蛋鸡产蛋量遗传规律及对育种选择的启示

产蛋量性状的遗传力随产蛋周龄的增加表现出前高中低后回升的变化趋势。不同定义的遗传力其遗传规律及生物学意义也不同。前期产蛋量与６０周龄产蛋量的遗传相关随周龄增大而增大，一般在３６—４０周龄后均具有育种意义。３６周龄的体重和蛋重与总蛋重间为强正遗传相关。从选择效率来看，选择总蛋重比选择产蛋数更为有利     

豫州褐壳蛋鸡Ⅱ系部分数量性状的遗传分析

用父系半同胞组内相关法对豫州褐壳蛋鸡Ⅱ系第四世代的部分数量性状的遗传参数进行了估测与分析,结果为:开产日龄的遗传力为0.6214,蛋重的遗传力为0.2637～0.4039,体重的遗传力为0.2447～0.3981,产蛋量的遗传力为0.3587～0.4024;开产日龄与40周龄和72周龄产蛋量的遗传相关系数为-0.5822和-0.7475,40周龄产蛋量与72周龄产蛋量的遗传相关系数为0.7674,40周龄蛋重与72周龄蛋重的遗传相关系数为0.8716,开产蛋重与40周龄和72周龄蛋重的遗传相关系数分别为0.7119和0.8790.     

龙岩山麻鸭产蛋量和蛋重性状的遗传参数估计

本研究旨在对龙岩山麻鸭高产系产蛋量和蛋重进行遗传参数估计。分析龙岩山麻鸭高产系第3世代394个个体17～71周龄每周的产蛋量(EP17～EP71)以及20、26、32、38、41、44、50、56、59、65、68、71周龄的蛋重(EW20～EN71)、平均蛋重(EWA)和总蛋重(EW)的描述性统计,并使用ASReml-R软件多性状动物模型对这些性状进行遗传参数估计。结果显示:龙岩山麻鸭高产系71周龄时平均产蛋量为330.59枚,变异系数在10.77～44.73;平均蛋重和总蛋重分别为68.57g和22.67kg;产蛋量为中低等遗传力(0.129～0.228),蛋重的遗传力(0.218～0.544)为中高等遗传力,EW41遗传力(0.544)为最高;产蛋量性状EP41与EP20、EN71均有较高的遗传相关和表型相关,分别为0.808、0.704和0.548、0.706;蛋重性状间具有较高的遗传和表型相关,分别在0.651～0.994与0.251～0.853。     

北京鸭产蛋性能、蛋品质分析及遗传参数估计

为了研究北京鸭蛋品质的遗传规律,试验选取600只健康的北京鸭母鸭鸭苗,从1日龄饲养至70周龄,记录23～70周龄试验鸭每天的产蛋数,统计每只鸭每周产蛋数(记为周总产蛋量),计算周产蛋率;30周龄开始连续收集鸭蛋5 d,测定和计算试验鸭群鸭蛋的蛋重、蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、蛋黄颜色、蛋黄重、蛋黄比、蛋壳重、蛋壳比;采用ASReml-R软件中的多性状动物模型计算蛋品质表型相关、遗传相关和遗传力。结果表明：北京鸭周产蛋率在30周龄达到最高峰,30～40周龄周产蛋率维持在90%以上,30～70周龄周产蛋率保持在80%以上。北京鸭30周龄蛋重为81.47 g,变异性较大;蛋形指数为1.38,蛋壳强度达到46.19 N,哈氏单位达到了82.91,蛋黄颜色为2.26。蛋重、蛋壳强度、蛋壳重的遗传力分别为0.43,0.42,0.46,属于高遗传力性状;蛋黄重、蛋形指数、蛋黄颜色、蛋白高度、哈氏单位、周总产蛋量的遗传力均在0.30以下,属于中低等遗传力性状。蛋重与蛋黄重、蛋白高度、蛋壳重呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),与蛋黄颜色呈显著正相关(P<0.05);蛋壳重与蛋壳强度、...     

