Cd、Pb单一及复合污染下土壤酶生态抑制效应及生态修复基准研究

由于土壤酶活性可有效地反映土壤重金属的污染程度,因此,本文通过研究Cd、Pb单一及复合污染对土壤酶（脱氢酶、磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶、淀粉酶和蔗糖酶）活性的影响,以期选取合适的土壤酶指标作为Cd、Pb污染的生物标记物,为建立Cd、Pb污染生态修复的基准提供科学依据。研究结果表明,不同的土壤酶活性对Cd、Pb的敏感性各不相同,并且酶活性随土壤重金属浓度增加表现为叠加效应或拮抗效应。Cd、Pb单一及复合污染对脲酶活性抑制作用显著,Cd、Pb复合污染对脲酶活性表现为叠加效应,因此,脲酶可作为土壤Cd、Pb污染的生物标记物。通过半数生态剂量模型研究发现：Cd、Pb污染下,50%脲酶活性受抑制的毒性阈值分别为2273和2703;Cd污染土壤的生态修复基准值为1.33mg·kg-1,Pb污染土壤的生态修复基准值为106mg·kg-1。     

六价铬污染土壤后形态变化及其对土壤脲酶活性的影响

采用室内模拟方法较为系统地研究了六价水溶态铬和总铬对土壤脲酶活性的影响。结果表明,六价铬进入土壤后,水溶态含量迅速降低,降幅随培养时间延长而减缓;水溶态铬含量与外源总铬的变化呈极显著正相关;六价铬抑制土壤脲酶活性,且脲酶活性与六价水溶态铬达到极显著负相关,揭示脲酶活性可作为土壤铬污染程度的指标之一;从土壤脲酶角度获得的红壤轻度和中度污染时临界浓度,土壤总铬和水溶态铬含量分别为17．07、85．37mg·kg-1和0．78、3．88mg·kg-1;随土壤肥力降低,土壤脲酶的ED10和ED50递减。     

基于物种敏感性分布的江苏省典型水稻土Cd安全阈值研究

研究不同水稻品种富集镉(Cd)的敏感性差异和江苏典型水稻土Cd的安全阈值,可为水稻安全生产和产地安全性评价提供理论依据。选择江苏省主栽的12个水稻品种和2种代表性水稻土(酸性的兴化勤泥土和中性的常熟乌栅土),通过温室盆栽试验,分别添加不同浓度的外源Cd,研究不同水稻品种对Cd的敏感性差异,并利用物种敏感性分布法(speciessensitivitydistribution,SSD)推导2种土壤Cd的安全阈值。结果表明:不同水稻品种糙米Cd含量存在显著的种间差异,最高含量和最低含量相差3～6倍,并表现为籼型杂交稻显著高于粳型常规稻和粳型杂交稻。利用BurrⅢ型分布函数拟合12个水稻品种富集Cd的SSD曲线,通过国家食品安全标准反推出勤泥土和乌栅土上保护95%的水稻品种糙米不超标的HC5值即安全阈值,其中全量Cd分别为0.78 mg/kg和1.17 mg/kg,CaCl2提取态Cd分别为0.13 mg/kg和0.14mg/kg,EDTA提取态Cd分别为0.46 mg/kg和0.64 mg/kg。2种土壤上基于全量Cd的安全阈值均高出我国《土壤环境质量标准》(GB15618—1995)中二级标准的限值(0.30mg/kg、pH≤7.5)。     

苏南地区Cd低积累水稻品种筛选及土壤Cd安全阈值推导

解决农田土壤镉(Cd)污染及水稻Cd超标问题是国家和地方的重大需求。通过在苏南地区多年多点的田间小区试验和大田实地调查,对当地主栽水稻品种的Cd积累性差异进行比较,并推导出土壤Cd安全阈值。结果表明,大田调查与小区试验结果一致,18个主栽水稻品种糙米Cd生物富集系数存在差异,最高相差4.7倍,南粳46、南粳3908等品种的Cd积累性较低且稳定,建议推广应用。利用物种敏感性分布法,推导出苏南地区土壤pH 5.0～6.5、6.5～7.5、7.5～8.5下保护95%水稻品种糙米不超标的土壤全量Cd安全阈值分别为0.52、0.80、1.78 mg·kg^–1,均高于现行的风险筛选值(GB 15618-2018)。研究结果对于苏南地区Cd污染稻田安全利用具有重要的应用价值。     

