苹果货架期GAN-BP-ANN预测模型研究

准确预测剩余货架期是降低苹果过长贮藏风险的有效途径,目前基于传统动力学模型的预测准确度较低,提出一种基于生成式对抗网络（GAN）改进的反向传播人工神经网络（BP-ANN）苹果货架期预测方法。以0、5、15、25℃下贮藏的“富士”苹果为研究对象,获取果实的12个理化品质指标随贮藏时间变化的取值;分别采用2种特征选择方法对品质指标进行排序,依次累加排序为1~12的品质指标结合贮藏温度作为BP-ANN的输入层变量。通过GAN扩大BP-ANN的训练集样本数量,建立“富士”苹果货架期的 GAN-BP-ANN和BP-ANN预测模型。试验结果表明,经过GAN可生成与真实数据分布范围一致的数据集,以真实和生成数据集共同作为训练集构建的GAN-BP-ANN模型其验证集准确度总体高于BP-ANN模型;以稀疏主成分分析(SPCA) 选取得到的前1、2、6个品质指标,结合贮藏温度分别作为GAN-BP-ANN模型的输入层对货架期进行预测,其平均相对误差均在0.070以内,决定系数均在0.988以上。     

基于BP神经网络的鲜鸡蛋货架期预测模型

为研究不同温度范围内鸡蛋的品质变化及货架期,通过实验室模拟,检测了鲜鸡蛋在5、25、35℃条件下的哈夫单位值、蛋黄系数等理化指标,分别构建了同等实验条件下的鲜鸡蛋货架期动力学预测模型和BP神经网络预测模型,并选取5、25、35℃温度下共6组数据进行模型验证。结果表明,基于BP神经网络的鲜鸡蛋货架期模型预测精度达到95.93%,动力学模型预测精度为90.79%,BP神经网络能更精确地预测鲜鸡蛋在5~35℃贮藏温度范围内的货架期。     

葡萄在贮藏和货架期间品质的预测模型

建立了葡萄在贮藏和货架期间的品质模型。基础模型由4℃、10℃、20℃、25℃和相对湿度95%下的硬度和质量变化回归求得;修正模型由0℃和相对湿度95%下贮藏60d,接着置于20℃下5d的葡萄的硬度和质量变化来修正。结果表明,不考虑水蒸汽压ΔpH2O影响的硬度模型基本能够预测硬度在贮、售中的变化(P=6.15%),在贮藏过程的质量模型可以忽略ΔpH2O的作用,而货架期内必须考虑ΔpH2O的影响,其模型预测值与试验值吻合(P=2.57%)。     

基于气体传感信息的蓝莓贮藏货架期预测方法

利用气体传感信息,提出了一种蓝莓货架期预测方法。将蓝莓贮藏在0、5、22℃下,对贮藏微环境中的3种气体含量(氧气、二氧化碳、乙烯)进行了监测,同时将蓝莓5种理化指标(腐败率、硬度、pH值、可溶性固形物含量、失重率)作为传统的品质指示指标进行了获取,分析了贮藏微环境中气体含量变化和理化指标变化的相关性,并利用BP神经网络从气体角度建立了蓝莓的货架期预测模型。结果表明:蓝莓品质的变化受到贮藏温度的影响;气体含量的变化与蓝莓品质的变化存在明显相关性;利用BP神经网络建立的蓝莓货架期预测模型具有良好的预测效果。其中,0℃的预测误差为0.091~0.191 d,5℃的预测误差为0.069~0.302 d,22℃的预测误差为0.094~0.338 d,基本满足货架期预测需要。     

基于RSM和BP—AdaBoost—GA的红茶发酵性能参数优化

为明确自行设计的滚筒式红茶发酵机性能参数,以无量纲化的综合评分为发酵品质评价指标,采用响应面法和基于改进型神经网络的遗传算法(BP-AdaBoost-GA)对影响发酵品质的3个因素(发酵温度、发酵时间、翻拌间隔)进行优化,并对2种方法的优化效果进行比较。结果表明,各因素对发酵品质的影响重要性顺序为:发酵温度、翻拌间隔、发酵时间;采用响应面法优化,当发酵温度、发酵时间、翻拌间隔分别为25℃、150 min、20 min时,综合评分预测值和实际值分别为0.863和0.856,相对误差为0.8%;而采用BP-AdaBoost-GA优化,当发酵温度、发酵时间、翻拌间隔分别为27℃、170 min、25 min时,预测值和实际值分别为0.871和0.868,相对误差为0.3%;BPAdaBoost预测模型的决定系数和相对分析误差分别为0.994和18.456,高于响应面法的0.988和9.577,且预测均方根误差较低,为0.017。在红茶发酵工艺的参数优化中,采用BP-AdaBoost-GA方法能比响应面法更好地拟合模型,以及在全局变量范围内推导最优发酵条件。     

益生菌发酵苹果汁过程中总酚酸变化与动力学研究

为了使苹果汁中结合态多酚变为游离态多酚,提高苹果汁的功能性多酚单体含量,利用嗜酸乳杆菌6005、植物乳杆菌21805和发酵乳杆菌21828混菌发酵复合苹果汁,分析苹果汁发酵过程中活菌数及理化成分变化,建立混菌生长和总酚酸变化动力学模型,并进行模型验证。结果表明：混合益生菌在复合苹果汁中生长良好,活菌数达到2.68×108CFU/mL,发酵过程中总糖含量下降,可滴定酸含量上升,总酚酸含量总体呈上升趋势,绿原酸及没食子酸等功能性酚酸类多酚单体含量增加;建立了复合益生菌发酵苹果汁的菌体生长动力学模型和总酚酸增加量变化动力学模型,模型理论值与试验值的平均误差小于10%,说明建立的动力学模型能够较好地预测混合益生菌发酵苹果汁中总酚酸的变化过程。     