利用雏鸡血液生化指标对蛋鸡进行早期选种的研究

本研究分别测定了246只8周龄、270只12周龄S220母雏6项血液生化指标,估测其遗传力及其与产蛋性能间的表型相关和遗传相关。结果表明,8周龄血清白蛋白百分含量遗传力为0.54,300日龄产蛋量遗传力为0.23,两者间的遗传相关为0.7945。利用8周龄血清白蛋白百分含量作为辅助性状对300日龄产蛋量进行间接选择,其间接选择效率为个体选择的1.2174倍,为家系选择的1.4460倍,为合并选择的1.0826倍。因此,8周龄血清白蛋白百分含量可作为蛋鸡早期选种血液生化指标之一。     

如皋黄鸡产蛋性能与遗传参数分析

研究以如皋黄鸡第4世代的15个家系351只母鸡为实验素材,测定开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重和40周龄产蛋数,统计各周龄群体产蛋率,估算开产性状和40周龄产蛋数的遗传参数。结果表明:如皋黄鸡开产日龄为(153.9±13.13)d,开产体重为(1 366.5±135.51)g,开产蛋重为(32.8±3.17)g,40周龄产蛋数为(101.0±8.94)个;高峰产蛋率为82.1%,70%以上产蛋率维持16周;开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重和40周龄产蛋数均为中等遗传力0.177~0.320;开产日龄、开产体重和开产蛋重间两两呈遗传正相关0.736~0.971,40周龄产蛋数与开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重间均呈遗传负相关-0.832~-0.639;性状间的表型相关性质和遗传相关一致,且均达到极显著的程度。     

金水乌鸡部分产蛋性状遗传参数分析

用Harvey和SAS软件对金水乌鸡高产蛋系的部分资料进行了遗传分析。40周龄产蛋数、40周龄蛋重和开产日龄的遗传力分别为：0.125，0．581和0．409。40周龄产蛋数与40周龄蛋重、开产日龄的遗传相关分别为：－0．210和-0．109;蛋重与开产日龄为正遗传相关：0．413.     

AKP作为遗传标记培育高产蛋鸡的研究

本研究以北京白鸡Ⅲ系7世代选择群及其原始群为材料,比较两品系及不同碱性磷酸酶(AKP)同功酶型间各性状差异,估计AKP活力与各性状相关,探讨AKP活力作为遗传标记的可行性。结果表明,选择产蛋量对AKP同功酶型等位基因频率有显著影响,选择使AKP活力提高,快带型个体数增多。快带型个体的产蛋能力显著高于慢带型个体。AKP同功酶型间蛋黄胆固醇含量存在显著差异。结果指出,6周龄AKP活力可以作为选择产蛋量遗传标记。应用该结果对2代以上闭锁群繁育的尼克鸡进行选育,建立高、低AKP活力系的结果表明,两系在产蛋量等性状上存在显著差异,选择高、低AKP活力个体在很大程度上选择了F、S型个体。     

北京鸭繁殖性能的遗传分析

采用动物模型和MTDFREML软件计算北京鸭繁殖性能性状的遗传参数、育种值和母体效应，结果表明：（1）北京鸭产蛋量的变异较大。（2）北京鸭产蛋量的遗传力主要由加性效应决定，母本效应的作用较小。（3）要综合选择北京鸭的体重、蛋重和产蛋量，以便达到三者共同提高的目的。（4）对北京鸭进行产蛋量的早期选择时，应剔除开产阶段的产蛋记录，选择才较为准确。（5）北京鸭产蛋量有上升趋势，蛋重和体重有下降趋势。     