铬铜复合污染下铬形态分布及与土壤酶活性的关系

采用土培盆栽实验和室内分析相结合的方法,研究了Cr单一和Cu-Cr复合污染条件下,外源施加的Cr在土壤中的形态变化及其对土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明：随外源Cr浓度的增加,土壤交换态Cr含量增多,残渣态占总量的百分比减少,铁锰氧化物结合态与有机结合态变化不大（碳酸盐结合态未检出）。Cu-Cr复合污染条件下,≤400mg·kg-1Cu能促进Cr从有机结合态向交换态及铁锰氧化物结合态转化（P〈0.05）,而高浓度Cu（800mg·kg-1）却抑制了这种转化的发生。与对照（CK）相比,重金属Cu、Cr单一及复合污染均对土壤脲酶、碱性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性产生一定的抑制作用,且酶活性抑制率随外源金属浓度的增加而增大;3种供试酶相比较,Cr、Cu对土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性影响较大,对除C（r5mg·kg-1）处理的过氧化氢酶活性影响较小;低浓度C（r5mg·kg-1）对土壤过氧化氢酶活性有一定激活作用。土壤脲酶活性受土壤交换态Cr含量的影响较大;碱性磷酸酶活性与铁锰氧化物结合态Cr含量有关;铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态Cr对土壤过氧化氢酶活性产生一定的影响。残渣态Cr含量与3种供试的土壤酶活性间无显著相关。     

潮土和潮褐土中重金属形态与土壤酶活性的关系

采用大田取样 ,运用连续提取方法 ,研究了河北平原潮土、潮褐土两种土壤中Cd、Pb的化学形态特征与四种土壤酶 (脲酶、H2 O2 酶、转化酶、碱性磷酸酶 )活性间的关系。结果表明 :大田两种土壤中交换态Cd、Pb对脲酶活性有显著抑制作用。因此 ,在石灰性土壤中 ,把交换态Cd、Pb和脲酶活性共同作为评价土壤Cd、Pb污染程度的主要生化指标是可行的     

施磷对吊兰修复镉污染土壤及土壤酶活性的影响

选用吊兰进行室内盆栽,研究在Cd污染土壤中,施用不同剂量磷肥对吊兰生理指标、土壤酶活性等的影响,为合理施用磷肥,提高Cd污染土壤的植物修复效果提供参考依据。结果表明:吊兰在100mg/kg的Cd污染土壤中能正常生长,施P对吊兰的叶绿素、细胞膜透性、抗氧化酶活性影响显著(p0.01),表现为低浓度促进,高浓度抑制作用。当施磷量为200mg/kg时,叶绿素含量、CAT酶活性最大,外渗电导率和MDA含量最低,POD酶活性开始上升,说明施磷能使吊兰的细胞膜受害程度最低,抗氧化作用增强。同时,施P有利于改善Cd污染土壤的酶系统,对过氧化氢酶、脲酶的活性表现为低浓度促进、高浓度抑制,对蔗糖酶的活性表现相反,对磷酸酶的活性表现抑制作用;且200mg/kg的磷处理时,过氧化氢酶、脲酶的活性最高,蔗糖酶的活性最低。4种土壤酶活性均与P浓度呈高度相关性(p0.05),相关性为脲酶过氧化氢酶蔗糖酶磷酸酶。     

基于区间线性规划理论的水稻土重金属Cd形态限量标准研究

应用生态环境效应法,借助区间线性规划理论,以稻谷Cd与活性形态(可交换态、碳酸盐结合态、铁锰氧化物结合态和有机物结合态)Cd含量间的线性回归模拟方程为目标函数,以稻谷Cd限量卫生标准为限制条件,筛选各约束条件下的最大最优值为各活性形态Cd含量的限量标准,为成都平原土壤重金属污染控制提供参考,为深入研究基于生物有效性的土壤重金属限量标准的制定提供科学依据。结果表明,土壤Cd活性形态限量标准分别为:可交换态Cd≤0.0865 mg/kg,碳酸盐结合态Cd≤0.2641 mg/kg,铁锰氧化物结合态Cd≤0.2461 mg/kg,有机物结合态Cd≤0.0760 mg/kg。     

