褐飞虱近似种伪褐飞虱和拟褐飞虱的寄主植物

 通过室内笼罩饲养法观察了褐飞虱\[Nilaparvata lugens (Stl)\]的两种同属近似种伪褐飞虱(N. muiri China)和拟褐飞虱\[N. bakeri (Muir)\]在水稻、游草\[Leersia hexandra (李氏禾)\]、秕谷草(L. sayanuka)等禾本科常见作物或杂草上的成虫繁殖力、卵和若虫发育情况。结果表明,伪褐飞虱、拟褐飞虱的适宜寄主不同于褐飞虱,前两者为游草和秕谷草,褐飞虱则为水稻。水稻上的伪褐飞虱和拟褐飞虱均能完成世代发育,但种群趋势指数分别仅0.2和0.02,不能持续繁衍。3种褐飞虱的繁衍能力有明显差别,褐飞虱明显高于伪褐飞虱和拟褐飞虱,三者的最高种群趋势指数分别为水稻上褐飞虱的333.82、秕谷草上伪褐飞虱的82.06和游草上拟褐飞虱的39.28。     

不同生态调控方式对棉田烟粉虱种群消长动态的影响

比较了棉田设置黄板、喷施缩节胺、不同方式种植诱集作物、与玉米、蔬菜、果树邻作和防除杂草、整枝打杈等形成的不同生态带对棉田烟粉虱种群消长动态的影响.结果表明,整个棉花生长期,临近棉田设置黄板、喷施缩节胺、棉田成片种植向日葵、与玉米邻作、及时防除杂草和整枝打杈对减轻棉田烟粉虱的发生和危害有明显的作用.可见,种植诱集作物及变换其种植方式和配套的农艺措施对生态调控棉田中的烟粉虱可以发挥积极的作用.     

大豆抗烟粉虱的遗传分析

利用高抗烟粉虱种质滑皮豆和高感种质齐黄26,组配滑皮豆×齐黄26杂交组合,分别在山东济南、冠县构 建了F_1、F_(2:3)遗传群体,调查亲本、F_1群体和F_(2:3)群体各个家系单叶感染烟粉虱的平均数,采用植物数量性状主基因+多基因混合遗传分离分析方法,分析各遗传群体抗烟粉虱的遗传模式.结果表明:大豆对烟粉虱抗性的遗传符合一对主基因+多基因的混合遗传模式,主基冈的遗传率较高,分别为61.86%和97.43%;多基冈的遗传率较低,分别为23.76%和0.88%;而且不同地点的主基因和多基因遗传率差异较大.说明大豆抗烟粉虱既受主基因控制,又存在多基因效应,同时受环境因素影响.改良大豆品种对烟粉虱的抗性应重点利用主基因,同时兼顾多基因的积累.     

寄主植物对螺旋粉虱发育和繁殖的影响

了解螺旋粉虱在海南几种重要寄主植物上的生物学习性,为其防控提供预警,同时可筛选出适宜的扩繁寄主.以香蕉、印度紫檀、榄仁树、木薯、木瓜、番石榴及辣椒等7种植物为寄主,在温度16～29℃、相对湿度65 ％～91％的隔离大棚中观察螺旋粉虱的发育、存活、繁殖和虫体大小等情况.结果表明:螺旋粉虱由卵至成虫的发育时间以在木薯上最短,为41.33 d;其次为番石榴及辣椒,分别为42.28、42.44 d;香蕉上的发育历期最长,为56.31 d.卵至成虫存活率以在辣椒上最高,为20.00％;木薯上最低,为3.64％.平均产卵量以在辣椒上最多,为117.63粒;香蕉上最少,为73.44粒.种群趋势指数在辣椒上最大,为12.323 1;木薯上最小为1.710 3.综合比较可知,辣椒是螺旋粉虱种群生长发育和繁殖最适宜的寄主,其次为番石榴.     

海南岛螺旋粉虱寄主植物新记录种调查

2008年6月至2009年8月期间,运用野外跟踪调查与室内接虫饲养相结合的方法,对螺旋粉虱在海南岛的寄主植物进行了调查,结果显示,在海南岛螺旋粉虱的寄主植物有49科97属115种(含变种)。其中螺旋粉虱能完成世代发育的寄主植物为28科42属45种(含变种),不能完成世代发育的寄主植物为36科61属70种(含变种)。并对各种寄主植物的受害程度进行了分析。     

烟粉虱发生与防治技术

1烟粉虱概述烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci（Gennadius）属同翅目，粉虱科，小粉虱属。首先报道于1889年，在希腊的烟草上发现，命名为烟粉虱。1894年，在美国的佛罗里达州的甘薯上发现了新北区的第一头烟粉虱，被鉴定为甘薯粉虱Bemisia inconspicua。烟粉虱由于其形态的变异性，产生了许多同物异名。在1957年，Russell对酷似Bemisia玩标本进行进一步确认，B．tabaci的异名种已达19种。     