如皋黄鸡连产性状及其遗传参数分析

本文通过对如皋黄鸡两个世代(9世代866只,10世代423只)常规选育性状(开产日龄、开产体重、开产蛋重及40周龄产蛋数)和连产性状(连产周期、平均连产长度、最长连产长度、平均间歇天数、最长间歇长度及连产强度)进行统计分析,估计各性状的遗传力及之间的遗传相关并分析表型相关。结果表明:与常规选育性状相比连产性状的变异系数较大;9世代连产周期遗传力最高为0.523,开产体重和平均连产长度为中等遗传力性状(0.417和0.310),开产日龄、开产蛋重、40周龄产蛋数、最大连产长度、平均连产间歇天数、最长间歇天数及连产强度为低遗传力性状(0.068~0.244);40周龄产蛋数与平均连产长度、连产强度呈正遗传相关和极显著表型相关,与连产周期、最长连产间歇呈负的遗传相关和极显著表型负相关。以40周龄产蛋数为主选目标间接使10世代连产周期数下降,连产长度延长,而连产周期数的遗传力下降。综上,与40周龄产蛋数相比,连产性状中的连产周期和平均连产长度的遗传力估计值较高,与其遗传相关和表型相关均较高,可将连产性状作为选育指标对如皋黄鸡进行进一步选择。     

Heritabilities and genetic correlations of laying performance in Muscovy ducks selected in Taiwan

1. Genetic parameters in the base population of a closed experimental strain of Muscovy ducks, selected for body weight at 10 weeks of age, were estimated from data in 8 successive generations, for the following traits: age at first egg (AGE1EGG), total number of eggs laid at 40 and 52 weeks of age (NEGG40 and NEGG52), number of eggs laid during 15 and 22 weeks in the first laying cycle (NEGG15W and NEGG22W), and their Box-Cox transformed data. 2. The method of multi-trait restricted maximum likelihood with an animal model was used to estimate genetic parameters. Only the results obtained with non-transformed data are shown. 3. Heritability estimates for laying performance showed moderate values, increasing little with age: 0.20+/-0.03 (AGE1EGG), 0.23+/-0.03 (NEGG40), 0.27+/-0.03 (NEGG52), 0.20+/-0.03 (NEGG15W), and 0.22+/-0.03 (NEGG22W). 4. Genetic correlations between laying traits were high. Genetic correlation between AGE1EGG and egg number was negative, it was positive between total numbers of eggs at 40 and 52 weeks and egg numbers in the first laying cycle. 5. Body weight at 10 weeks of age exhibited positive genetic correlations (0.46+/-0.06) with age at first egg and negative with egg production traits (-0.28+/-0.06 to -0.41+/-0.06). 6. The cumulated predicted genetic gains, after 7 generations of selection, expressed per genetic standard deviation unit (sigma(g)) were 0.06 sigma(g), 0.07 sigma(g), 0.17 sigma(g), 0.23 sigma(g), and 0.25 sigma(g) for AGE1EGG, NEGG40, NEGG52, NEGG15W, and NEGG22W, respectively. 7. Selecting Muscovy ducks to improve laying in Taiwanese climatic conditions would be possible using the number of eggs laid up to 52 weeks of age as the selection criterion. Because unintended selection effects for laying traits were present, the selection experiment for body weight at 10 weeks of age was not antagonistic with laying traits.     

肉种鸡血浆极低密度脂蛋白质量浓度双向选择的效应

以父母代肉种鸡为材料，以血浆极低密度脂蛋白（very low density lipoprotein，VLDL）质量浓度为选择指标建立肉鸡高脂系和低脂系，个体测定一世代高、低脂系母鸡产蛋性能、种蛋受精率、孵化率、二世代6周龄体质量，观察血浆VLDL质量浓度选择效应。结果显示，一世代低脂系比高脂系早开产6．7d，低脂系40周龄和54周龄产蛋量显著高于高脂系零世代，一世代低脂系种蛋受精率、受精蛋孵化率、入孵蛋孵化率均优于高脂系；二世代高、低脂系6周龄体质量差异不显著。结果表明，对血浆VLDL质量浓度的低向选择使种鸡产蛋性能、种蛋受精率、孵化率产生了有益的间接反应，但对早期体质量没有影响。     

三个地方鸡种产蛋性状配合力测定

以文昌鸡、如皋黄鸡、仙居鸡为素材,采用完全双列杂交测定配合力,统计各周龄体重、开产蛋重、产蛋高峰期蛋重、开产至40周龄料蛋比、开产至40周龄平均产蛋率,计算一般配合力和特殊配合力效应值.结果表明:父本对开产至40周龄平均产蛋率及入舍母鸡产蛋数贡献较大,母本对蛋重影响较大;文昌鸡♂×仙居鸡♀组合开产至40周龄料蛋比最低、40周龄产蛋数最高,为最佳配套组合,可在生产中配套使用.     

