四个无花果品种对干旱胁迫的生理响应及抗旱性评价

为了研究不同品种无花果的抗旱特性,为无花果抗旱品种的选择提供理论依据,以国内常见的4个无花果栽培品种波姬红、玛斯义·陶芬、中国紫果、青皮一年生扦插苗为试验材料。通过盆栽控水,分别设置了正常供水CK(田间持水量的70%～75%)、轻度干旱LD(田间持水量的50%～55%)、中度干旱MD(田间持水量的40%～45%)、重度干旱SD(田间持水量的30%～35%)、极度干旱ED(田间持水量的20%～25%) 5个水分处理梯度对材料进行处理。通过各项生理及生化指标的测定,并用隶属函数法对4个无花果品种抗旱性进行评价。结果表明,随着干旱程度的增加,4个品种根系活力呈先上升后下降的趋势;叶片相对含水量(LRWC)、叶绿素含量、最大量子产量(Fv/Fm)和实际量子产量(Y(Ⅱ))都显著降低(P 0. 05);相对电导率和丙二醛(MDA)含量均显著上升(P 0. 05);渗透调节物质可溶性糖(SS)含量显著升高,可溶性蛋白(SP)含量波姬红和中国紫果显著下降(P 0. 05),其余2个品种变化不显著,游离脯氨酸(Pro)含量呈先上升后下降的趋势(P 0. 05),并且多在重度干旱时达到最大值;抗氧化酶超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性都呈先上升后下降的趋势,但达到最大值时的干旱程度有所差别; 4种无花果的抗旱性为波姬红玛斯义·陶芬青皮中国紫果。     

气调对无花果采后品质及活性氧代谢的影响

为研究气调对无花果采后品质及活性氧代谢的影响,以“波姬红”无花果为试材,在(25±0.5)℃和(72±0.5)%相对湿度的环境条件下,以空气为对照,研究4种不同比例气体成分CA1（4%O2+8%CO2）、CA2（4%O2+12%CO2）、CA3（8%O2+8%CO2）、CA4（8%O2+12%CO2）对无花果色差、硬度、咀嚼性、果胶含量、过氧化氢（H2O2）与超氧阴离子含量及过氧化氢酶（CAT）、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶（APX）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）活性的影响。结果表明,气调处理不同程度地延缓无花果外观色泽的变化,减缓硬度和咀嚼性的下降,较好地保持了原果胶含量,抑制了可溶性果胶含量的上升,并维持较高的CAT、APX与SOD活性,保持较低的H2O2与超氧阴离子含量。其中8%O2与12%CO2的气调处理效果最佳。     

无花果优质丰产栽培

无花果为落叶小乔木,喜光,耐高温、干旱,怕涝,通常栽后2～3年开始结果,盛果期高达30～60年。当前国内主栽品种有玛斯义·陶芬、布兰瑞克、黄果一号、绿果一号等十余种。     

不同无花果品种耐盐性与生理生化特征研究

为分析不同无花果的耐盐特性,为后续的耐盐品种选育研究奠定基础,以‘布兰瑞克’无花果扦插苗为试材,研究不同程度盐胁迫对植株生理指标变化趋势影响。结果表明,0.2%盐胁迫下各指标与对照组无明显差异,0.4%盐胁迫中后期开始有一定影响,而0.6%盐胁迫初期时相关指标便有极显著差异,表明该盐环境为植株能够承受的极限。在此基础上,以宿迁地区引种的‘布兰瑞克’、‘波姬红’、‘绿抗1号’、‘金傲芬’及‘美利亚’5个无花果品种扦插苗为试材,分析0.6%盐胁迫下植株生理变化,研究不同品种的耐盐特性,结果表明,不同品种无花果盐胁迫表现差异性较大,黄肉品种‘金傲芬’耐盐特性优于‘美利亚’;红肉品种‘布兰瑞克’耐盐性强于‘波姬红’,‘绿抗1号’高于‘布兰瑞克’;红肉品种耐盐性整体上强于黄肉品种。     

不同发育期石榴果实果汁中花青苷含量及品质指标的变化

以10个石榴品种为试材,研究其不同发育期果实果汁中花青苷含量及品质指标的变化,结果表明：随着天数和果汁颜色的增加,石榴汁中花青苷含量、百粒重、可溶性固形物含量和出汁率均在10月5日时达到最高;大青皮酸果汁中花青苷含量最高,三白最低,不同石榴品种中的花青苷含量差异性均显著;不同石榴果实百粒重之间均成极显著差异,大马牙甜百粒重和出汁率均最高,与其它品种差异性显著;大青皮酸果实中可溶性固形物含量最高(17.1%),与其它品种均成显著性差异。     

