罗氏沼虾育苗饵料研究概述

综述了国内有关罗氏沼虾育苗饵料的研究概况,包括罗氏沼虾育苗饵料组成、投喂量和投喂方式以及替代饵料的研究成果。     

光照对红螯螯虾繁殖性能及其受精卵卵质的影响

报道了不同光照时间长度对红螯螯虾繁殖性能及其受精卵中主要生化成分积累的影响。实验共分5组,Ⅰ组为自然光照;Ⅱ组为光照L∶D=12∶12(即每天光照时间为12h),Ⅲ组为L∶D=14∶10,Ⅳ组为L∶D=16∶8,Ⅴ组为L∶D=18∶6。结果显示,红螯螯虾雌虾1个月及2个月的抱卵率、增重率、性腺指数、孵化率从Ⅰ组至Ⅴ组均呈抛物线的变化趋势,其中实验Ⅳ组最高,以上指标分别为(61.54±2.09)%、(92.31±3.87)%、(29.48±0.51)%、(5.38±0.25)%和(46.99±3.15)%。与其它光照组相比,每只雌虾所抱卵卵重、平均抱卵量和平均单个卵卵重也以实验Ⅳ组为最高。在实验Ⅳ组受精卵中,氨基酸(必需和非必需氨基酸)的总量及主要氨基酸Leu、Arg、Glu均有显著增加。总脂在受精卵中所占的比重(干重和湿重),以实验Ⅲ、Ⅳ两组最高,与其它组相比差异显著。延长光照时间不影响卵内中性脂和磷脂按一定比例积累,各组中中性脂的百分含量均约是磷脂的2倍。无论中性脂还是磷脂,C18∶1ω9、C18∶2ω6、C16∶0、C16∶1四种脂肪酸的含量均较高;光照Ⅳ组中C20∶4的含量较低,而C20∶5ω3和C22∶6ω3的含量则较高。结果说明,日光照16h对红螯螯虾繁殖较为适宜,可明显改善其繁殖性能和受精卵的质量。     

无机物和农药对罗氏沼虾溞状幼体及幼虾毒性的研究进展

介绍了无机物、常用农药(渔药)对罗氏沼虾溞状幼体及幼虾的毒性。无机物包括非离子氨、亚硝酸盐、盐度、碱度、硫化氢和重金属,农药(渔药)包括兴棉宝、敌百虫、二氯异氰脲酸钠、亚甲基蓝、漂白粉、高锰酸钾、生石灰、次氯酸钠、乙二胺四乙酸二钠、碘伏制剂、三氯异氰脲酸、福尔马林、甲胺磷、杀草丹乳油、敌草胺、复方胶悬剂和甲氰菊酯等的研究情况。并提出在育苗和养殖期间对水质和给药注意事项。     

光照和饵料对克氏原螯虾亲虾性腺发育的影响

研究了遮光和不遮光两种光照条件和动物性饵料和颗粒配合饵料两种饵料条件下克氏原螯虾亲虾性腺发育情况。结果显示:光照和饵料两个环境因子在克氏原螯虾雌虾性腺发育过程中均产生重要影响与作用。在这两个试验因素中,影响最大的是饵料,其次为光照。     

光照对海湾扇贝幼体生长发育的影响

海湾扇贝是1982年底，由中国科学院海洋研究所从美国引进的新品种。它具有生长快，效益高等许多优点。为了进一步摸清其生态习性和影响海湾扇贝人工育苗的有关因子，受山东省水产局的委托，烟台市水产研究所承担了光照对海湾扇贝幼体发育影响的试验。     

饵料的胆固醇及其他甾醇对日本对虾幼体的营养价值

许多文章介绍了稚虾和成虾的营养需要(New，19T6，1980)。就日本对虾而言，生产大量对虾幼体的技术已确立了多年(Hudinaga和Mlyamara，1962 ,Hudinaga和Kittaka,1975)。采用配合饵料(Kanazawa等，1970;Deshimara和Kuroki,1974)导致确定日本对虾幼体对蛋白质、脂肪、甾醇、碳水化合物、矿物质和维生素的需要量。     