土霉素及镉污染对土壤呼吸及酶活性的影响

随着饲料工业以及畜禽养殖业的规模化发展,抗生素和重金属在土壤环境中同时存在的几率不断增大。为了分析抗生素和重金属对土壤微生物生态系统的影响,以土霉素(OTC)与镉(Cd)为污染物,采用室内培养法,研究了土霉素(OTC)与镉(Cd)单一处理及复合污染对土壤呼吸和酶活性的影响。结果表明,10mg/kg重金属镉单独污染对土壤微生物呼吸表现为先抑制后激活作用,且显著抑制了土壤蔗糖酶、脲酶、磷酸酶活性,对3种酶活性平均抑制率从大到小依次为:蔗糖酶磷酸酶脲酶;1mg/kg土霉素显著激活土壤微生物呼吸,50和200mg/kg土霉素对土壤微生物呼吸的影响呈现出先抑制后激活的规律。各处理浓度下的土霉素对蔗糖酶和脲酶活性均主要表现为抑制作用,对磷酸酶活性的影响呈现出一定的波动性;当土霉素的浓度为1和200mg/kg时,其与10mg/kg镉的复合污染对土壤微生物呼吸及3种酶活性的影响主要为拮抗作用,但当土霉素的浓度为50mg/kg时,与10mg/kg镉的复合污染对土壤微生物呼吸及3种酶活性的影响则主要为协同作用。微生物呼吸对土霉素与镉胁迫更为敏感,最高抑制率和激活率分别可达98.98%和300.82%,土壤酶活性受土霉素和镉污染的影响要弱于它们对土壤微生物呼吸的影响。     

设施菜地土壤pH值、酶活性和氮磷养分含量的变化

为了了解设施菜地土壤的理化性质,测定了日光温室和塑料大棚黄潮土菜地和黑姜土菜地土壤的pH、土壤有机质、氮素、磷素和土壤酶活性含量,结果表明：设施菜地土壤pH值平均每年下降0.05～0.06,15年黄潮土菜地由碱性变为中性,黑姜土菜地由中性变为酸性。设施菜地土壤有机质和全氮含量升高,有机质含量比粮田高11.6%～62.8%。设施菜地土壤硝态氮含量为21.91～49.52 mg/kg,比粮田高13～18倍。设施菜地土壤磷素特别是无机磷积累量大,积累的磷主要分布于耕作层,10年左右菜地土全磷含量比粮田增加1000 mg/kg左右,积累速度约为100 mg/(kg·a),15年黄潮土菜地表层土壤中无机磷积累量为1335.7 mg/kg,有机磷积累量为67.9 mg/kg,二者相差20多倍。设施菜地土壤有效磷含量随种植年限增加而升高,10年左右的菜地土壤有效磷含量一般都在200 mg/kg左右以上,属于极高水平。设施菜地土壤无机磷形态含量变化大,黄潮土菜地Ca8—P、Ca2—P积累量高,黑姜土菜地土壤Al-P和O-P积累量高,黄潮土菜地Ca8—P含量以10年菜地土最大。黄潮土菜地土壤脲酶和碱性磷酸酶活性为黑姜土菜地土的3倍左右,黑姜土菜地土酸性和中性磷酸酶活性为黄潮土菜地土的5倍左右,黄潮土菜地土脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、中性磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶活性高于相临粮田,黑姜土菜地土壤脲酶、中性磷酸酶活性高于粮田,脲酶活性对菜地年龄和菜地类型的反应最敏感。所以设施菜地到一定年限后,土壤性质会发生变化,应采取措施防止土壤酸化,硝态氮,磷素累积。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Properties of anaerobically digested and composted municipal solid waste assessed by linking soil mesofauna dynamics and nitrogen modelling

We have studied the effect of anaerobically digested (ADMSW) and composted municipal solid waste (CMSW) on mineralization and foodweb dynamics to verify the hypothesis that ADMSW would immobilize N right after addition to soil in contrast to addition with CMSW. Another hypothesis was that the mesofauna (enchytraeids and microarthropods) would stimulate N release from the decomposer community. We measured excretion of -N and urea-N from the mesofauna and hypothesized that enchytraeids would release urea. ADMSW and CMSW were amended to pots with sandy loam and barley. The pots were divided into treatments with or without mesofauna. Mesofauna, plant N and biomass, soil N and ergosterol (fungal biomass) were measured over a 113-day period of four equidistant samplings. Soil respiration, N mineralization and N release by the mesofauna were modelled from concurrent studies. ADMSW- and CMSW-treated soils initially (<20 days) immobilized N. The amendments did not increase plant growth substantially, and this was probably due to N-limitation in the early stages of plant growth. Enchytraeid abundance was about three times higher in ADMSW- than CMSW-treated soils, indicating that ADMSW contained more labile compounds, bacteria, and microfauna. The mesofauna did not affect N-content, but the cumulated -N excreted by the mesofauna was estimated to be substantial and about one-fifth of total plant N in ADMSW. An explanation for this discrepancy might be that in the absence of the mesofauna, other members of the detrivore and microbivore community performed the mesofauna’s function. Neither enchytraeids nor microarthropods excreted urea.     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Faculty positions: Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.