几种药剂对烟粉虱的田间药效试验

作者于2005年研究了11种杀虫剂的单剂或混合剂对棉田烟粉虱的田间防治效果。结果表明。21％山瑞EC300ml／hm^2、25％硫氰EC1125ml／hm^2＋10％千红WP450g／hm^2、20％麦雨道SL1125ml／hm^2、48％新一佳EC1125ml／hm^2、25％打胜EC1125ml／hm^2、40％新农宝1125ml/hm^2和25％恒佳675ml＋5％好把式600g／hm^2等7个药剂的单剂与混合剂及相应浓度处理。对烟粉虱均具有较高的防治效果。并且对棉花植株的生长发育安全无害。是防治烟粉虱较为理想的药剂品种或配方，都可以在江苏沿海农区棉花生产上推广并且交替使用。     

中国烟粉虱寄生蜂资源及其区系分布

对中国寄生烟粉虱的寄生蜂种类、寄主类别和分布地区进行了系统论述。根据采集调查和文献记录,目前中国烟粉虱寄生蜂约有27种,占世界记录总数的54%,主要隶属膜翅目(Hymenoptera)蚜小蜂科(Aphelin-idae),其中,恩蚜小蜂属(Encarsia)的21种,桨角蚜小蜂属(Eretmocerus)的6种。主要分布于长江流域以南的福建、广东、广西、台湾和香港等地,台湾种类分布最多。同时,对中国烟粉虱寄生蜂的地理区系分布进行了分析和讨论。     

福建省烟粉虱寄生蜂的调查与常见种类鉴别

对福建省大田作物的烟粉虱寄生蜂种类进行调查,采获和鉴定寄生蜂6种,即:蚜小蜂科(Aphelinidae)的双斑恩蚜小蜂(Encarsia bimaculata)、日本恩蚜小蜂(Encarsia japonica)、索非亚恩蚜小蜂(Encarsia sophia)、蒙氏桨角蚜小蜂(Eretmocerus mundus)、瑞加桨角蚜小蜂(Eretmocerus rajasthanicus)和广腹细蜂科(Platygasteridae)的1种埃密细蜂(Amitus sp.),简述它们的形态鉴别特征。同时,从其他粉虱寄主或扫网等的调查中,还采获另外10种恩蚜小蜂和桨角蚜小蜂,根据国内外文献报道也可寄生烟粉虱,在此本研究一并进行了讨论。     

不同品种马铃薯试管苗诱导形成微型小薯试验研究

运用正交设计,对叶底红叶片外植物体进行不同消毒方法的灭菌效果比较和愈伤组织的诱导研究。结果表明,其最佳灭菌措施为：自来水冲洗60 min、0.1%升汞浸泡25 min、次氯酸钠20 min。     

Functional and numerical responses of Eretmocerus mundus Mercet (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) parasitizing cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

Laboratory experiments were conducted to measure the functional and numerical responses of Eretmocerus mundus Mercet parasitizing cotton whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Gennadius. Parasitoids were isolated singly for 24 h in 5 cm petri dishes with either 5, 10, 20, 40, 60 or 100 second nymphal stages of B. tabaci. Results showed a typical type II functional response, with up to 43.2 hosts attacked when 100 hosts were provided. The rate of attack and handling time were 0.0465 and 0.3341 days, respectively. At above mentioned densities, the parasitoids lived an average of approximately 4 days. At host densities of < or =20 host/day, the total number of eggs laid was limited by the number of hosts available. Total fecundity was highest with an average of 196 eggs/female at density 100.     

Bioassay evaluation of the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassaina Vuellemin against eggs and nymphs of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae)

This study was carried out to determine the lethal effect of the entomopathogenic fungi, Beauveria bassaina Vuell. on eggs, young and old nymphs of the whitefly, Bemisia tabaci Genn. Mortality percentage was significantly differed based on stage of B. tabaci and conidial concentrations of B. bassina. Average of the infection level to insect was very low particularly in eggs with only 4.49%, even with higher conidial concentrations (6 x 10(6) conidia mL(-1)). Whereas, it was higher with 1st and 2nd instars (42.045%) and 3rd and 4th instars (35.93%). Three parameters was assessed with B. tabaci eggs, namely; egg infection, egg hatchability and crawlers emergence. Egg mortality percentages averaged 1.2, 4.27 and 8.0% with fungal concentration 2 x 10(6), 4 x 10(6) and 6 x 10(6) conidia mL(-1), respectively. Daily infection percentages were varied depend upon the conidial concentration where the highest infection rate of eggs was occurred with 6 x 10(6), followed by 4 x 10(6) conidia mL(-1). Egg hatch was very high, while the mortality among the emerged crawlers was neglectable compared with the check. Efficiency of B. bassaina on whitefly nymphs also was varied based on the insect instar and fungal concentration. Mortality percentages were obviously higher to young nymphs (1st and 2nd instars) than to older ones (3rd and 4th instars). The results indicated that nymphs were highly susceptible to fungal treatment compared with eggs. Additionally, pathogenicity and virulence of B. bassaina against B. tabaci immatures was not indicated by LC50 only, but also, by the time in days (LT50) required to achieve 50% mortality of an insect.     