不同饵料蛋白质含量对红螯螯虾生长的影响

在２６～３０℃水温条件下,经６０ｄ饲养,以增重率、成活率及饵料系数为指标衡量,红螯螯虾配合饵料蛋白质适宜含量为３０％～３５％。     

几种单胞藻饵料对刺参耳状幼体烂胃的影响

刺参(Stichopus japonicus)属于楯手目(Aspido- chirota)、刺参科(Stichopodidae)、刺参属(stichopus)。刺参有明显的变态生活史,由受精卵卵裂经囊胚期→原肠期→小耳状幼虫→中耳状幼虫→大耳状幼虫→樽形幼虫→五触手幼虫→稚参→幼参→成参(廖玉麟, 2001)。其中小耳状幼体、中耳状幼体、大耳状幼体统称为耳状幼体。耳状幼体是刺参整个生命周期中短暂而唯一的一个浮游生活阶段,幼体浮游一般需10天左右,之后变态为樽形幼体改为底栖生活,浮游时期幼体     

光照条件对养殖虾蟹类幼体生长发育影响的研究进展

本文综述了光照条件对养殖虾蟹类幼体生长发育影响的研究进展。包括虾蟹类幼体感光器官的超微结构;光照周期、光照强度和光谱等光照条件对虾蟹类幼体生长发育、摄食、存活等方面影响和从能量收支角度研究光照对虾蟹类幼体生长影响的方法。以期为我国进行该领域的研究和养殖实践提供有益的参考。     

Effect of different diets on larval production, quality and fatty acid profile of the marine ornamental shrimp Lysmata amboinensis (de Man, 1888), using wild larvae as a standard

The present work evaluates the influence of broodstock diets [Marine Cuisine^®– MC, MC supplemented with highly unsaturated fatty acid- (HUFA) enriched Artemia biomass – MC + AB, and MC supplemented with squid – MC + S] on larval production, newly hatched and early zoeal stage survival and fatty acid profile of newly hatched larvae of Lysmata amboinensis . These parameters are compared with those from larvae hatched from embryos spawned in the wild. The number (±SE) of larvae produced with MC and MC + S (1077 ± 219 and 1103 ± 184, respectively) was similar to that in broodstock carrying embryos spawned in the wild (1224 ± 111), while those fed MC + AB displayed significantly lower values (1044 ± 161). Larvae produced with MC + AB displayed lower survival for all starvation periods, while larvae spawned in the wild displayed the highest survival. No larvae resisted 144 h of starvation and none moulted to zoea II. The fatty acid comparison revealed that larvae from embryos spawned in the wild displayed the highest levels of DHA, as well as higher DHA/EPA and n -3/ n -6 ratios. These results suggest that broodstock diets commonly used to promote ornamental shrimp's maturation (based on mixed frozen components) are far from being optimal.     

不同饵料对美洲西鲱仔鱼生长、相关酶活力及体脂肪酸的影响

以美洲西鲱(Alosa sapidissima)仔鱼(孵化后10 d)为实验对象,在室内进行为期30 d的摄食生长试验,分别投喂不同的饵料[单独投喂卤虫(Artemia)、单独投喂微颗粒饲料、卤虫与微颗粒饲料混合投喂],分析不同饵料的投喂对存活、生长、消化酶活性、非特异性免疫相关酶活性以及体脂肪酸组成的影响。结果表明:(1)混合投喂组的存活与生长表现都要显著优于卤虫组和微颗粒饲料组(P0.05),微颗粒饲料组与卤虫组相比差异不大,而试验后期(20~30 d)微颗粒饲料组的存活与生长表现要优于卤虫组;(2)消化酶的结果显示,胃蛋白酶和淀粉酶活力在各组中无显著性差异(P0.05),胰蛋白酶、糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶在卤虫组中活力最低,显著低于其他两组(P0.05),其中糜蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性在微颗粒饲料组中要显著高于混合投喂组(P0.05);(3)碱性磷酸酶和超氧化物岐化酶活力在各组中无显著性差异(P0.05),过氧化氢酶和溶菌酶活力在微颗粒饲料组中最高,卤虫组中最低,两者之间差异显著(P0.05);(4)鱼体脂肪酸受饵料脂肪酸组成影响较大,微颗粒饲料中n-3HUFA和DHA含量较高,其投喂后在鱼体中的含量也高。综上所述,不同饵料投喂对美洲西鲱仔稚鱼存活、生长、消化酶活性、非特异性免疫相关酶活性以及体脂肪酸影响显著,在试验20 d之前使用卤虫与微颗粒饲料混合投喂,20 d后完全转食微颗粒饲料,可以降低成本,同时提高生产效率。     

Effects of different diets on larval development in a peppermint shrimp (Lysmata sp. (Risso))