便携式火腿腐败变质实时预警系统研究

针对火腿、香肠等肉制品在生产、运输和销售过程中容易出现品质腐败以及货架期缩短的问题,基于近红外光谱技术对火腿的品质腐败参数进行研究,研发了一种具有自建模功能的便携式火腿品质腐败检测装置,并基于物联网技术开发了火腿货架期预警系统。基于研发的检测装置,采集了74块火腿样品的可见/近红外光谱,在经过不同的预处理后,分别建立了火腿颜色（L*、a*、b*）、pH值、挥发性盐基氮含量和菌落总数（TVC）的偏最小二乘（PLS）预测模型。在此基础上,利用竞争性自适应加权算法筛选特征变量,建立简化的PLS模型,各参数的预测模型相关系数分别为0.9317、0.9369、0.9578、0.9554、0.9285、0.9862,均方根误差分别为0.3530、0.2529、0.0961、0.0354、0.3724mg/（100g）、0.4398lgCFU/g。结果表明,该装置可以用于火腿品质腐败参数的检测。同时研究了火腿储藏期间TVC生长规律,使用Modified Gompertz方程对TVC的生长曲线进行拟合,建立了TVC的生长动力学模型,通过TVC的光谱预测模型和生长动力学模型建立了货架期的预测模型。选用阿里云服务器和MySQL数据库作为服务端的开发工具,基于TCP/IP网络通信协议,将装置的检测数据实时传输到服务器端,进而保存到数据库中。最后将货架期的数据反馈至客户端,通过对货架期的监控实现火腿腐败变质的实时预警。经过实验测试表明,该系统可以用于火腿货架期的实时预警。     

高压静电场下发酵牛肉风味品质及微生物群落特性研究

为明确高压静电场（High-voltage electrostatic field，HVEF）对发酵牛肉品质影响规律，采用2.0kV HVEF和3.0kV HVEF辅助制作发酵牛肉，与对照组比较，分析不同处理条件对发酵牛肉理化指标、风味品质、微生物群落的影响。结果表明：HVEF辅助处理会显著降低发酵牛肉的含水率（P<0.05），且电压越高，效果越显著，对pH值、L*和b*值无显著影响，但2.0kV HVEF处理会显著降低a*值、增加ΔE值（P<0.05）。电子鼻分析表明，不同处理组发酵牛肉样品之间风味差异较大，可以通过主成分分析进行较好区分。电子舌分析表明，HVEF辅助处理会增加鲜味、咸味和苦味传感器响应值。通过气相离子迁移谱（Gas chromatography〖CD*2〗ion mobility spectrometry，GC〖CD*2〗IMS）分析，共鉴别出43种挥发性风味物质，包括醇类12种、酮类10种、醛类9种、烯类8种、其他4种，3.0kV HVEF处理对这些风味物质的含量影响较大。高通量测序结果表明，发酵牛肉中的真菌优势菌为Penicillium（青霉菌属）和Debaryomyces（德巴利酵母属），HVEF能够降低Penicillium所占比例，增加Debaryomyces所占比例；发酵牛肉中的细菌优势菌为Staphylococcus（葡萄球菌属）和Lactobacillus（乳杆菌属），HVEF能够增加Staphylococcus所占比例，降低Lactobacillus所占比例。各指标综合分析表明，3.0kV HVEF处理对发酵牛肉品质提升有较好促进作用。     

鲜切水果磁电方法益生菌增效研究

为实现鲜切水果的益生菌富集,将感应交变电场施加于浸渍溶液体系,同时在旋转磁场的影响下有效促进溶液中鼠李糖乳杆菌向鲜切苹果和草莓渗透,考察了浸渍时体系场强、电场频率、磁场强度和频率、环境p H值和温度对样品中鼠李糖乳杆菌数的影响,发现体系场强和磁场强度越高则越有利于菌体在样品中的扩散和渗透,体系场强3 V/cm,磁场强度0.13 T时可获最高的菌数含量,即鲜切苹果和草莓菌体浓度可达9.23×108个/g和1.22×108个/g,较低的p H值环境同样有利于菌体在样品中的富集,但环境p H值为6.9和8.1时,在试样期内其各自样品中最高菌体浓度分别只有4.32×108个/g和5.4×107个/g,即低于酸性环境下获得的活菌数,处理鲜切苹果时存在最适电场频率和磁场频率各自分别为200 Hz和1 Hz,该研究为益生菌在鲜切果蔬中的快速富集提供了一种参考方法。     

红酒提取物对南极磷虾贮藏过程中抗氧化效果的影响

采用不同浓度的红酒提取物溶液(0.1、0.5、1.0、2.0 g/L)对南极磷虾进行预处理,并以PPO活力、TBARS值、色泽变化和感官评价为指标,对贮藏在特定温度条件下(2℃和25℃)的南极磷虾抗氧化效果进行了研究.实验结果显示,2℃和25℃条件下红酒提取物最适质量浓度分别为0.1 g/L和0.5 g/L,在此条件下南极磷虾PPO活性、TBARS值及防黑变效果优于其他浓度及空白对照组,可以有效地保持南极磷虾的品质及延长货架期;南极磷虾波长450 nm的吸光度A450值变化和RGB值与贮藏时间呈良好的线性关系,可以考虑用作反映贮藏条件下南极磷虾抗氧化程度的指标.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。