five main characteristics of burrow units: density (number of burrows per unit volume), mean length, angular orientation, middle coordinates and diameter. The functional properties of the burrow systems have been analysed using structural parameters, i. e. number of full perforations, mean available burrow surface and minimal burrow spacing, and by estimating the shortest pathway through the burrow system. The simulations are used to study the effects of each of the main characteristics on structural parameters and the shortest pathway. This work reveals that the specific role of density is to lead to a threshold by determining an optimal horizontal distance, and that the mean length governs the vertical critical dimension of the system. These simulations may be applied to explain the nature of field burrow systems.