Currently, only a handful of marine ornamental species are commercially produced through aquaculture. In order for the marine aquarium industry to continue to grow, a diverse selection of cultured animals is required to offset wild collections. Long and variable larval durations are the major bottleneck for mass production of marine ornamental shrimp. Improving larval diet may reduce the larval duration and enhance the prospects of commercial aquaculture. A laboratory study was conducted to examine the effect of different diets on larval development and survival of the peppermint shrimp, Lysmata (gulf coast variety), a popular aquarium shrimp. The effect of three feeding regimes [Artemia alone (ART), ArteMac? alone (COMM) and Artemia in combination with ArteMac? (ART/COMM)] on survival and development were tested. Survival to zoea 5 for both ART and ART/COMM treatments was 99%, but only 62.5% for COMM treatment. ArteMac? alone treatment shrimp only survived to zoea 7. Survival to postlarvae for ART treatment (72.5%) was significantly lower (P<0.01) than those of treatment ART/COMM (80.5%). Larvae fed ART/COMM had significantly (P<0.01) shorter larval duration than larvae fed ART. Fourteen days after the first postlarva appeared, the rates of settlement (85.4% and 67.5% respectively) and survival (68.8% and 49.0% respectively) were significantly greater (P<0.01) for larvae fed the ART/COMM than those fed ART.     

鱼肉水解蛋白对大黄鱼稚鱼存活、生长以及体组成的影响

以初始体重(1.6±0.18) mg的大黄鱼(Pseudosciaena crocea Richardson）稚鱼（12日龄）为实验对象,在室内水族箱中进行为期30 d的摄食生长实验。以白鱼粉为主要蛋白源,通过双酶水解制得鱼肉水解蛋白（FPH,粗蛋白72%）,分别以鱼肉水解蛋白替代0%、25%、50%和75%的鱼粉蛋白配制出4种等氮等能的实验微颗粒饲料,同时,以生物饵料（冷藏桡足类）为对照组,研究饲料中不同鱼肉水解蛋白对大黄鱼存活、生长以及体组成的影响。实验结果表明,当以FPH替代25%的鱼粉蛋白时,其存活率（32.6%）显著高于其余的各替代水平（P<0.05）,但与生物饵料组（33.2%）之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。随着饲料中FPH替代水平的升高,实验鱼的特定生长率（SGR）逐渐下降,但当替代水平为25%时,其SGR（10.5% day^-1）与全鱼粉组（10.4% day^-1）和生物饵料组（10.3% day^-1）之间没有出现显著差异（P>0.05）。体成分分析结果表明随着饲料中FPH替代水平的升高,鱼体干物质、粗蛋白和粗脂肪含量均有显著降低（P<0.05）的趋势。脂肪酸的分析结果也表明随着饲料中FPH升高,鱼体的二十碳五烯酸（EPA）、二十二碳六烯酸（DHA）含量均有显著降低的趋势（P<0.05）。本研究结果表明以适宜水平的鱼肉水解蛋白替代鱼粉蛋白,将显著提高大黄鱼稚鱼存活率,可能有利于其生长,而过高的替代水平则起到阻碍作用。在大黄鱼微颗粒饲料中FPH替代鱼粉蛋白在0%～25%之间是否能更有利于大黄鱼稚鱼的存活、生长和发育尚有待于进一步研究。     

