大豆全豆干法加工工艺及关键技术

研究通过试验、生产，确定了大豆干法加工技术的最佳工艺流程。原豆含水率为14％～16％、豆饼含油率为7％、混料时料水比为10：6，产品的成品率最高，这种制品比传统大豆制品提高了质量、降低了成本、降低了环境污染。     

大豆干法生产技术在制品中的应用

本文通过生产实际考核，确定了大豆干法加工技术的先进性及适应性，特别是在新型和传统豆制品加工中应用更有意义，能使制品提高质量降低成本，易于推广应用。     

大豆食品干法生产工艺获突破

浙江平湖星火节能食品机械研究所环保型豆腐生产工艺设备在浙江平湖研制成功。这是一种不用浸泡大豆、不产生废水的豆腐生产工艺。这种环保型、安全无压力的新型工艺设备 ,目前已申报国家专利。该成果是在多年研究大豆食品干法生产工艺基础上获得的。利用该工艺及设备生产豆腐 ,整个过程卫生安全 ,使豆制品生产中废水污染环境的问题从根本上得以解决 ,是豆制品生产技术的重大突破。由于用新工艺代替了传统工艺 ,使用每公斤原料生产豆腐、豆奶 ,产量增加 2 0 %～ 40 % ,豆渣减少 5 0 %～ 60 % ,节水80 %以上。卫生、营养、口感、持水性及感观…     

国际大豆加工利用会议简讯

国际大豆加工利用会议于1990年6月25—29日在吉林省农业科学院召开。参加会议的有来自28个国家和地区及国际组织的代表共269人,其中国外代表123人,国内代表116人。会议由吉林省农业科学院(JAAS),中国农业科学院(CAAS)、美国国际大豆组织(INTSOY)、日本农林渔业研究委员会秘书处(JAFFECS)、国际热带农业研究所(ⅡTA)和中国轻工业部食品发酵工业研究所(SRIFFI)联合发起和主持。 会议分学术交流(大会学术交流报告、墙报和参观两部份,共交流学术论文82篇,墙报展出论文32篇。代表们共同研讨了当前发展中国家和部份发达国家的大豆加工利用技术.及加强传统豆制食品的机械设备现代化、也注意到在今后发展大豆食品时应尊重各国、地区的饮食习惯,保存传统豆制品的风味特点等问题。会议期间,代表们参观了中国大豆加工设备、豆制品加工厂和各种大豆制品展览。我国丰富的大豆制品引起了代表们的极大兴趣。 这次会议,与会各国对大豆加工综合利用技术、产品的研究现状和发展动向及大豆生产进行了交流.进一步促进了各国科学家之间的友谊与合作。     

高纯度大豆黄苷及大豆黄素的制备

使用不同的溶剂从大豆异黄酮粗品中提取大豆黄苷.通过溶剂回流萃取及不同溶剂组合萃取实验确定了最佳的提取条件.结果表明,丙酮和乙酸乙酯的组合萃取可以将原料中大豆黄苷的含量提高2.5倍以上.最终可以得到纯度为90%的大豆黄苷产品,收率40%.产品再通过盐酸水解可以得到其相应甙元.     

大豆组织蛋白成丝方法探讨

丝状大豆组织蛋白是以大豆分离蛋白和大豆粉为主料制得产品,蛋白质含量在65%以上,广泛地用在食品加工中.利用它作为主要原料,经特殊的工艺加工成肉的替代物(如香肠、丸子、肉松等).由于它可以提高产品的营养价值,改善肉制品的组织结构,提高产品出品率 ,降低成本,增加经济效益,所以市场前景十分广阔. 实验重点探讨几种机械加工方法和加工设备对丝状组织蛋白成丝的影响,分析了四种机械成丝的方法对产品成丝的影响,根据试验总结出合理的机械加工工艺,为机械化的大规模工业生产提供了参考.     

黑龙江省大豆产业化调研报告(续四)

新型豆制品是传统豆制品与油脂加工的桥梁，利用其主原料与副产物进行精深加工。新型豆制品中共有三大类300余个品种600多个品牌。其产品一类是全脂豆粉、豆乳粉及豆奶等冲调用蛋白系列产品和作为食品、药品及轻工行业添加剂用的分离蛋白、浓缩蛋白、组织蛋白系列产品；二类是食品、药品、饲料及精细化工行业用浓缩磷脂、精制磷脂及卵磷脂系列产品；三类是大豆加工后的副产物再进行精深加工异黄酮、皂甙及低聚糖等系列产品。大豆蛋白粉生产规模与加工能力已达到200万t，已经制造出粒、片、粉、条、丝状各种型号蛋白挤压化机，推动了大豆蛋白生产的发展。     

大豆膳食纤维制备工艺及其在食品中的应用研究

本研究以大豆饼粕为原料,通过L(934)正交实验设计方法,就影响制备膳食纤维含量的碱浓度、温度、时间和酶用量4项因素进行了实验,确立了制备大豆膳食纤维的最佳工艺条件。利用本工艺,湿豆粕经浸泡、碱处理、酶解、干燥和超微粉碎等程序,即可得到大豆膳食纤维,工艺产率为85%,产品纤维素含量为80%,还以豆粕膳食纤维为原料研制出大豆纤维系列食品。产品的各项理化指标均达到了国家食品添加剂的有关标准。     

利用大豆浓缩蛋白乳清制备水苏糖的发酵条件

利用酵母对大豆浓缩蛋白乳清进行发酵处理制备水苏糖.在确定最佳起始发酵液的糖度为31.8Brix后,对温度、pH、接种量、装液量等工艺条件进行了单因素试验及正交试验,结果表明最佳发酵条件为:温度32°C,pH5.5,接种量8%,在此发酵条件下利用酵母对大豆浓缩蛋白乳清进行发酵处理48 h,水苏糖的纯度达到了90%,保留率为68%.     

中国大豆食品行业狀况及对食品大豆发展的建议

正1中国大豆食品行业状况1.1中国大豆食品行业发展总况1.1.1中国大豆消费情况2015年,中国用于食品工业的大豆量约1 150万吨,较2014年增长4%左右。其中用于传统豆制品加工的大豆占50%左右,约为600万吨,用于其他食品加工的占20%左右,直接食用(包括家庭自制豆浆等)占30%左右。1.1.2豆制品企业状况截至2016年3月,中国QS的豆制品企业数量     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.     

Recent Modifications of Chitosan for Adsorption Applications: A Critical and Systematic Review

Chitosan is considered to be one of the most promising and applicable materials in adsorption applications. The existence of amino and hydroxyl groups in its molecules contributes to many possible adsorption interactions between chitosan and pollutants (dyes, metals, ions, phenols, pharmaceuticals/drugs, pesticides, herbicides, etc.). These functional groups can help in establishing positions for modification. Based on the learning from previously published works in literature, researchers have achieved a modification of chitosan with a number of different functional groups. This work summarizes the published works of the last three years (2012–2014) regarding the modification reactions of chitosans (grafting, cross-linking, etc.) and their application to adsorption of different environmental pollutants (in liquid-phase).