Resistance to whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) in the Sudan

Over the past 10–15 years, the cotton whitefly (Bemisia tabaci Genn.) has caused severe damage to cotton in many tropical countries. Effects of three leaf-hair densities (LHD) (high, moderate and low) and three leaf shapes (LS) (normal, okra and super okra) on whitefly numbers were examined in the Sudan in 1982. Resistance was conferred by low LHD and okra or super okra LS, with significant reductions in numbers of whitefly adults per leaf and adults, scales and pupae per unit area. Adults per leaf were lowest on the most resistant line, ORS-13 (exotic Gossypium hirsutum cv., low LHD/okra LS) throughout the season. Pupal parasitism was significantly higher on this line than on a hairy plant of normal leaf shape. Honeydew causing stickiness of lint was reduced to acceptable levels on resistant lines. Leaf shape influenced the microclimate, in that relative humidity was lower and temperature was slightly higher in the canopy of Sudac-K than in Barac (67)B. Fewer whiteflies on Sudac-K may be due to a more adverse microclimate for whitefly and improved host-searching conditions for adult parasites. A breeding programme in the Sudan should be maintained for selection of field-resistant varieties.     

烟粉虱发与防治技术

1 烟粉虱概述 烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci(Gennadius)属同翅目,粉虱科,小粉虱属.首先报道于1889年,在希腊的烟草上发现,命名为烟粉虱.1894年,在美国的佛罗里达州的甘薯上发现了新北区的第一头烟粉虱,被鉴定为甘薯粉虱Bemisia inconspicua.烟粉虱由于其形态的变异性,产生了许多同物异名.在1957年,Russell对酷似Bemisia标本进行进一步确认,B.tabaci的异名种已达19种.到1978年烟粉虱的同物异名又达到了22种.因此,B.tabaci有几种常用俗名,如烟粉虱、棉粉虱或甘薯粉虱.     

Baseline susceptibility of Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B in southern Florida to cyantraniliprole

Cyantraniliprole 200 mg ai l⁻¹ (Cyazypyr™ 200 SC) is a new xylem systemic insecticide in the anthranilic diamide chemistry class. A systemic laboratory bioassay using cut stems of cotton seedlings was developed to quantify the baseline susceptibility of nymphs and adults of the sweet potato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Genn.) biotype B, to cyantraniliprole. Bioassays were conducted on a susceptible laboratory colony and nine field populations collected in 2008, 2009 and 2010 in southern Florida. Bioassays with cyantraniliprole on the susceptible colony (targeting nymphs with exposure initiated at the egg stage) revealed pooled LC₅₀ and slope values of 0.017 mg ai l⁻¹ and 1.766 (SE = 0.125) in 2008, respectively, and 0.013 mg ai l⁻¹ and 1.355 (SE = 0.156) in 2009, correspondingly. Adult bioassays generated pooled LC₅₀ and slope values of 0.049 mg ai l⁻¹ and 3.201 (SE = 0.367) in 2010, respectively. LC₅₀ and slope values targeting nymphs (as above) of field populations ranged from 0.013 to 0.023 mg ai l⁻¹ and 1.425 (SE = 0.167) to 1.923 (SE = 0.187), respectively, in 2008, and 0.023 to 0.034 mg ai l⁻¹ and 1.682 (SE = 0.140) to 2.318 (SE = 0.226), respectively, in 2009. Resistance ratio values at 50% mortality (RR₅₀) on nymphs of field colonies ranged from 0.784 to 1.346 in 2008 and from 1.760 to 2.589 in 2009. Bioassays with adult field populations yielded LC₅₀ and slope values ranging from 0.037 to 0.059 mg ai l⁻¹ and 2.639 (SE = 0.561) to 6.948 (SE = 1.294), respectively, in 2010. The RR₅₀ values for adults from field colonies ranged from 0.752 to 1.207. The overlapping fiducial limits of the LC₅₀ values, the low RR₅₀ values, and the lack of significant differences in the slopes of probit lines between laboratory and field colonies, indicate that the B. tabaci populations present in southern Florida fields were highly sensitive to cyantraniliprole. These data will be helpful in monitoring for any changes in susceptibility as a result of use of the insecticide. The baseline information developed in the present study confirmed the susceptibility of field populations in Florida to cyantraniliprole and will be an essential component of a resistance management program to help ensure the continued viability of cyantraniliprole for B. tabaci management.     