配合饲料替代杂鱼对中华绒螯蟹生长发育、体成分及脂肪酸组成的影响

通过分别投喂配合饲料和天然杂鱼,研究配合饲料替代杂鱼对中华绒螯蟹生长发育、体成分及脂肪酸组成的影响。试验池塘设在上海市崇明县水产技术推广站特色水产养殖基地,每种饵料设3个平行。试验时间为2010年4月至11月,养殖结束后统计各试验组的存活率、体质量、产量,并随机取样测定各试验组雌雄蟹的肝胰腺指数、性腺指数、出肉率,同时测定肝胰腺、性腺和肌肉中水分、总脂、粗蛋白含量及脂肪酸组成。结果显示,杂鱼组和配合饲料组蟹的存活率、体质量、肝胰腺指数、性腺指数、出肉率等指标均无显著差异(P>0.05);杂鱼组雌雄蟹肝胰腺及雄蟹肌肉中水分含量极显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.01);杂鱼组雌雄蟹肝胰腺、性腺及雌蟹肌肉中总脂含量均显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.05);杂鱼组雌雄蟹肝胰腺中粗蛋白含量均显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05),但杂鱼组雌蟹卵巢中粗蛋白含量极显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.01)。配合饲料组雌蟹肝胰腺游离脂肪酸含量显著高于杂鱼组(P<0.05),磷脂含量杂鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05);配合饲料组雌蟹卵巢和肌肉甘油三酯含量均显著高于杂鱼组(P<0.05或P<0.01),游离脂肪酸和磷脂含量则杂鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05或P<0.01);雌蟹肌肉中胆固醇含量配合饲料组极显著高于杂鱼组(P<0.01)。两组饵料雄蟹肝胰腺各脂类组成无显著差异;精巢中甘油三酯及游离脂肪酸含量为杂鱼组显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.01),磷脂含量为杂鱼组显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.05);雄蟹肌肉胆固醇含量配合饲料组显著低于杂鱼组(P<0.05)。杂鱼组雄蟹肝胰腺和肌肉中LOA含量极显著或显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.01或P<0.05),而杂鱼组雄蟹肌肉中ARA含量显著高于配合饲料组(P<0.05);杂鱼组雌蟹卵巢中LNA、ARA和DHA的含量极显著或显著低于配合饲料组(P<0.01或P<0.05)。研究结果表明,适宜的配合饲料替代杂鱼全程养殖中华绒螯蟹成蟹对其生长发育无显著负面影响,而对其体成分组成及脂肪酸组成有一定影响。     

Effects of diets on the growth performance and shell pigmentation of Pacific abalone

This study investigated the effects of natural and artificial diets on growth performance and shell pigmentation of cultured abalone. A 7‐month feeding trial was conducted on 12 000 Pacific abalones (Haliotis discus hannai) with four diets including two extruder‐processed test diets (with & without addition of oleopaprika carotenoids), Pacific dulse (Palmaria mollis) and a combination of Pacific dulse and a test diet. The results showed that the two test diets resulted in higher survival of abalone, but with a lower growth rates when compared with Pacific dulse alone (P < 0.05). The combination diet achieved the highest survival and growth rates. The Pacific dulse resulted in abalone with dark‐brown shells, which are preferred by Asian markets. The test diets led to 52% and 55% of the animals with pink coloured shells and the supplementation of oleopaprika did not affect shell pigmentation. The aqueous acidic extracts from both dark‐brown and pink shells showed blue colour; HPLC‐MS chromatography revealed that the pigments in the extracts were consistent with a biliverdin and a cysteine‐biliverdin. These results are valuable for the development of abalone feed and the control of abalone shell colouration.     

光照对中国南北方萱藻丝状体生长发育影响的比较

通过分离、培养我国北方海域(烟台、青岛)和南方海域(舟山、温州)的萱藻丝状体,比较研究了不同光强[7.2、21.6、36.0、50.4、64.8、86.4、108.0和129.6μmol/(m2·s)]和不同光周期(8L:16D、10L:14D、12L:12D、14L:10D和16L:8D)对我国南北方萱藻丝状体生长及发育的影响。结果表明:(1)过高[≥108.0μmol/(m2·s)]或过低[≤21.6μmol/(m2·s)]光强条件均不利于我国南北方萱藻丝状体的快速生长;(2)我国南北方萱藻丝状体生长的最适光强条件相同,在64.8μmol/(m2·s)条件下培养20 d后,其丝状体的增重倍比和日均增长率均达到最大值;(3)我国南北方萱藻丝状体发育的最适光强条件均为36.0μmol/(m2·s),培养20 d后,烟台、青岛、舟山和温州的萱藻丝状体的孢子囊枝比例均达到最大值,分别为34.72%±0.91%、35.06%±1.17%、35.37%±0.59%和34.33%±0.41%;(4)我国南北方萱藻丝状体生长的最适光周期条件不同,培养20 d后,北方萱藻丝状体的增重倍比和日均增长率均在14L:10D条件下达到最大值,分别为82.75%±2.39%、3.00%±0.36%和81.28%±4.53%、3.04%±0.49%,而南方均在16L:8D条件下达到最大值,分别为89.52%±0.88%、3.18%±0.30%和88.66%±7.09%、3.22%±0.26%;(5)经过20 d的培养观察,我国北方萱藻丝状体发育的适宜光周期范围为8L:16D~10L:14D,而南方的适宜光周期范围为10L:14D~12L:12D。     