冻结方式和冻藏条件对冻藏水蜜桃果浆品质的影响

为了探究冻结方式和储藏条件对冻藏水蜜桃果浆品质的影响,本文分别检测了在气流速冻和液浸速冻、-10℃和-18℃储藏、有无静电场辅助冻藏的加工储藏条件下水蜜桃果浆色泽、含酸量、含糖量、果胶含量、酚含量等指标的变化。结果表明:冻藏的前15天解冻,水蜜桃果浆的酸、酚含量均大量降低;液浸速冻可以更好地保持果浆色泽、含酸量、果胶含量和酚类物质含量;与-18℃冻藏的水蜜桃相比,-10℃储藏的水蜜桃果浆除含糖量外,其他营养损失较大;储藏时施加静电场可以减少总酸、总糖、总酚、果胶含量的损失,并能有效抑制果胶酶活力。总体来看,经90 d冻藏之后,水蜜桃果浆仍然能保持较好的品质;液浸速冻加工后,在静电场辅助下于-18℃冻藏的水蜜桃果浆具有更好的品质。     

刺葡萄的品质分析及加工性能研究

选取湖南省几个有代表性产地所生产的刺葡萄进行了品质分析,对其加工特性进行了讨论。结果表明,刺葡萄主要成分的平均含量为:总糖13.21%,总酸0.35%,糖酸比37.8,抗坏血酸21.92m g/100g,单宁0.04%,蛋白质0.88%,果胶0.81%和纤维素0.23%。从加工性能分析,刺葡萄是制造果汁的优良原料。     

美国优质抗病制汁葡萄品种引种及加工性能研究试验初报

摘要：为丰富我国的葡萄制汁品种,本研究以在陕西杨凌种植的从美国引进的五种优质抗病制汁葡萄品种为研究对象,采用田间调查、果实品质测定,抗病性鉴定,加工性能分析等方法对康可(Concord)、康拜尔(Campbell）、玫瑰露(Delaware）、卡托巴(Catawba)、黄金玫瑰(Golden Muscat)等五个引进制汁葡萄品种的引种表现及加工性能进行了一年的研究。结果表明：引进的制汁葡萄品种都表现出很强的抗病性, 康可,康拜尔和黄金玫瑰的果实及果汁品质优良,具有较好的加工性能,其中黄金玫瑰的产量较高,初次结果平均单株产量为4.5kg;康拜尔的粗出汁率较高,达70%;康可的Vc含量、糖酸比、总酚含量均较高。     

不同桃品种的品质及加工特性评价分析

为构建不同品种桃的品质评价方法及加工特性评价体系,为桃果实的品种筛选、品质分析、贮藏加工提供参考依据,以10个品种的蒙阴蜜桃果实为试验材料,测定其感官性状、质构特性、营养品质及加工特性。结果表明,不同桃品种在感官性状、质构特性、营养品质及加工特性上存在差异,供试的10个桃品种中,白桃九号在质构特性、VC含量、糖酸比、固酸比、果汁特性等方面均具有优势,是既适合鲜食又适合加工的优良桃品种;新世纪、黄金绣的果皮硬度、可溶性固形物含量和果汁感官评分均较高,可鲜食,也可加工成果汁;黄金毛桃的可滴定酸含量较高,口感偏酸,在加工过程中需要考虑降酸以保证产品口感;寒露蜜、红焗油、黄焗油、红芙蓉的VC含量较高,可加工成高VC含量的产品;黄金蜜三号、中蟠十七口感较为软糯,但可溶性固形物和可溶性糖含量较高,甜度高,适合鲜食,同时需要注意后期的运输贮藏环节。聚类分析结果将10个桃品种分为3个类群,可根据不同果实类群特性进行加工与贮藏。     

不同类型柑橘品种加工制汁适应性研究初探

文章对分布于湖南省柑橘品种的果实解剖、营养与功能性成分、果汁品质及稳定性等加工制汁适应性进行了系统的研究,结果表明,南香（分级小果）、天香、金瓜（优株）等3个品种（株系）出汁率高,品质好,营养与功能活性成分含量较高,加工制汁稳定性、适应性等综合经济性状好,是适宜制汁的品种。     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.