Effect of Cardinium Infection on the Probing Behavior of Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) MED

Facultative endosymbionts can affect the growth, physiology, and behavior of their arthropod hosts. There are several endosymbionts in the invasive whitefly Bemisia tabaci Mediterranean (MED, Q biotype) that influence host fitness by altering stylet probing behavior. We investigated the probing behavior of B. tabaci MED infected with the facultative endosymbiont Candidatus Cardinium hertigii (Cardinium (Sphingobacteriales: Flexibacteraceae)). We generated genetically similar Cardinium-infected (C^*+) and uninfected (C^-) clonal sublines and analyzed the probing behavior of newly emerged adult on cotton (Malvales: Malvaceae), Gossypium hirsutum L., using electropenetrography (EPG). The C^- subline demonstrated a longer duration of E2 (2.81-fold) and more events of E2 (2.22-fold) than the C^*+ subline, indicating a greater level of sustained ingestion of plant phloem. These findings provide insight into the fitness costs (fitness of a particular genotype is lower than the average fitness of the population) of the Cardinium-infected B. tabaci.     

六点始叶螨[Eotetranychus sexmaculatus (Riley)]对7种寄主植物的选择性研究

用室内离体叶片饲养方法,研究了分别取食橡胶(Hevea brasiliensis)和7种目前常见的与橡胶间套种的作物[木薯(Manihot esculenta)、甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)、菠萝(Ananas como sus)、椰子(Cocos nucifera)、杧果(Mangifera indica)、木瓜(Chaenomeles speciosa)和变叶木(Codiaeum variegatum)]后,六点始叶螨(Eotetranychus sexmaculatus)的存活、发育与繁殖情况差异。结果表明,取食木薯、甘蔗、菠萝、椰子和杧果后,六点始叶螨各龄均不能存活;而取食橡胶、木瓜和变叶木叶片后,其幼螨、前若螨、后若螨及卵到成螨的存活率均表现为橡胶(均为100%)变叶木(68%、69%、77%和71%)木瓜(53%、65%、54%和57%),存在显著差异(p0.05);从卵到成螨的发育历期表现为橡胶(12.05 d)变叶木(14.67 d)木瓜(15.61 d),但三者间没有显著差异(p0.05);平均每雌产卵量为橡胶(32.20粒)木瓜(8.00粒)变叶木(7.00粒),橡胶与木瓜和变叶木间存在极显著差异(p0.01);F1代卵孵化率为橡胶(100%)变叶木(97.53%)木瓜(94.42%),仅橡胶与木瓜间存在显著差异(p0.05);后代雌性百分率为橡胶(88.20%)变叶木(75.40%)木瓜(66.30%),三者间存在显著差异(p0.05);成螨寿命为橡胶(19.58 d)木瓜(19.33 d)变叶木(17.00 d),仅橡胶与变叶木间存在显著差异(p0.05)。研究结果表明,木薯、椰子、杧果、菠萝和甘蔗不适于六点始叶螨生存、发育与繁殖,因此为预防六点始叶螨的发生与危害,这5类作物可作为橡胶的间作套种作物;而变叶木和木瓜虽然影响六点始叶螨的发育与繁殖,但六点始叶螨仍可完成世代发育和繁殖,因此其亦为六点始叶螨的嗜好寄主,不适宜与橡胶间作套种。     

Selectiveness of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis to Host Plants

A field experiment was conducted to study the selectiveness of Cnaphalocrocis medinalis Güenée(commonly known as the rice leaffolder or rice leafroller) towards five rice varieties(Yangfujing 8,Yangdao 6,Shanyou 136,Huaidao 9 and Ningjing 1) and three weed species(Echinochloa crusgalli,Leptochloa chinensis and Leersia hexandra).The results showed that the rice varieties carried significantly higher numbers of C.medinalis moths and eggs than the weed species.Among the rice varieties,Yangfujing 8 was associated with a higher moth number.However,there was little difference in the number of C.medinalis eggs among the rice varieties.Additionally,a laboratory experiment was performed to investigate the olfactory response of female C.medinalis towards volatile compounds from different rice varieties,as well as its oviposition preference towards these rice varieties.The volatiles of Yangfujing 8,Yangdao 6 and Shanyou 136 attracted C.medinalis similarly to those of TN1.In contrast,the volatiles of Huaidao 9 and Ningjing 1 clearly deterred C.medinalis.Nevertheless,C.medinalis did not exhibit clear oviposition preference towards any of the five tested rice varieties.