不同光质LED光源对坛紫菜单性叶状体的生长发育及生理指标的影响

为掌握坛紫菜叶状体生长与发育的最适光谱成分,实验以坛紫菜雌性叶状体为培养材料,探究了不同光质(白、蓝、绿、红光)的LED光源对叶状体营养生长、发育分化、PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)及光合色素含量等生理指标的影响。结果显示,在复合型白光下培养25 d后,藻体的叶长和鲜重分别为单色光下的2.42~3.86倍和2.64~4.50倍,白光下叶状体生长速率最快,鲜重增加最多,而单色光限制了藻体的营养生长。与白光下培养相比,在红、绿光下培养,藻体的藻胆蛋白合成受到明显限制,藻红蛋白含量分别下降了44.1%和43.2%,藻蓝蛋白含量分别下降了11.6%和12.5%。然而,在蓝光下培养的藻体,藻红蛋白和藻蓝蛋白含量较白光下分别增加了94.3%和16.2%,且PSⅡ最大光化学效率(F_v/F_m)值始终较高,保持持续上升的趋势,表现出对光源的长期适应。蓝、绿光在坛紫菜叶状体营养细胞发育成生殖细胞的过程中,均能加快藻体梢部细胞的分化并提前进行单性生殖,而白光和红光在这一过程中的效应不明显。其中,蓝光能够促进单性生殖孢子萌发成正常的单性生殖丝状体,而绿光则会阻断这一发育途径,使单性生殖孢子萌发体的色素体暗淡、内含物中空,最终消亡。研究表明,单色光源限制了坛紫菜叶状体的营养生长,且会对叶状体的光合色素组分和F_v/F_m产生较明显的影响,但其中的蓝光可以诱导坛紫菜单性叶状体提前进行单性生殖。这也为进一步探讨坛紫菜叶状体的光适应机制提供了参考依据。     

光强对萱藻孢子萌发、幼苗早期发育及附生藻类动态变化的影响

模拟萱藻育苗条件,以萱藻丝状体为材料,沙滤天然海水作为培养液,研究了光照强度[7.2~126.0μmol/(m2·s)]对萱藻孢子萌发、幼苗早期发育及附生藻类动态变化的影响。结果显示:(1)本实验条件下,萱藻孢子萌发的适宜光强范围为27.0~72.0μmol/(m2·s)。其中,在45.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下,萱藻孢子萌发率较高,并在放散后的第16天萌发率达到(44.44%±11.00%);(2)在本实验条件下,萱藻幼苗早期生长的适宜光强范围为36.0~54.0μmol/(m2·s),其中45.0μmol/(m2·s)最适宜萱藻幼苗的生长,且附生藻类密度最低,孢子放散后第34天附生藻类密度为(38.4±0.6)×104个/cm2;(3)本研究共鉴定出附生藻类2门13属29种,主要优势种为碎片菱形藻、小伪菱形藻、艳绿颤藻、膨胀色球藻、耳形藻和新月菱形藻。其中碎片菱形藻在7.2~18.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下呈指数增长,而耳形藻与新月菱形藻在27.0~126.0μmol/(m2·s)条件下呈指数增长。研究表明,萱藻孢子萌发和幼苗早期发育的最佳光强为45.0μmol/(m2·s),且在萱藻育苗过程中应重点防治的附生藻类为耳形藻与新月菱形藻。     

Dietary taurine supplementation in plant protein based diets do not affect growth and reproductive performance of zebrafish

Taurine (Tau) has been regarded as a conditional essential nutrient for some fish species. Although its role has been extensively studied in higher vertebrates, limited results are reported with fish especially its role on reproductive performance and the ontogenic changes on Tau levels throughout the life cycle. Therefore, we designed a feeding trial using zebrafish as a model species to test whether Tau supplementation to plant protein diets would have a positive effect on growth and reproductive performance. Zebrafish were fed plant protein diets containing graded levels of Tau (0.2, 4.6, 5.9 and 13.7 g/kg diet) from 10 days post fertilization (dpf) to sexual maturity. An additional commercial diet was used as a positive control for performance. The trial followed a completely randomized design with five treatments (diets) and three replications. After 60 days of feeding, growth, Tau concentration in the body, redox status, lipid body composition, reproductive and offspring performances were analysed. Tau supplementation did not affect growth and/or reproductive performance; however, zebrafish seems to differently modulate Tau concentration according to the growth stage. Tau seemed to induce a hypolipidemic effect in zebrafish by reducing lipid accumulation in their bodies (p < .05). A trend to a more pro‐oxidant effect of Tau supplementation was observed by the decreased reduced glutathione levels. In sum, Tau does not affect growth and reproductive performance of zebrafish but it is important for normal lipid utilization and redox status.