利用血液生化指标多辅助性状综合选择指数对蛋鸡进行早期选种的研究

国内外畜牧工作者都十分重视利用雏鸡血液生化指标进行早期选种的研究。然而有关利用雏鸡血液生化指标综合选择指数对产蛋量进行早期选种的研究,在国内外均未见报道。为此,我们进行了蛋鸡早期选种血液生化指标多辅助性状综合选择指数的研究,制订出蛋鸡血液生化指标多辅...     

Effects of ad libitum feeding on performance of different strains of broiler breeders

(1) Tolerance to ad libitum feeding was compared in three genotypes of broiler breeder hens: a standard broiler breeder fed ad libitum (SA) or restricted (SR), a slow growing 'label' broiler breeder (L) and an experimental dwarf heavy broiler breeder (E). Two similar experiments were conducted in two distinct research centres. (2) Feed intake and body weight were measured every 3 weeks from hatch to 40 to 49 weeks of age. Egg production and egg abnormalities were recorded. The number of yellow follicles in ovaries was counted at the age of 32 weeks. (3) Body weight was stabilised at 2.2, 3.7 and 5.4 kg after 24 weeks of age in L, E and SA hens, respectively. Growth of the SR hens was similar to that of L up to 20 weeks and stabilised at a similar level to that of E hens after 30 weeks of age. (4) Sexual maturity was delayed by 6 weeks in restricted breeders compared to ad libitum fed hens that started to lay at 20 weeks. SA hens had low egg production and a high proportion of defective eggs, which was largely compensated for by feed restriction. However, productivity of SR hens remained lower than that of L breeders. (5) Compared to the low viability and reproductive fitness observed with SA hens, the E dwarf broiler breeder tolerated ad libitum feeding and had better egg production, fewer egg abnormalities and yellow follicles per ovary and a higher egg production. However, laying rate was still lower than that of the SR and L groups. Energy conversion (kJ/g egg) from 32 to 40 weeks of age was much higher in the SA group than in the other three groups. 6. The feasibility of feeding a dwarf broiler breeder ad libitum calls for further research on implications of specific IGF and GH-receptor expression at the level of the ovary in dw chickens.     

茶多酚对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究茶多酚(TP)对蛋鸡生产性能、蛋品质和抗氧化能力的影响。试验选用450只24周龄的健康海兰灰产蛋鸡,分为5个组,每组6个重复,每个重复15只鸡。对照组饲喂基础饲粮,试验组分别在基础饲粮中添加40、80、200和400 mg/kg TP。试验期63 d,其中预试期7 d、正试期56 d。结果表明,与对照组相比:1)400 mg/kg TP显著降低了试验期前4周的平均蛋重(P0.05);200 mg/kg TP显著改善试验期后4周的料蛋比(P0.05);TP未显著影响产蛋率和平均日采食量(P0.05)。2)饲粮中添加TP未显著影响蛋形指数、蛋壳强度、蛋壳厚度、蛋白高度、哈夫单位和蛋黄颜色(P0.05)。3)TP显著提高了血浆总超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GPx)活性(P0.05);显著提高试验期第8周时血浆总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)(P0.05)。4)TP显著提高了肝脏和蛋黄T-AOC和T-SOD活性(P0.05);显著降低肝脏和蛋黄中丙二醛(MDA)含量(P0.05)。由此可见,饲粮中添加TP未显著影响蛋鸡蛋品质;400 mg/kg TP降低了平均蛋重,200 mg/kg TP改善了料蛋比,两者均提高了蛋鸡的抗氧化能力,其中以200 mg/kg组效果最佳。     

The clinical course of the Infectious Laryngotracheitis (ILT) field case in hens and estimation of immunoprophylaxis efficiency

The ILT case was observed in laying hen farm where birds of different age (from 40 to 107 weeks) were kept in 10 flocks. A rapid spread of the disease, the decrease in egg production (in flock No. 1 it reached 58%) and higher mortality (the highest in 76 and 77 week-old birds, accounting for 0.11% and 0.36%, respectively ) was recorded during first 2 weeks of disease. Antibodies against ILT virus were detected in serum of the examined birds during the whole observation period (50 weeks after the disease outbreak). The laying hens were vaccinated at 8 weeks of age and boosted after 5 weeks. The vaccine was applied in drinking water, in a dose twice as high as usually recommended per one bird. Immunopropylaxis efficiency was estimated on the basis of immunological response in birds (serum samples, ILT ELISA kit, Guildhay Ltd.) and general health status of hens in flocks. Postvaccinal immunity, the presence of specific antibodies against ILT, was observed in all birds during the observation period (51 weeks). During that time GMT value ranged from 8261,3 (week 10) to 5196 (week 51) after the second vaccination, and CV amounted in this period to 41.1% and 51%, respectively. Subsequently, clinical symptoms of the disease disappeared and the egg production, as well as mortality, returned to the level of technological norms for laying hens.     

根据雏鸡血清酶活性对蛋鸡进行早期选种的研究

本研究测定了147只8、12周龄S220母雏血清碱性磷酸酶(AKP)、谷草转氨酶和乳酸脱氢酶活性,估测其遗传力及其与产蛋性能间的表型相关和遗传相关。结果表明,8周龄血清AKP活性遗传力为0.62,300日龄产蛋量遗传力为0.20,两者间的遗传相关为0.8245。利用8周龄血清AKP活性作为辅助性状对300日龄产蛋量进行间接选择,其间接选择效率为个体选择的1.4519倍,为家系选择的1.4837倍,为合并选择的1.1887倍。因此,8周龄血清AKP活性可作为蛋鸡早期选种血液生化指标之一。     

Relationships between genetic, environmental and nutritional factors influencing osteoporosis in laying hens

1. The effects upon bone quality of feeding limestone in flour or particulate form and housing type (cage or aviary) in lines of hens divergently selected for high (H) or low (L) bone strength over 7 generations were investigated. 2. As in previous generations, highly significant phenotypic differences between lines were observed in all measured bone traits at peak egg production (25 weeks) and towards the end of production (56 weeks) in both cage and aviary systems. 3. At 25 weeks there were no significant effects on bone variables of feeding particulate limestone although a significant reduction in osteoclast number was observed at this age. By 56 weeks osteoclast numbers were further reduced in hens fed particulate limestone and beneficial effects on some bone variables were observed in this treatment group. 4. The genotypic and dietary improvements upon bone quality were independent and additive at both ages. There were very few interactive effects. 5. Hens with the freedom to move in an aviary environment during the laying period had improved bone status compared to caged siblings. Environmental and genotypic effects were additive. 6. There were no effects of line on egg production although H line hens had slightly higher egg production by 56 weeks. Egg numbers were unaffected by diet. Eggshell thickness and strength were unaffected by line but hens fed particulate limestone had thicker- and stronger-shelled eggs over the production period as a whole. 7. We conclude that; (a) genetic selection is extremely effective in improving bone strength and resistance to osteoporosis; (b) allowing hens freedom to exercise can also improve bone strength but may increase the risk of keel damage if they do not have genetically-improved bone status; (c) feeding hens a particulate form of limestone from 15 weeks onwards can also increase bone strength and eggshell quality; (d) genetics, environment and nutrition all have independent and additive effects on bone status in laying hens but the relative effectiveness of these factors is genetics > environment > nutrition.